Введение
Вредные вещества, состояние или событие
Harmful substance, a condition or an event
Environmental hazards are those hazards that affect biomes or ecosystems. Well known examples include oil spills, water pollution, slash and burn deforestation, air pollution, ground fissures, and build up of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Physical exposure to environmental hazards is usually involuntary
Biological hazards, also known as biohazards, are organic substances that pose a threat to the health of living organisms, primarily humans. This can include medical waste, samples of a microorganism, virus, or toxin (from a biological source) that can impact human health. Biological hazards can also include substances harmful to animals. Examples of biological hazards include bacteria, viruses, fungi, other microorganisms and their associated toxins. They may cause a myriad of diseases, from flu to more serious and potentially fatal diseases. Hazard identification is the determination of whether, and under what conditions, a given environmental stressor has the potential to cause harm. In hazard identification, sources of data on the risks associated with prospective hazards are identified. For instance, if a site is known to be contaminated with a variety of industrial pollutants, hazard identification will determine which of these chemicals could result in adverse human health effects, and what effects they could cause. Risk assessors rely on both laboratory (e. g., toxicological) and epidemiological data to make these determinations. Conceptual model of exposure
Hazards have the potential to cause adverse effects only if they come into contact with populations that may be harmed. For this reason, hazard identification includes the development of a conceptual model of exposure. Conceptual models communicate the pathway connecting sources of a given hazard to the potentially exposed population(s). The U. S. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry establishes five elements that should be included in a conceptual model of exposure:
The source of the hazard in question
Environmental fate and transport, or how the hazard moves and changes in the environment after its release
Exposure point or area, or the place at which an exposed person comes into contact with the hazard
Exposure route, or the manner by which an exposed person comes into contact with the hazard (e. g., orally, dermally, or by inhalation)
Potentially exposed populations. These measurements should be compared to appropriate reference levels to determine whether a hazard exists. For instance, if arsenic is detected in tap water from a given well, the detected concentrations should be compared with regulatory thresholds for allowable levels of arsenic in drinking water. If the detected levels are consistently lower than these limits, arsenic may not be a chemical of potential concern for the purposes of this risk assessment. When interpreting hazard data, risk assessors must consider the sensitivity of the instrument and method used to take these measurements, including any relevant detection limits (i. e., the lowest level of a given substance that an instrument or method is capable of detecting).
Environmental hazards are those hazards that affect biomes or ecosystems. Well known examples include oil spills, water pollution, slash and burn deforestation, air pollution, ground fissures, and build up of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Physical exposure to environmental hazards is usually involuntary
Biological hazards, also known as biohazards, are organic substances that pose a threat to the health of living organisms, primarily humans. This can include medical waste, samples of a microorganism, virus, or toxin (from a biological source) that can impact human health. Biological hazards can also include substances harmful to animals. Examples of biological hazards include bacteria, viruses, fungi, other microorganisms and their associated toxins. They may cause a myriad of diseases, from flu to more serious and potentially fatal diseases. Hazard identification is the determination of whether, and under what conditions, a given environmental stressor has the potential to cause harm. In hazard identification, sources of data on the risks associated with prospective hazards are identified. For instance, if a site is known to be contaminated with a variety of industrial pollutants, hazard identification will determine which of these chemicals could result in adverse human health effects, and what effects they could cause. Risk assessors rely on both laboratory (e. g., toxicological) and epidemiological data to make these determinations. Conceptual model of exposure
Hazards have the potential to cause adverse effects only if they come into contact with populations that may be harmed. For this reason, hazard identification includes the development of a conceptual model of exposure. Conceptual models communicate the pathway connecting sources of a given hazard to the potentially exposed population(s). The U. S. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry establishes five elements that should be included in a conceptual model of exposure:
The source of the hazard in question
Environmental fate and transport, or how the hazard moves and changes in the environment after its release
Exposure point or area, or the place at which an exposed person comes into contact with the hazard
Exposure route, or the manner by which an exposed person comes into contact with the hazard (e. g., orally, dermally, or by inhalation)
Potentially exposed populations. These measurements should be compared to appropriate reference levels to determine whether a hazard exists. For instance, if arsenic is detected in tap water from a given well, the detected concentrations should be compared with regulatory thresholds for allowable levels of arsenic in drinking water. If the detected levels are consistently lower than these limits, arsenic may not be a chemical of potential concern for the purposes of this risk assessment. When interpreting hazard data, risk assessors must consider the sensitivity of the instrument and method used to take these measurements, including any relevant detection limits (i. e., the lowest level of a given substance that an instrument or method is capable of detecting).
