История развития воздушно-реактивного двигателя

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This article outlines the important developments in the history of the development of the air breathing (duct) jet engine. Although the most common type, the gas turbine powered jet engine, was certainly a 20th century invention, many of the needed advances in theory and technology leading to this invention were made well before this time. The jet engine was clearly an idea whose time had come. Frank Whittle submitted his first patent in 1930. By the late 1930s there were six teams chasing development, three in Germany, two in the UK and one in Hungary. By 1942 they had been joined by another half dozen British companies, three more in the United States based on British technology, and early efforts in the Soviet Union and Japan based on British and German designs respectively. For some time after the World War II, British designs dominated, but by the 1950s there were many competitors, particularly in the US with its huge arms buying programme.

Ordovician period: the first known cephalopods: they swim by a natural built in reciprocating hydrojet.

1791: John Barber receives British patent #1833 for A Method for Rising Inflammable Air for the Purposes of Producing Motion and Facilitating Metallurgical Operations. In it he describes a turbine. 1884: Charles Algernon Parsons patents the steam turbine. In the patent application he notes that the turbine could be driven "in reverse" to act as a compressor. He suggests using a compressor to feed air into a furnace, and a turbine to extract power to run the compressor. Although intended for factory use, he is clearly describing the gas turbine. 1887: Gustaf de Laval introduces nozzles design of small steam turbines. 1897: Harold Medway Martin Patent No. 6088 combustion chamber powering a turbine. 1900: Sanford Alexander Moss publishes a paper on turbocompressors. He builds and runs a testbed example in 1903. 1903: Ægidius Elling builds a gas turbine using a centrifugal compressor which runs under its own power. By most definitions, this is the first working gas turbine. 1906: The Armengaud Lemale gas turbine tested in France. This was a relatively large machine which included a 25 stage centrifugal compressor designed by Auguste Rateau. The gas turbine could sustain its own air compression but was too inefficient to produce useful work. 1908: Hans Holzwarth starts work on extensive research on an "explosive cycle" gas turbine, based on the Otto cycle. This design burns fuel at a constant volume and is somewhat more efficient. By 1927, when the work ended, he has reached about 13% thermal efficiency. 1908: René Lorin patents a design for the ramjet engine. 1909: Marconnt proposes a modification of Lorin's design using a resonant compression chamber, creating the pulsejet. 1910: Romanian inventor Henri Coandă builds the Coandă 1910 which he exhibits at the International Aeronautic Salon in Paris. It uses a ducted fan for propulsion instead of a propeller. Years later he claimed that it burned fuel in the duct and was thus a motorjet, but historians debate this claim, and his claims that the aircraft flew in December 1910 before crashing and burning. 1916: Auguste Rateau suggests using exhaust powered compressors to improve high altitude performance, the first example of the turbocharger. 1915: Albert Fonó devised a solution for increasing the range of artillery, comprising a gun launched projectile which was to be united with a ramjet propulsion unit. This was to make it possible to obtain a long range with low initial muzzle velocities, allowing heavy shells to be fired from relatively lightweight guns. 1917: Sanford Alexander Moss starts work on turbochargers at General Electric, which goes on to be the world leader in this technology. 1917: James Stocker Harris patents a "Motor Jet" design on behalf of his brother inlaw Robert Alexander Raveau Bolton. 1920: W. J. Stern reports to the Royal Air Force that there is no future for the turbine engine in aircraft. He bases his argument on the extremely low efficiency of existing compressor designs. Stern's paper is so convincing there is little official interest in gas turbine engines anywhere, although this does not last long. 1921: Maxime Guillaume patents the axial flow turbine engine. It uses multiple stages in both the compressor and turbine, combined with a single very large combustion chamber. Although sightly different in form, the design is significantly similar to future jet engines in operation. 1923: Edgar Buckingham at the United States National Bureau of Standards publishes a report on jets, coming to the same conclusion as W. J. Stern, that the turbine engine is not efficient enough. In particular he notes that a jet would use five times as much fuel as a piston engine. 1925: Wilhelm Pape patents a constant volume engine design. 1926: Alan Arnold Griffith publishes his groundbreaking paper Aerodynamic Theory of Turbine Design, changing the low confidence in jet engines. In it he demonstrates that existing compressors are "flying stalled", and that major improvements can be made by redesigning the blades from a flat profile into an airfoil, going on to mathematically demonstrate that a practical engine is definitely possible and showing how to build a turboprop. 1927: Aurel Stodola publishes his "Steam and Gas Turbines" basic reference for jet propulsion engineers in the USA. 1927: A testbed single shaft turbocompressor based on Griffith's blade design is tested at the Royal Aircraft Establishment. Known as Anne, the tests are successful and plans are made to build a complete compressor turbine assembly known as Betty. 1929: Frank Whittle's thesis on future aircraft design is published. In it he talks about the needs for high speed flight and the use of turbojets as the only reasonable solution to the problem of propeller efficiency. 1929: Boris Stechkin publishes first theory of supersonic ramjet, based on compressible fluid theory.

