Немецкая колония в Иерусалиме: История и архитектура

Neighborhood in Jerusalem, originally built by the German Templars

The German Colony (, HaMoshava HaGermanit) is a neighborhood in Jerusalem, established in the second half of the 19th century as a German Templer Colony in Palestine. Today the Moshava, as it is popularly known, is an upscale neighborhood bisected by Emek Refaim Street, an avenue lined with trendy shops, restaurants and cafes.

Valley of Rephaim is mentioned in the Book of Joshua and in the Second Book of Samuel. The name is derived from a legendary race of giants who lived in this region in biblical times.

In 1873, after establishing colonies in Haifa and Jaffa, members of the Templer sect from Württemberg, Germany, settled on a large tract of land in the Refaim Valley, southwest of the Old City of Jerusalem. The land was purchased by one of the colonists, Matthäus Frank, from the Arabs of Beit Safafa. The Templers were Christians who broke away from the Protestant church and encouraged their members to settle in the Holy Land to prepare for Messianic salvation. They built their homes in the style to which they were accustomed in Germany farmhouses of one or two stories, with slanting tiled roofs and shuttered windows, but using local materials such as Jerusalem stone instead of wood and bricks. The colonists engaged in agriculture and traditional trades such as carpentry and blacksmithing. Their homes ran along two parallel streets that would become Emek Refaim and Bethlehem Road. Friedrich (Fritz) Kübler, a German born butcher, settled in the Germany Colony in 1870. He raised livestock there and built a slaughterhouse on his property. His son took over the meat business after the father's death and became one of the largest meat suppliers in Jerusalem. His clients were hotels, monasteries, hostels and hospitals. An apartment in the Kübler house, on Adolphe Cremieux Street, which still has a water trough in the yard, was purchased by former Prime Minister of Israel, Ehud Olmert. The British Mandatory government deported the German Templers during World War II. As some of them sympathized with the German Nazi regime, they were considered enemy citizens. Some of them resettled in Australia. During the Second Intifada, in September 2003, a Palestinian suicide bomber blew himself up outside Café Hillel on Emek Refaim Street, killing seven people. In February 2004, another suicide bombing took place on bus #14a as it was leaving the neighborhood northwards. Eight were killed. A small stone monument was erected on top of the fence of the old train station, facing the location of the attack. It is visible from the main northern entrance to the German Colony, across from Liberty Bell Park.

The colorful history of the German Colony is illustrated by the mix of architectural styles found within a relatively small area. One finds Swabian style homes, examples of late provincial Ottoman architecture and British Art Deco from the Mandatory period, within close proximity. An example of British architecture is the Scottish Hospice and St Andrew's Church, built in 1927, decorated with local Armenian tilework. Some of the Templer homes have biblical inscriptions in German on their lintels, in Fraktur script. The side streets of the German Colony are named for Gentile supporters of Zionism and the Jewish people. Apart from the French author Émile Zola, Czech president Tomas Masaryk, Adolphe Crémieux and South African prime minister Jan Smuts, many of the streets are named for Britons: Liberal Prime Minister David Lloyd George, British Labour Party MP Josiah Wedgwood, Colonel John Henry Patterson, commander of the Jewish Legion in World War I, and pro Zionist British general Wyndham Deedes.

The Park HaMesila (Train Track Park) runs along the German Colony's southern border with Baka. This former train track was converted into a park approximately 7 km in length and the portion that borders the German Colony has been extensively landscaped. There is a 'Bus Stop Library' located at the junction of the park and Masaryk Street where residents can donate unwanted books or find reading material.

For years, developers tried to build up the area at the northern entrance to the neighborhood, overlooking Liberty Bell Park. Mass protests in the early 1970s failed to halt the construction of a high rise apartment building, known as the Omariya compound. In the wake of protests by environmentalists and neighborhood activists, the plans were altered, and the height of a planned 14 story hotel was cut to seven stories.