Опасности для окружающей среды – это факторы, оказывающие воздействие на биомы или экосистемы. Хорошо известные примеры включают разливы нефти, загрязнение воды, вырубку лесов с последующим выжиганием, загрязнение воздуха, разломы земной коры и накопление углекислого газа в атмосфере. Воздействие экологических опасностей обычно происходит непроизвольно.
Harmful substance, a condition or an event
Environmental hazards are those hazards that affect biomes or ecosystems. Well known examples include oil spills, water pollution, slash and burn deforestation, air pollution, ground fissures, and build up of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Physical exposure to environmental hazards is usually involuntary
Biological hazards, also known as biohazards, are organic substances that pose a threat to the health of living organisms, primarily humans. This can include medical waste, samples of a microorganism, virus, or toxin (from a biological source) that can impact human health. Biological hazards can also include substances harmful to animals. Examples of biological hazards include bacteria, viruses, fungi, other microorganisms and their associated toxins. They may cause a myriad of diseases, from flu to more serious and potentially fatal diseases. Hazard identification is the determination of whether, and under what conditions, a given environmental stressor has the potential to cause harm. In hazard identification, sources of data on the risks associated with prospective hazards are identified. For instance, if a site is known to be contaminated with a variety of industrial pollutants, hazard identification will determine which of these chemicals could result in adverse human health effects, and what effects they could cause. Risk assessors rely on both laboratory (e. g., toxicological) and epidemiological data to make these determinations. Conceptual model of exposure
Hazards have the potential to cause adverse effects only if they come into contact with populations that may be harmed. For this reason, hazard identification includes the development of a conceptual model of exposure. Conceptual models communicate the pathway connecting sources of a given hazard to the potentially exposed population(s). The U. S. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry establishes five elements that should be included in a conceptual model of exposure:
The source of the hazard in question
Environmental fate and transport, or how the hazard moves and changes in the environment after its release
Exposure point or area, or the place at which an exposed person comes into contact with the hazard
Exposure route, or the manner by which an exposed person comes into contact with the hazard (e. g., orally, dermally, or by inhalation)
Potentially exposed populations. These measurements should be compared to appropriate reference levels to determine whether a hazard exists. For instance, if arsenic is detected in tap water from a given well, the detected concentrations should be compared with regulatory thresholds for allowable levels of arsenic in drinking water. If the detected levels are consistently lower than these limits, arsenic may not be a chemical of potential concern for the purposes of this risk assessment. When interpreting hazard data, risk assessors must consider the sensitivity of the instrument and method used to take these measurements, including any relevant detection limits (i. e., the lowest level of a given substance that an instrument or method is capable of detecting).
Environmental hazards are those hazards that affect biomes or ecosystems. Well known examples include oil spills, water pollution, slash and burn deforestation, air pollution, ground fissures, and build up of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Physical exposure to environmental hazards is usually involuntary
Biological hazards, also known as biohazards, are organic substances that pose a threat to the health of living organisms, primarily humans. This can include medical waste, samples of a microorganism, virus, or toxin (from a biological source) that can impact human health. Biological hazards can also include substances harmful to animals. Examples of biological hazards include bacteria, viruses, fungi, other microorganisms and their associated toxins. They may cause a myriad of diseases, from flu to more serious and potentially fatal diseases. Hazard identification is the determination of whether, and under what conditions, a given environmental stressor has the potential to cause harm. In hazard identification, sources of data on the risks associated with prospective hazards are identified. For instance, if a site is known to be contaminated with a variety of industrial pollutants, hazard identification will determine which of these chemicals could result in adverse human health effects, and what effects they could cause. Risk assessors rely on both laboratory (e. g., toxicological) and epidemiological data to make these determinations. Conceptual model of exposure
Hazards have the potential to cause adverse effects only if they come into contact with populations that may be harmed. For this reason, hazard identification includes the development of a conceptual model of exposure. Conceptual models communicate the pathway connecting sources of a given hazard to the potentially exposed population(s). The U. S. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry establishes five elements that should be included in a conceptual model of exposure:
The source of the hazard in question
Environmental fate and transport, or how the hazard moves and changes in the environment after its release
Exposure point or area, or the place at which an exposed person comes into contact with the hazard
Exposure route, or the manner by which an exposed person comes into contact with the hazard (e. g., orally, dermally, or by inhalation)
Potentially exposed populations. These measurements should be compared to appropriate reference levels to determine whether a hazard exists. For instance, if arsenic is detected in tap water from a given well, the detected concentrations should be compared with regulatory thresholds for allowable levels of arsenic in drinking water. If the detected levels are consistently lower than these limits, arsenic may not be a chemical of potential concern for the purposes of this risk assessment. When interpreting hazard data, risk assessors must consider the sensitivity of the instrument and method used to take these measurements, including any relevant detection limits (i. e., the lowest level of a given substance that an instrument or method is capable of detecting).