The Campini Caproni CC.2 flies for first time. The flights were highly publicized, and for many years the Italians were credited with having the first jet powered aircraft. NACA (National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics) starts work on a CC.2 like motorjet for assisted takeoffs, and they later design an aircraft based on it. This work ends in 1943 when turbojets start to mature, and rockets take over the role of JATO, or jet assisted takeoff. von Ohain's larger Heinkel HeS 8 ( 001) engine is tested. BMW's P.3302 ( 003) axial flow engine is tested
September: Glider testing of the Heinkel He 280 twin jet fighter begins, while it waits for the HeS 8 to mature. September: Henry Tizard visits the United States to show them many of the advanced technologies the British are working on and looking for US production (the Tizard Mission). Among many other details, Tizard first mentions their work on jet engines. October: Rover is selected to build the flight quality Power Jets W.1. They set up shop at a disused mill in Barnoldswick, but also set up a parallel effort at another factory in Clitheroe staffed entirely by their own engineers. Frank Whittle is incensed. November: The Junkers Jumo 004 axial flow engine is tested. November: Gloster Aircraft Company's proposal for a twin engine jet fighter is accepted, becoming the Gloster Meteor. December: Whittle's flight quality W.1X runs for the first time. The Lockheed Corporation starts work on the L 1000 axial flow engine, the United States's first jet design. The Northrop Corporation starts work on the T 37 Turbodyne, the United States's first turboprop design. After only two years of development, the Jendrassik Cs 1 turboprop engine is tested. Designed to produce , combustion problems limit it to only when it first runs. Similar problems plagued early Whittle designs, but the industry quickly provided assistance. It appears that György Jendrassik had to draw upon any similar talent pool.

February: The Air Ministry places an order for 12 Gloster Meteor. February: NACA starts testing their "Propulsive duct engine", a ramjet, unaware of earlier similar efforts. Since ramjets need to be moving in order to work, NACA engineers take the simple step of mounting it at the end of a long arm and spinning it. April: The He 280 flies under its own power for first time, powered by two Heinkel HeS 7 ( 001) engines. The HeS 8's continue to have reliability issues. May: The Gloster E.28/39 flies for the first time. Over the next few weeks, the top speed soon passes any existing propeller aircraft. Müller's Heinkel HeS 29 ( 006) axial flow engine runs for first time. General Electric is awarded a USAAF contract to develop a turboprop engine, leading to the TG 100 / TG 31 / XT 31 series, and later the J35. Work on the Jendrassik Cs 1 ends. Intended to power a twin engine heavy fighter, the factory is selected to produce Daimler Benz DB 605 engines under license for the Messerschmitt Me 210 instead. October: A Power Jets W.2B is sent to General Electric to start production in the US. Sanford Alexander Moss is lured out of retirement to help on the project. The Switzerland turbine powered train enters testing.

