Шотландцы в Америке

Americans of Scottish birth or descent

Scottish Americans or Scots Americans (Scottish Gaelic: Ameireaganaich Albannach; ) are Americans whose ancestry originates wholly or partly in Scotland. Scottish Americans are closely related to Scotch Irish Americans, descendants of Ulster Scots, and communities emphasize and celebrate a common heritage. The majority of Scotch Irish Americans originally came from Lowland Scotland and Northern England before migrating to the province of Ulster in Ireland (see Plantation of Ulster) and thence, beginning about five generations later, to North America in large numbers during the eighteenth century. The number of Scottish Americans is believed to be around 25 million, and celebrations of 'Scottishness' can be seen through Tartan Day parades, Burns Night celebrations, and Tartan Kirking ceremonies. Significant emigration from Scotland to America began in the 1700s, accelerating after the Jacobite rising of 1745, the steady degradation of clan structures, and the Highland Clearances. Even higher rates of emigration occurred after these times of social upheaval. In the 1920s, Scotland experienced a reduction in total population of 0.8%, totally absorbing the natural population increase of 7.2%: the U. S. and Canada were the most common destinations of these emigrants. A common misconception is that most Scottish Americans are descended from Highlanders fleeing persecution or clearance. Instead, by far the commonest Scottish immigrant was an economic migrant from the Lowlands, attracted by the opportunities in North America.

The table shows the ethnic Scottish population in the British colonies from 1700 to 1775. In 1700 the total population of the colonies was 250,888, of whom 223,071 (89%) were white and 3.0% were ethnically Scottish. Composition of the American Colonies1700 %1755%1775 % English / Welsh80.0 English / Welsh52.0 English 48.7 African11.0 African20.0 African20.0 Dutch4.0 German7.0 Scots Irish 7.8 Scottish3.0 Scots Irish7.0 German6.9 Other European2.0 Irish5.0 Scottish6.6 Scottish4.0 Dutch2.7 Dutch3.0 French 1.4 Other European2.0 Swedish 0.6 Other 5.3 Colonies100.0 Thirteen100.0 Colonies100.0

Population estimates are as follows. State or TerritoryKingdom of Scotland Ulster Scottish Total ScotchScotch Irish#%#%#%5,1092.20%4,1801.80%9,2894.00%3,7058.00%2,9186.30%6,62314.30%Georgia (U. S. state)8,19715.50%6,08211.50%14,27927.00% & Tenn. 9,30510.00%6,5137.00%15,81817.00% 4,3254.50%7,6898.00%12,01412.50% 15,8577.60%12,1025.80%27,95913.40% 16,4204.40%9,7032.60%26,1237.00% 8,7496.20%6,4914.60%15,24010.80% 13,0877.70%10,7076.30%23,79414.00%New York (state) 22,0067.00%16,0335.10%38,03912.10% 42,79914.80%16,4835.70%59,28220.50% 36,4108.60%46,57111.00%82,98119.60% 3,7515.80%1,2932.00%5,0447.80% 21,16715.10%13,1779.40%34,34424.50% 4,3395.10%2,7223.20%7,0618.30% 45,09610.20%27,4116.20%72,50716.40% 260,3228.21%190,0755.99%450,39714.20%4284.08%3072.92%7357.00%3051.53%2201.10%5252.63% Spanish America 830.35%600.25%1430.60%261,1388.09%190,6625.91%451,80014.00%

As of 2020, the distribution of Scottish Americans across the 50 states and DC is as presented in the following table. +StateNumberPercentage 87,5801.79%15,8472.15%121,0271.69%50,6451.68% 469,4651.19%141,0472.48%57,2441.60%15,1621.57%9,3341.33%307,9421.45%Georgia (U. S. state)175,4201.67%13,3530.94% 56,1323.20% 143,3411.13% 111,8251.67% 47,5551.51%54,8921.88%83,0991.86% 45,8630.98% 59,9574.47% 86,9801.44% 139,8462.03% 207,3582.08% 65,4601.17% 42,9811.44% 103,3001.69% 31,3672.95% 26,0241.35% 45,4591.50% 55,7004.11% 85,4220.96% 30,3531.45%New York (state) 193,7490.99% 232,4252.24% 9,0681.19% 206,6801.77% 68,2541.73% 116,4712.79% 185,0461.45% 17,6451.67% 114,3762.25% 10,6551.21% 139,0402.05% 378,8121.32% 131,7244.18% 26,6784.27% 167,3841.97%Washington (state)199,1292.65% 35,8981.99% 60,7051.05%18,1423.12%5,298,8611.62%