Биологические опасности, также известные как биохазарды, – это органические вещества, представляющие угрозу для здоровья живых организмов, прежде всего людей. К ним могут относиться медицинские отходы, образцы микроорганизмов, вирусов или токсинов (биологического происхождения), способных повлиять на здоровье человека. Биологические опасности также могут включать вещества, вредные для животных. Примеры биологических опасностей включают бактерии, вирусы, грибы, другие микроорганизмы и связанные с ними токсины. Они могут вызывать множество заболеваний, от гриппа до более серьезных и потенциально смертельных. Идентификация опасности – это определение того, может ли и при каких условиях конкретный стрессовый фактор окружающей среды причинить вред. В процессе идентификации опасности определяются источники данных о рисках, связанных с потенциальными опасностями. Например, если известно, что участок загрязнен различными промышленными загрязнителями, идентификация опасности определит, какие из этих химических веществ могут привести к неблагоприятным последствиям для здоровья человека и какие именно последствия они могут вызвать. Специалисты по оценке рисков опираются как на лабораторные (например, токсикологические), так и на эпидемиологические данные для принятия этих решений. Концептуальная модель воздействия
Harmful substance, a condition or an event
Environmental hazards are those hazards that affect biomes or ecosystems. Well known examples include oil spills, water pollution, slash and burn deforestation, air pollution, ground fissures, and build up of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Physical exposure to environmental hazards is usually involuntary
Biological hazards, also known as biohazards, are organic substances that pose a threat to the health of living organisms, primarily humans. This can include medical waste, samples of a microorganism, virus, or toxin (from a biological source) that can impact human health. Biological hazards can also include substances harmful to animals. Examples of biological hazards include bacteria, viruses, fungi, other microorganisms and their associated toxins. They may cause a myriad of diseases, from flu to more serious and potentially fatal diseases. Hazard identification is the determination of whether, and under what conditions, a given environmental stressor has the potential to cause harm. In hazard identification, sources of data on the risks associated with prospective hazards are identified. For instance, if a site is known to be contaminated with a variety of industrial pollutants, hazard identification will determine which of these chemicals could result in adverse human health effects, and what effects they could cause. Risk assessors rely on both laboratory (e. g., toxicological) and epidemiological data to make these determinations. Conceptual model of exposure
Hazards have the potential to cause adverse effects only if they come into contact with populations that may be harmed. For this reason, hazard identification includes the development of a conceptual model of exposure. Conceptual models communicate the pathway connecting sources of a given hazard to the potentially exposed population(s). The U. S. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry establishes five elements that should be included in a conceptual model of exposure:
The source of the hazard in question
Environmental fate and transport, or how the hazard moves and changes in the environment after its release
Exposure point or area, or the place at which an exposed person comes into contact with the hazard
Exposure route, or the manner by which an exposed person comes into contact with the hazard (e. g., orally, dermally, or by inhalation)
Potentially exposed populations. These measurements should be compared to appropriate reference levels to determine whether a hazard exists. For instance, if arsenic is detected in tap water from a given well, the detected concentrations should be compared with regulatory thresholds for allowable levels of arsenic in drinking water. If the detected levels are consistently lower than these limits, arsenic may not be a chemical of potential concern for the purposes of this risk assessment. When interpreting hazard data, risk assessors must consider the sensitivity of the instrument and method used to take these measurements, including any relevant detection limits (i. e., the lowest level of a given substance that an instrument or method is capable of detecting).