The Nakajima Kikka flies for the first time on August 7, 1945, powered by two Ishikawajima Ne 20 turbojets, making it the first Japanese jet aircraft to fly. Stanley Hooker scales the Nene down to Gloster Meteor size, producing the RB.37, also referred to, confusingly, as the Derwent V. A Derwent V powered Meteor sets the world speed record at 606 mph at the end of the year. The importance of this incident relegates the development of more powerful engines unimportant. The Junkers 022 turboprop runs. An afterburner equipped Jumo 004 is tested. Lyul'ka VDR 3 axial flow engine tested. Lyul'ka TR 1 axial flow engine tested. The RB.39 Rolls Royce Clyde turboprop runs, combining axial and centrifugal stages in the compressor. Rolls Royce abandon development, preferring to focus on the turbojet. A carrier based naval strike aircraft, the Westland Wyvern, having already changed from its original Rolls Royce Eagle piston engine, uses the alternative turboprop, the Armstrong Siddeley Python. The Avia S 92, a version of the Me 262, is built in Czechoslovakia.

January: A dispirited Frank Whittle resigns from what is left of Power Jets. Gradually the company is broken up, with only a small part remaining to administer its patents. Development of the Rolls Royce Dart starts. The Dart would go on to become one of the most popular turboprop engines made, with over 7,000 being produced before the production lines finally shut down in 1990. Metrovick F2/4 Beryl delivers 4,000 lbf (17.8 kN). Metrovick jet turbines sold to Armstrong Siddeley.

April 21: The Leduc 010, the world's first ramjet powered aircraft, finally completes its maiden flight in Toulouse, France. The aircraft's rate of climb exceeds that of the best contemporary turbojet powered fighters. 22 June: Vickers VC.1 Viking flew with Rolls Royce Nene turbojets: the world's first pure jet transport aircraft.

late 1950: Rolls Royce Conway the world's first production turbofan enters service, significantly improving fuel efficiency and paving the way for further improvements.

2 January: the world's first flight of a geared turbofan, the Turbomeca Aspin, powering the Fouga Gemeaux test bed aircraft. 2 May: the world's first commercial jet airliner to reach production, the de Havilland Comet, enters service with BOAC.

The de Havilland Gyron, Halford's last jet design, runs for the first time. Before cancellation 2 years later it has evolved to 25,000 lbf (110,000 N) using reheat. Other comparable turbojet engines are developed at the same time including the Canadian Orenda Iroquois.

15 September: the Tu 104 medium range jet airliner enters service with Aeroflot, the world's first jet airliner to provide a sustained and successful service. The Tu 104 was the sole jetliner operating in the world between 1956 and 1958.

October: the Boeing 707 enters service with Pan American. This aeroplane is largely credited with ushering in the Jet Age having huge commercial success with few operating problems unlike its competitors. This plane helped establish Boeing as one of the leading makers of passenger aircraft in the world.

Sud Aviation Caravelle enters service: claimed as the first short/medium range jet airliner, first flight 27 May 1955.

30 June: TF39 high bypass turbofan of 43,300 lbf (193 kN) enters service on the C 5 Galaxy transport ushering in the age of wide body transports.

26 December 1975: Tu 144S the first supersonic jet airliner went into mail and freight service between Moscow and Alma Ata in preparation for passenger services, which commenced November 1977.

21 January: Concorde, the supersonic jet airliner, enters passenger service with British Airways and Air France.

1 June: Tu 144 withdrawn from scheduled passenger service after 55 passenger flights due to reliability and safety problems.

4 October 1983: Thrust2 turbojet powered car gets the land speed record to 1149 km/h.

15 October 1997: ThrustSSC first supersonic car, powered by two turbofans takes the land speed record to 1,228 km/h.

HyShot scramjet ignited and operated.