The first Scots in North America came with the Vikings. A Christian bard from the Hebrides accompanied Bjarni Herjolfsson on his voyage around Greenland in 985/6 which sighted the mainland to the west. The first Scots recorded as having set foot in the New World were a man named Haki and a woman named Hekja, slaves owned by Leif Eiriksson. The Scottish couple were runners who scouted for Thorfinn Karlsefni's expedition in c. 1010, gathering wheat and the grapes for which Vinland was named. The controversial Zeno letters have been cited in support of a claim that Henry Sinclair, earl of Orkney, visited Nova Scotia in 1398. In the early years of Spanish colonization of the Americas, a Scot named Tam Blake spent 20 years in Colombia and Mexico. He took part in the conquest of New Granada in 1532 with Alonso de Heredia. He arrived in Mexico in 1534–5, and joined Coronado's 1540 expedition to the American Southwest. Scottish American naturalist John Muir is perhaps best known for his exploration of California's Sierra Nevada mountains during the 19th century.

After the Union of the Crowns of Scotland and England in 1603, King James VI, a Scot, promoted joint expeditions overseas, and became the founder of British America. The first permanent English settlement in the Americas, Jamestown, was thus named for a Scot. The earliest Scottish communities in America were formed by traders and planters rather than farmer settlers. The hub of Scottish commercial activity in the colonial period was Virginia. Regular contacts began with the transportation of indentured servants to the colony from Scotland, including prisoners taken in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. By the 1670s Glasgow was the main outlet for Virginian tobacco, in open defiance of English restrictions on colonial trade; in return the colony received Scottish manufactured goods, emigrants and ideas. In the 1670s and 1680s Presbyterian Dissenters fled persecution by the Royalist privy council in Edinburgh to settle in South Carolina and New Jersey, where they maintained their distinctive religious culture. a conflict which had also seen the first use of Scottish Highland regiments as Indian fighters.

Scottish settlement in colonial America has often been divided by historians into three separate streams—Lowlanders, Highlanders, and Ulster Scots. Lowland Scots began to migrate to North America in the eighteenth century after the union of England and Scotland. They tended to settle in low lying coastal areas and cities such as New York and New Jersey. As they were usually well educated, lowland Scots found work easily, frequently as doctors, schoolmasters, or private tutors for the children of wealthy colonial citizens. Many others were merchants, particularly in the South. Because they were active participants in the British Empire (to the point of considering themselves to be "North British" rather than "Scottish"), lowland Scots tended to stay loyal in the Revolution. Highland Scots started arriving in North America in the 1730s. Unlike their Lowland and Ulster counterparts, the Highlanders tended to cluster together in self contained communities, where they maintained their distinctive cultural features such as the Gaelic language and piobaireachd music. Groups of Highlanders existed in coastal Georgia (mainly immigrants from Inverness shire) and the Mohawk Valley in New York (from the West Highlands). By far the largest Highland community was centered on the Cape Fear River, which saw a stream of immigrants from Argyllshire, and, later, other regions such as the Isle of Skye. Highland Scots were overwhelmingly loyalist in the Revolution. Distinctly Highland cultural traits persisted in the region until the 19th century, at which point they were assimilated into Anglo American culture. The Ulster Scots, known as the Scots Irish (or Scotch Irish) in North America, were descended from people originally from the Scottish Lowlands, as well as the north of England and other regions, who colonized the province of Ulster in Ireland in the seventeenth century. After several generations, their descendants left for America, and struck out for the frontier, in particular the Appalachian mountains, providing an effective "buffer" for attacks from Native Americans. In the colonial era, they were usually simply referred to as "Irish," with the "Scots " or "Scotch " prefixes becoming popular when the descendants of the Ulster emigrants wanted to differentiate themselves from the Catholic Irish who were flocking to many American cities in the nineteenth century. Unlike the Highlanders and Lowlanders, the Scots Irish were usually patriots in the Revolution. They have been noted for their tenacity and their cultural contributions to the United States.