Environmental hazards are those hazards that affect biomes or ecosystems. Well known examples include oil spills, water pollution, slash and burn deforestation, air pollution, ground fissures, and build up of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Physical exposure to environmental hazards is usually involuntary
Biological hazards, also known as biohazards, are organic substances that pose a threat to the health of living organisms, primarily humans. This can include medical waste, samples of a microorganism, virus, or toxin (from a biological source) that can impact human health. Biological hazards can also include substances harmful to animals. Examples of biological hazards include bacteria, viruses, fungi, other microorganisms and their associated toxins. They may cause a myriad of diseases, from flu to more serious and potentially fatal diseases. Hazard identification is the determination of whether, and under what conditions, a given environmental stressor has the potential to cause harm. In hazard identification, sources of data on the risks associated with prospective hazards are identified. For instance, if a site is known to be contaminated with a variety of industrial pollutants, hazard identification will determine which of these chemicals could result in adverse human health effects, and what effects they could cause. Risk assessors rely on both laboratory (e. g., toxicological) and epidemiological data to make these determinations. Conceptual model of exposure
Hazards have the potential to cause adverse effects only if they come into contact with populations that may be harmed. For this reason, hazard identification includes the development of a conceptual model of exposure. Conceptual models communicate the pathway connecting sources of a given hazard to the potentially exposed population(s). The U. S. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry establishes five elements that should be included in a conceptual model of exposure:
The source of the hazard in question
Environmental fate and transport, or how the hazard moves and changes in the environment after its release
Exposure point or area, or the place at which an exposed person comes into contact with the hazard
Exposure route, or the manner by which an exposed person comes into contact with the hazard (e. g., orally, dermally, or by inhalation)
Potentially exposed populations. These measurements should be compared to appropriate reference levels to determine whether a hazard exists. For instance, if arsenic is detected in tap water from a given well, the detected concentrations should be compared with regulatory thresholds for allowable levels of arsenic in drinking water. If the detected levels are consistently lower than these limits, arsenic may not be a chemical of potential concern for the purposes of this risk assessment. When interpreting hazard data, risk assessors must consider the sensitivity of the instrument and method used to take these measurements, including any relevant detection limits (i. e., the lowest level of a given substance that an instrument or method is capable of detecting).
Опасности могут вызвать неблагоприятные последствия только при контакте с группами населения, которые могут пострадать. Поэтому идентификация опасности включает разработку концептуальной модели воздействия. Концептуальные модели описывают путь, соединяющий источники опасности с потенциально подверженным воздействию населением. Агентство США по токсическим веществам и регистру заболеваний определяет пять элементов, которые должны быть включены в концептуальную модель воздействия:
Harmful substance, a condition or an event
Environmental hazards are those hazards that affect biomes or ecosystems. Well known examples include oil spills, water pollution, slash and burn deforestation, air pollution, ground fissures, and build up of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Physical exposure to environmental hazards is usually involuntary
Biological hazards, also known as biohazards, are organic substances that pose a threat to the health of living organisms, primarily humans. This can include medical waste, samples of a microorganism, virus, or toxin (from a biological source) that can impact human health. Biological hazards can also include substances harmful to animals. Examples of biological hazards include bacteria, viruses, fungi, other microorganisms and their associated toxins. They may cause a myriad of diseases, from flu to more serious and potentially fatal diseases. Hazard identification is the determination of whether, and under what conditions, a given environmental stressor has the potential to cause harm. In hazard identification, sources of data on the risks associated with prospective hazards are identified. For instance, if a site is known to be contaminated with a variety of industrial pollutants, hazard identification will determine which of these chemicals could result in adverse human health effects, and what effects they could cause. Risk assessors rely on both laboratory (e. g., toxicological) and epidemiological data to make these determinations. Conceptual model of exposure
Hazards have the potential to cause adverse effects only if they come into contact with populations that may be harmed. For this reason, hazard identification includes the development of a conceptual model of exposure. Conceptual models communicate the pathway connecting sources of a given hazard to the potentially exposed population(s). The U. S. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry establishes five elements that should be included in a conceptual model of exposure:
The source of the hazard in question
Environmental fate and transport, or how the hazard moves and changes in the environment after its release
Exposure point or area, or the place at which an exposed person comes into contact with the hazard
Exposure route, or the manner by which an exposed person comes into contact with the hazard (e. g., orally, dermally, or by inhalation)
Potentially exposed populations. These measurements should be compared to appropriate reference levels to determine whether a hazard exists. For instance, if arsenic is detected in tap water from a given well, the detected concentrations should be compared with regulatory thresholds for allowable levels of arsenic in drinking water. If the detected levels are consistently lower than these limits, arsenic may not be a chemical of potential concern for the purposes of this risk assessment. When interpreting hazard data, risk assessors must consider the sensitivity of the instrument and method used to take these measurements, including any relevant detection limits (i. e., the lowest level of a given substance that an instrument or method is capable of detecting).
