FairVote: Реформа избирательной системы в США

U. S. electoral reform organization
It was founded in 1992 as Citizens for Proportional Representation to support the implementation of proportional representation in American elections. Its focus expanded over time to include other election reform proposals, such as instant runoff voting (IRV), a national popular vote for president, a right to vote amendment to the Constitution, and universal voter registration. It changed its name to the Center for Voting and Democracy in 1993 and to FairVote in 2004 to reflect those changing focuses. Chairs of FairVote's board of directors have included former Nirvana bassist Krist Novoselic, former congressman and 1980 independent presidential candidate John Anderson, and Harvard political philosopher Danielle Allen.

FairVote has been covered by outlets including The Washington Post, The New York Times, and NPR, which tend to call it a nonpartisan voting rights advocacy group. Other commonly used terms include: "voting rights organization", "election reform advocacy group", "national reform organization", and "election participation and reform group". The Denver Post referred to the group as "election protection campaigners".

In his New York Times profile of FairVote co founder Steven Hill, Scott James called FairVote a "left wing group". Other writers have claimed that many FairVote policies, such as IRV, are popular in "liberal enclaves" and supported by "populist groups" such as Common Cause, an advocacy organization, and thus give the group a liberal tilt. Louis Jacobson, a writer for Roll Call, argues that any group supporting the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact will be perceived as liberal leaning because of Democratic frustration with the Electoral College after the 2000 US presidential election. FairVote co founder Rob Richie has said FairVote "is definitely not a Democratic stalking horse." In addition, FairVote points to John Anderson, who was president of the organization's first advisory board. Anderson ran for president as an independent in 1980, and before that was a Republican congressman from Illinois.

FairVote advocates for the use of ranked choice voting (IRV) in American elections. Specifically, it advocates for the instant runoff form of IRV in single winner elections and the single transferable vote form of IRV for multi winner elections. Under all forms of IRV, voters rank candidates in order of preference, in contrast to the more widely used plurality voting system. FairVote supports the Fair Representation Act, which would enact a single transferable vote system for U. S. House elections and an instant runoff voting system for U. S. Senate elections. In 2002, FairVote backed a San Francisco ballot initiative amending Section 13.102 of the city charter to allow IRV in local elections. The city began using IRV to elect local officials on November 2, 2004. Minneapolis, Minnesota; Oakland, California; Portland, Maine; Portland, Oregon; Seattle, Washington; New York, New York; San Leandro, California; St. Paul, Minnesota; Springfield, Illinois; Telluride, Colorado; and Santa Fe, New Mexico.

FairVote has advocated for the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact, an agreement among states and the District of Columbia to award their electoral votes to the candidate with the highest popular vote total in all 50 states and D. C. New York Assemblyman Fred Thiele said he first proposed New York's entrance into the compact after FairVote approached him.

FairVote has backed the proposed Right to Vote Amendment (House Joint Resolution 44), sponsored by Representatives Mark Pocan and Keith Ellison, under which citizens would be guaranteed a constitutional right to vote. FairVote filed a policy brief in support of the legislation, writing, "We believe that the right to vote is a cornerstone of representative democracy that depends upon broadly defined voter eligibility, universal voter access to the polls, and election integrity." FairVote has also advocated universal voter registration, a system in which all citizens of legal voting age would be registered to vote automatically.

FairVote has conducted research on both presidential and Congressional elections. Most of its presidential election research focuses on the electoral college's effects on campaigning. In its 2012 Presidential Election analysis, FairVote documented the large disparity in both time and money spent in swing states (e. g., Florida) versus safe states (e. g., Maryland). In addition, FairVote has begun publishing data on how much time sitting presidents spend in swing states. FairVote releases two main documents of Congressional research every election cycle. The first is "Monopoly Politics", which contains predictions and analysis for each race. The second is "Dubious Democracy", an assessment of how competitive elections are by state and how much power votes have in each state. In addition to Monopoly Politics and Dubious Democracy, after the 2010 midterm elections FairVote released data on the effect of third party and spoiler candidates. The report found that there were many districts in which the winning candidate did not receive a majority of the vote. Finally, FairVote created Representation 2020, a project that hopes to achieve parity in the numbers of men and women serving in elected office. Representation2020 has since become a separate nonprofit called RepresentWomen; it is still closely aligned with FairVote.

