Франконская Швейцария: Описание региона Баварии

Upland in the German state of Bavaria

Franconian Switzerland (Fränkische Schweiz) is an upland in Upper Franconia, Bavaria, Germany and a popular tourist retreat. Located between the River Pegnitz in the east and the south, the River Regnitz in the west and the River Main in the north, its relief, which reaches 600 metres in height, forms the northern part of the Franconian Jura (Frankenjura). Like several other mountainous landscapes in the German speaking lands, e. g. Holstein Switzerland, Märkische Schweiz, or Pommersche Schweiz, Franconian Switzerland was given its name by Romantic artists and poets in the 19th century who compared the landscape to Switzerland. Franconian Switzerland is famous for its high density of traditional breweries.

The region was once called Muggendorfer Gebürg (Muggendorf hills). The first tourists arrived during the age of Romanticism. Two law students of Erlangen University, Ludwig Tieck and Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder have been credited as "discoverers" of the region. The "Eine Reise in die Fränkische Schweiz" issue of their joint production Franz Sternbalds Wanderungen (Berlin, 1798) enthralled many contemporaries. The 1820 book Die kleine Schweiz (Little Switzerland), written by Jakob Reiselsberger of Waischenfeld, gave the region its name. In 1829, a book by German salesman and local historian Joseph Heller, Muggendorf und seine Umgebung oder die Fränkische Schweiz (Muggendorf and its surroundings or Franconian Switzerland), was published. The description Switzerland was common during the 19th century for landscapes with mountains, valleys and, most significantly, rocks, e. g., Saxon Switzerland, Marcher Switzerland, Mecklenburg Switzerland and Holstein Switzerland.

Franconian Switzerland is the northern part of the Franconian Jura. It is often loosely defined as the region bounded by the Main to the north, Regnitz to the west and Pegnitz to the east, or by the A 70 motorway to the north, the A 9 to the east and the A 73 to the west. However, the actual region of Franconian Switzerland is only the catchment area of the River Wiesent. The region covers parts of the counties of Bamberg, Bayreuth and Forchheim. Its best known settlements include Pottenstein, Gößweinstein, Muggendorf, Ebermannstadt, Streitberg, Egloffstein, and Waischenfeld. Its boundaries are Obermainland (north), Erlangen (south), Bayreuth (east), Forchheim (west), and Bamberg (northwest). Information about Franconian Switzerland may be found in the Franconian Switzerland Museum in Tüchersfeld with its comprehensive regional collections. It is housed in the so called Jew's Court (Judenhof), below two steep rock pinnacles.

In the White Jurassic period, about 161 million to 150 million years ago, a shallow sea lay across southern Germany. During this period, thick rock sequences were deposited on the seabed as the Earth's crust continued to sink. The limestone and dolomite rocks that formed during this time period, along with the deeply incised river valleys and dry, arid plateaus, characterize this karst landscape. Many fossils, most typically ammonites, may be found in the limestone strata. In the late Jurassic period, the sea receded with the shifting of European continental plate, allowing larger areas of land to emerge and form at the beginning of the Cretaceous period. During this time, the region had a tropical climate, and limestone and dolomite rocks underwent intense weathering. During the Cretaceous, a sea once again covered much of the region. In the Tertiary period, the sea receded a second time, partially exposing the Jurassic landscape.

The Osterbrunnen tradition has its origins in Franconian Switzerland. Around Easter, fountains and public wells are elaborately decorated. During the early modern period, this tradition became more obscure. However, it was renewed in the 1980s, and in 1986, 169 villages resumed the Osterbrunnen tradition. Today, more than 200 villages decorate their village wells and fountains with colourful Easter eggs. This custom likely emerged as celebration of water, a precious resource in the arid high plateau of Franconian Switzerland. The Bieberbach Osterbrunnen (Egloffstein) hold the Guinness World Record for the largest Osterbrunnen.

Franconian Switzerland is one of the oldest tourist regions in Germany. The region's numerous caves began attracting visitors at the beginning of the 19th century. The region offers locals and visitors alike a variety of outdoors activities. Along with its countless hiking paths, the area is known for rock climbing and canoeing. Home to the annual Franconian Switzerland Marathon, beginning in Forchheim, slowly climbing to Sachsenmühle Wende, and then descending to Ebermannstadt, the area includes 375 km of some of the best trails for running, Nordic walking, and rambling in Germany, which are maintained by the European community funded Running Experience Project, founded in July 2011. The Franconian Switzerland Steam Railway (Dampfbahn Fränkische Schweiz) or DFS, is a museum railway in Ebermannstadt that operates steam and diesel specials on Sundays and on public holidays.