Environmental hazards are those hazards that affect biomes or ecosystems. Well known examples include oil spills, water pollution, slash and burn deforestation, air pollution, ground fissures, and build up of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Physical exposure to environmental hazards is usually involuntary
Biological hazards, also known as biohazards, are organic substances that pose a threat to the health of living organisms, primarily humans. This can include medical waste, samples of a microorganism, virus, or toxin (from a biological source) that can impact human health. Biological hazards can also include substances harmful to animals. Examples of biological hazards include bacteria, viruses, fungi, other microorganisms and their associated toxins. They may cause a myriad of diseases, from flu to more serious and potentially fatal diseases. Hazard identification is the determination of whether, and under what conditions, a given environmental stressor has the potential to cause harm. In hazard identification, sources of data on the risks associated with prospective hazards are identified. For instance, if a site is known to be contaminated with a variety of industrial pollutants, hazard identification will determine which of these chemicals could result in adverse human health effects, and what effects they could cause. Risk assessors rely on both laboratory (e. g., toxicological) and epidemiological data to make these determinations. Conceptual model of exposure
Hazards have the potential to cause adverse effects only if they come into contact with populations that may be harmed. For this reason, hazard identification includes the development of a conceptual model of exposure. Conceptual models communicate the pathway connecting sources of a given hazard to the potentially exposed population(s). The U. S. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry establishes five elements that should be included in a conceptual model of exposure:
The source of the hazard in question
Environmental fate and transport, or how the hazard moves and changes in the environment after its release
Exposure point or area, or the place at which an exposed person comes into contact with the hazard
Exposure route, or the manner by which an exposed person comes into contact with the hazard (e. g., orally, dermally, or by inhalation)
Potentially exposed populations. These measurements should be compared to appropriate reference levels to determine whether a hazard exists. For instance, if arsenic is detected in tap water from a given well, the detected concentrations should be compared with regulatory thresholds for allowable levels of arsenic in drinking water. If the detected levels are consistently lower than these limits, arsenic may not be a chemical of potential concern for the purposes of this risk assessment. When interpreting hazard data, risk assessors must consider the sensitivity of the instrument and method used to take these measurements, including any relevant detection limits (i. e., the lowest level of a given substance that an instrument or method is capable of detecting).
Источник рассматриваемой опасности;
Судьба и транспорт в окружающей среде, то есть то, как опасность перемещается и изменяется в окружающей среде после выброса;
Точка или область воздействия, то есть место, где подверженный воздействию человек контактирует с опасностью;
Путь воздействия, то есть способ, которым подверженный воздействию человек контактирует с опасностью (например, перорально, через кожу или при вдыхании);
Потенциально подверженное воздействию население. Эти измерения следует сравнивать с соответствующими контрольными уровнями для определения наличия опасности. Например, если в воде из скважины обнаружен мышьяк, измеренные концентрации следует сравнить с нормативными пороговыми значениями допустимого содержания мышьяка в питьевой воде. Если измеренные уровни постоянно ниже этих пределов, мышьяк может не представлять потенциальной опасности для целей данной оценки риска. При интерпретации данных об опасности специалисты по оценке рисков должны учитывать чувствительность прибора и метода, используемых для проведения этих измерений, включая любые соответствующие пределы обнаружения (то есть самый низкий уровень данного вещества, который прибор или метод способен обнаружить).