FairVote has participated in a number of court cases as amici curiae to advance IRV and proportional voting methods, particularly under the California and federal Voting Rights Act. Cases in which it has been involved include:

Sanchez v. City of Modesto (2007) dealt with the constitutionality of the California Voting Rights Act of 2001 (CVRA). After the California Superior Court of Stanislaus County declared the CVRA unconstitutional in favor of the City of Modesto, plaintiffs Enrique Sanchez, Emma Pinedo and Salvador Vera appealed to the Fifth Appellate District of the Court of Appeal of California. FairVote argued that winner take all at large voting systems caused "vote dilutions in jurisdictions affected by racially polarized voting, even where minority voters cannot form a majority in a single member district." Supporting the CVRA, FairVote viewed the law requiring courts to "fashion effective remedies to cure vote dilution affecting smaller and dispersed minority populations." Asserting that the CVRA allows California to become more representative of the people, FairVote concluded that the CVRA was an important and constitutional piece of government reform. The Court of Appeal applied rational basis review to CVRA and declared the law constitutional, reversing the lower court's decision. In United States v. Village of Port Chester (2008), US District Judge Stephen Robinson of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York issued a decision that the Village's election system violated the Voting Rights Act and ordered remedial plans from all parties. In 2007, the Brennan Center, representing FairVote as amicus curiae, submitted a brief supporting cumulative voting as a remedy, but also proposing another system known as "choice voting", a process of ranking candidates. FairVote also argued that cumulative voting is appropriate under the Voting Rights Act, as it "ensures the equal principle of "one person, one vote"", is race neutral, and that it is supported by case law and history. On November 6, 2009, the Court did not accept choice voting but accepted Port Chester's remedy of cumulative voting. On June 16, 2010, Port Chester elected its first Latino to the Board of Trustees. FairVote Minnesota, siding with the City of Minneapolis, served as intervenor respondent in Minnesota Voters Alliance v. City of Minneapolis, a case that was attested at the Minnesota Supreme Court. Minnesota Voters Alliance v. City of Minneapolis dealt with the constitutionality of IRV, which was adopted by the City of Minneapolis for its municipal elections. Minnesota Voters Alliance, a nonprofit organization that served as the appellants, argued that the "method violates their right to vote, to associate for political purposes, and to equal protection under both the United States and the Minnesota Constitutions". Siding with the city, FairVote Minnesota stated that instant runoff voting (IRV) is a form of IRV that allows voters to rank multiple candidates on a single ballot. They argued that this form of voting has legitimate policy reasons, such as simplifying the election process, saving money, increasing voter turnout, ensuring more diverse representation, and promoting civil election campaigns. In its defense of the City of Minneapolis, FairVote argued that the appellants bore a "heavy burden of persuasion" because they brought a facial challenge to IRV's constitutionality and that "Minneapolis IRV is constitutional because it is supported by legitimate interests, imposes no burden on the right to vote, and applies to all voters". The Court affirmed the lower district court's ruling that IRV does not infringe on the appellants' constitutional rights, thus rejecting the Minnesota Voters Alliance's challenge to IRV.

Juan Jauregui, the plaintiff, filed a complaint in April 2012 alleging that Palmdale's at large method of electing members to its City Council resulted in vote dilution for Latino and African American residents. The lawsuit claimed that Palmdale's at large method denied minority residents effective political participation and thus violated the California Voting Rights Act (CVRA). The City of Palmdale immediately appealed the decision, reasoning that in 2001 Palmdale residents voted for an at large election system. The case reached the California Court of Appeal in the Second Appellate District. In January 2014, FairVote submitted an amicus curiae brief in support of the plaintiffs. FairVote argued that fair representation voting, unlike at large systems, enhanced minority groups to elect at least one candidate of their choice. FairVote advocated for a number of alternative methods, such as ranked choice voting, single voting, and cumulative voting. The City of Palmdale opposed FairVote's participation, arguing that the amicus brief "threatens significant prejudice to the City", as it would continue to delay the certification of the city's November 2013 election. The California Court of Appeal denied FairVote's application to file as amicus curiae.