Многочастотная фазовая манипуляция (МЧФМ): принципы, применение и особенности

Multiple frequency shift keying (MFSK) is a variation of frequency shift keying (FSK) that uses more than two frequencies. MFSK is a form of M ary orthogonal modulation, where each symbol consists of one element from an alphabet of orthogonal waveforms. M, the size of the alphabet, is usually a power of two so that each symbol represents log2M bits. M is usually between 4 and 64
Error correction is generally also used

It is possible to combine two MFSK systems to increase the throughput of the link. Perhaps the most widely used 2 tone MFSK system is dual tone multi frequency (DTMF), better known by its AT&T trademark of "Touch Tone". Another is the Multi frequency (MF) scheme used during the 20th century for in band signalling on trunks between telephone exchanges. Both are examples of in band signaling schemes, i. e., they share the user's communication channel. Symbols in the DTMF and MF alphabets are sent as tone pairs; DTMF selects one tone from a "high" group and one from a "low" group, while MF selects its two tones from a common set. DTMF and MF use different tone frequencies largely to keep end users from interfering with inter office signaling. In the 1970s, MF began to be replaced by digital out of band signaling, a conversion motivated in part by the widespread fraudulent use of MF signals by end users known as phone phreaks. These signals are distinctive when received aurally as a rapid succession of tone pairs with almost musical quality. The simultaneous transmission of two tones directly at RF loses the constant envelope property of the single tone system. Two simultaneous RF tones is in fact the classic "stress test" of an RF power amplifier for measuring linearity and intermodulation distortion. However, two audio tones can be sent simultaneously on a conventional, constant envelope FM RF carrier, but the noncoherent detection of the FM signal at the receiver would destroy any signal to noise ratio advantage the multitone scheme might have.

Skywave propagation on the high frequency bands introduces random distortions that generally vary with both time and frequency. Understanding these impairments helps one understand why MFSK is such an effective and popular technique on HF.

When several separate paths from transmitter to receiver exist, a condition known as multipath, they almost never have exactly the same length so they almost never exhibit the same propagation delay. Small delay differences, or delay spread, smear adjacent modulation symbols together and cause unwanted intersymbol interference. Delay spread is inversely proportional to its frequency domain counterpart, coherence bandwidth. This is the frequency range over which the channel gain is relatively constant. This is because summing two or more paths with different delays creates a comb filter even when the individual paths have a flat frequency response.

Fading is a (usually random and undesired) change in path gain with time. The maximum fade rate is limited by the physics of the channel, such as the rate at which free electrons form and are recombined in the ionosphere and charged particle cloud velocities within the ionosphere. The maximum interval over which the channel gain does not appreciably change is the coherence time. A fading channel effectively imposes an unwanted random amplitude modulation on the signal. Just as the bandwidth of intentional AM increases with the modulation rate, fading spreads a signal over a frequency range that increases with the fading rate. This is Doppler spreading, the frequency domain counterpart of coherence time. The shorter the coherence time, the greater the Doppler spread and vice versa.

With appropriate parameter selection, MFSK can tolerate significant Doppler or delay spreads, especially when augmented with forward error correction. (Mitigating large amounts of Doppler and delay spread is significantly more challenging, but it is still possible). A long delay spread with little Doppler spreading can be mitigated with a relatively long MFSK symbol period to allow the channel to "settle down" quickly at the start of each new symbol. Because a long symbol contains more energy than a short one for a given transmitter power, the detector can more easily attain a sufficiently high signal to noise ratio (SNR). The resultant throughput reduction can be partly compensated with a large tone set so that each symbol represents several data bits; a long symbol interval allows these tones to be packed more closely in frequency while maintaining orthogonality. This is limited by the exponential growth of tone set size with the number of data bits/symbol. Conversely, if the Doppler spread is large while the delay spread is small, then a shorter symbol period may permit coherent tone detection and the tones must be spaced more widely to maintain orthogonality. The most challenging case is when the delay and Doppler spreads are both large, i. e., the coherence bandwidth and coherence time are both small. This is more common on auroral and EME channels than on HF, but it can occur. A short coherence time limits the symbol time, or more precisely, the maximum coherent detection interval at the receiver. If the symbol energy is too small for an adequate per symbol detection SNR, then one alternative is transmit a symbol longer than the coherence time but to detect it with a filter much
wider than one matched to the transmitted symbol. (The filter should instead be matched to the tone spectrum expected at the receiver). This will capture much of the symbol energy despite Doppler spreading, but it will necessarily do so inefficiently. A wider tone spacing, i. e., a wider channel, is also required. Forward error correction is especially helpful in this case.