Harmful substance, a condition or an event
Environmental hazards are those hazards that affect biomes or ecosystems. Well known examples include oil spills, water pollution, slash and burn deforestation, air pollution, ground fissures, and build up of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Physical exposure to environmental hazards is usually involuntary
Biological hazards, also known as biohazards, are organic substances that pose a threat to the health of living organisms, primarily humans. This can include medical waste, samples of a microorganism, virus, or toxin (from a biological source) that can impact human health. Biological hazards can also include substances harmful to animals. Examples of biological hazards include bacteria, viruses, fungi, other microorganisms and their associated toxins. They may cause a myriad of diseases, from flu to more serious and potentially fatal diseases. Hazard identification is the determination of whether, and under what conditions, a given environmental stressor has the potential to cause harm. In hazard identification, sources of data on the risks associated with prospective hazards are identified. For instance, if a site is known to be contaminated with a variety of industrial pollutants, hazard identification will determine which of these chemicals could result in adverse human health effects, and what effects they could cause. Risk assessors rely on both laboratory (e. g., toxicological) and epidemiological data to make these determinations. Conceptual model of exposure
Hazards have the potential to cause adverse effects only if they come into contact with populations that may be harmed. For this reason, hazard identification includes the development of a conceptual model of exposure. Conceptual models communicate the pathway connecting sources of a given hazard to the potentially exposed population(s). The U. S. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry establishes five elements that should be included in a conceptual model of exposure:
The source of the hazard in question
Environmental fate and transport, or how the hazard moves and changes in the environment after its release
Exposure point or area, or the place at which an exposed person comes into contact with the hazard
Exposure route, or the manner by which an exposed person comes into contact with the hazard (e. g., orally, dermally, or by inhalation)
Potentially exposed populations. These measurements should be compared to appropriate reference levels to determine whether a hazard exists. For instance, if arsenic is detected in tap water from a given well, the detected concentrations should be compared with regulatory thresholds for allowable levels of arsenic in drinking water. If the detected levels are consistently lower than these limits, arsenic may not be a chemical of potential concern for the purposes of this risk assessment. When interpreting hazard data, risk assessors must consider the sensitivity of the instrument and method used to take these measurements, including any relevant detection limits (i. e., the lowest level of a given substance that an instrument or method is capable of detecting).
Environmental hazards are those hazards that affect biomes or ecosystems. Well known examples include oil spills, water pollution, slash and burn deforestation, air pollution, ground fissures, and build up of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Physical exposure to environmental hazards is usually involuntary
Biological hazards, also known as biohazards, are organic substances that pose a threat to the health of living organisms, primarily humans. This can include medical waste, samples of a microorganism, virus, or toxin (from a biological source) that can impact human health. Biological hazards can also include substances harmful to animals. Examples of biological hazards include bacteria, viruses, fungi, other microorganisms and their associated toxins. They may cause a myriad of diseases, from flu to more serious and potentially fatal diseases. Hazard identification is the determination of whether, and under what conditions, a given environmental stressor has the potential to cause harm. In hazard identification, sources of data on the risks associated with prospective hazards are identified. For instance, if a site is known to be contaminated with a variety of industrial pollutants, hazard identification will determine which of these chemicals could result in adverse human health effects, and what effects they could cause. Risk assessors rely on both laboratory (e. g., toxicological) and epidemiological data to make these determinations. Conceptual model of exposure
Hazards have the potential to cause adverse effects only if they come into contact with populations that may be harmed. For this reason, hazard identification includes the development of a conceptual model of exposure. Conceptual models communicate the pathway connecting sources of a given hazard to the potentially exposed population(s). The U. S. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry establishes five elements that should be included in a conceptual model of exposure:
The source of the hazard in question
Environmental fate and transport, or how the hazard moves and changes in the environment after its release
Exposure point or area, or the place at which an exposed person comes into contact with the hazard
Exposure route, or the manner by which an exposed person comes into contact with the hazard (e. g., orally, dermally, or by inhalation)
Potentially exposed populations. These measurements should be compared to appropriate reference levels to determine whether a hazard exists. For instance, if arsenic is detected in tap water from a given well, the detected concentrations should be compared with regulatory thresholds for allowable levels of arsenic in drinking water. If the detected levels are consistently lower than these limits, arsenic may not be a chemical of potential concern for the purposes of this risk assessment. When interpreting hazard data, risk assessors must consider the sensitivity of the instrument and method used to take these measurements, including any relevant detection limits (i. e., the lowest level of a given substance that an instrument or method is capable of detecting).
Психологическая
Психологические опасности включают в себя, помимо прочего, стресс, насилие и другие факторы стресса на рабочем месте. Работа в целом благоприятно влияет на психическое здоровье и личное благополучие, обеспечивая людям структуру, цель и ощущение собственной значимости.
Psychological hazards include but are not limited to stress, violence and other workplace stressors. Work is generally beneficial to mental health and personal wellbeing. It provides people with structure and purpose and a sense of identity.