Гемопротеины: структура, функции и биологическая роль.

Protein containing a heme prosthetic group

A hemeprotein (or haemprotein; also hemoprotein or haemoprotein), or heme protein, is a protein that contains a heme prosthetic group. They are a very large class of metalloproteins. The heme group confers functionality, which can include oxygen carrying, oxygen reduction, electron transfer, and other processes. Heme is bound to the protein either covalently or noncovalently or both. The heme consists of iron cation bound at the center of the conjugate base of the porphyrin, as well as other ligands attached to the "axial sites" of the iron. The porphyrin ring is a planar dianionic, tetradentate ligand. The iron is typically Fe2+ or Fe3+. One or two ligands are attached at the axial sites. The porphyrin ring has 4 nitrogen atoms that bind to the iron, leaving two other coordination positions of the iron available for bonding to the histidine of the protein and a divalent atom. Oxygen (O2), nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) bind to the iron atom in heme proteins. Once bound to the prosthetic heme groups, these molecules can modulate the activity/function of those hemeproteins, affording signal transduction. Therefore, when produced in biologic systems (cells), these gaseous molecules are referred to as gasotransmitters. Because of their diverse biological functions and widespread abundance, hemeproteins are among the most studied biomolecules. Data on heme protein structure and function has been aggregated into The Heme Protein Database (HPD), a secondary database to the Protein Data Bank.

Hemeproteins have diverse biological functions including oxygen transport, which is completed via hemeproteins including hemoglobin, hemocyanin, myoglobin, neuroglobin, cytoglobin, and leghemoglobin. Some hemeproteins—cytochrome P450s, cytochrome c oxidase, ligninases, catalase, and peroxidases—are enzymes. They often activate O2 for oxidation or hydroxylation. Hemeproteins also enable electron transfer as they form part of the electron transport chain. Cytochrome a, cytochrome b, and cytochrome c have such electron transfer functions. It is now known that cytochrome a and cytochrome a3 make up one protein and was deemed the name cytochrome aa3. The sensory system also relies on some hemeproteins including FixL, an oxygen sensor, CooA, a carbon monoxide sensor, and soluble guanylyl cyclase.

Hemoglobin and myoglobin are examples of hemeproteins that respectively transport and store of oxygen in mammals and in some fish. Hemoglobin is a quaternary protein that occurs in the red blood cell, whereas, myoglobin is a tertiary protein found in the muscle cells of mammals. Although they might differ in location and size, their function are similar. Being hemeproteins, they both contain a heme prosthetic group. His F8 of the myoglobin, also known as the proximal histidine, is covalently bonded to the 5th coordination position of the iron. Oxygen interacts with the distal His by way of a hydrogen bond, not a covalent one. It binds to the 6th coordination position of the iron, His E7 of the myoglobin binds to the oxygen that is now covalently bonded to the iron. The same is true for hemoglobin; however, being a protein with four subunits, hemoglobin contains four heme units in total, allowing four oxygen molecules in total to bind to the protein. Myoglobin and hemoglobin are globular proteins that serve to bind and deliver oxygen using a prosthetic group. These globins dramatically improve the concentration of molecular oxygen that can be carried in the biological fluids of vertebrates and some invertebrates. Differences occur in ligand binding and allosteric regulation.

Myoglobin is found in vertebrate muscle cells and is a water soluble globular protein. Muscle cells, when put into action, can quickly require a large amount of oxygen for respiration due to their energy requirements. Therefore, muscle cells use myoglobin to accelerate oxygen diffusion and act as localized oxygen reserves for times of intense respiration. Myoglobin also stores the required amount of oxygen and makes it available for the muscle cell mitochondria.

In vertebrates, hemoglobin is found in the cytosol of red blood cells. Hemoglobin is sometimes referred to as the oxygen transport protein, in order to contrast it with myoglobin, which is stationary. In vertebrates, oxygen is taken into the body by the tissues of the lungs, and passed to the red blood cells in the bloodstream where it's used in aerobic metabolic pathways. Neuroglobin is believed to increase the oxygen supply for neurons, sustaining ATP production, but they also function as storage proteins.

Almost all human peroxidases are hemoproteins, except glutathione peroxidase. They use hydrogen peroxide as a substrate. Metalloenzymes catalyze reactions using peroxide as an oxidant. Catalases are hemoproteins responsible for the catalysis of converting hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. They are made up of 4 subunits, each subunit having a Fe3+ heme group. They have an average molecular weight of ~240,000 g/mol. Haloperoxidases involved in the innate immune system also contain a heme prosthetic group.

Cytochromes, cytochrome c oxidase, and coenzyme Q – cytochrome c reductase are heme containing proteins or protein subunits embedded in the inner membrane of mitochondria which play an essential role in cellular respiration. Sulfite oxidase, a molybdenum dependent cytochrome, oxidizes sulfite to sulfate.