American bluegrass and country music styles have some of their roots in the Appalachian ballad culture of Scotch Irish Americans (predominantly originating from the "Border Ballad" tradition of southern Scotland and northern England). Fiddle tunes from the Scottish repertoire, as they developed in the eighteenth century, spread rapidly into British colonies. However, in many cases, this occurred through the medium of print rather than aurally, explaining the presence of Highland origin tunes in regions like Appalachia where there was essentially no Highland settlement. Outside of Gaelic speaking communities, however, characteristic Highland musical idioms, such as the “Scotch snap,” were flattened out and assimilated into anglophone musical styles. Some African American communities were influenced musically by the Scottish American communities in which they were embedded. Psalm singing and gospel music have become central musical experiences for African American churchgoers and it has been posited that some elements of these styles were introduced, in these communities, by Scots. Psalm singing, or "precenting the line" as it is technically known, in which the psalms are called out and the congregation sings a response, was a form of musical worship initially developed for non literate congregations and Africans in America were exposed to this by Scottish Gaelic settlers as well as immigrants of other origins. However, the theory that the African American practice was influenced mainly by the Gaels has been criticized by ethnomusicologist Terry Miller, who notes that the practice of "lining out" hymns and psalms was common all over Protestant Britain in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and that it is far more likely that Gospel music originated with English psalm singing. The first foreign tongue spoken by some slaves in America was Scottish Gaelic picked up from Gaelic speaking immigrants from the Scottish Highlands and Western Isles. There are accounts of African Americans singing Gaelic songs and playing Scottish Gaelic music on bagpipes and fiddle.

The civic tradition of the Scottish Enlightenment contributed to the intellectual ferment of the American Revolution. Scotland's leading thinkers of the revolutionary age, David Hume and Adam Smith, opposed the use of force against the rebellious colonies. According to the historian Arthur L. Herman: "Americans built their world around the principles of Adam Smith and Thomas Reid, of individual interest governed by common sense and a limited need for government." John Witherspoon and James Wilson were the two Scots to sign the Declaration of Independence, and several other signers had ancestors there. Other Founding Father like James Madison had no ancestral connection but were imbued with ideas drawn from Scottish moral philosophy. Scottish Americans who made major contributions to the revolutionary war included Commodore John Paul Jones, the "Father of the American Navy", and Generals Henry Knox and William Alexander. Another person of note was a personal friend of George Washington, General Hugh Mercer, who fought for Charles Edward Stuart at the Battle of Culloden. The Scotch Irish, who had already begun to settle beyond the Proclamation Line in the Ohio and Tennessee Valleys, were drawn into rebellion as war spread to the frontier. Tobacco plantations and independent farms in the backcountry of Virginia, Maryland and the Carolinas had been financed with Scottish credit, and indebtedness was an additional incentive for separation. The Scottish Highland communities of upstate New York and the Cape Fear valley of North Carolina were centers of Loyalist resistance. Many Scottish American Loyalists, particularly Highlanders, emigrated to Canada after the war. Emigration from Scotland peaked in the nineteenth century, when more than a million Scots left for the United States, taking advantage of the regular Atlantic steam age shipping industry which was itself largely a Scottish creation, contributing to a revolution in transatlantic communication. This new wave peaked in the first decade of the twentieth century, contributing to a hard life for many who remained behind. Many qualified workers emigrated overseas, a part of which, established in Canada, later went on to the United States.

In the nineteenth century, American authors and educators adopted Scotland as a model for cultural independence. including Aonghas MacAoidh and Domhnall Aonghas Stiùbhart. One of the few relics of Gaelic literature composed in the United States is a lullaby composed by an anonymous woman in the Carolinas during the American Revolutionary War. It remains popular to this day in Scotland.

More than 160,000 Scottish emigrants migrated to the U. S., American statesmen of Scottish descent in the early Republic included Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of War Henry Knox, and President James Monroe. Andrew Jackson and James K. Polk were Scotch Irish presidents and products of the frontier in the period of Westward expansion. Among the most famous Scottish American soldier frontiersmen was Sam Houston, founding father of Texas. Other Scotch Irish presidents included James Buchanan, Chester Alan Arthur, William McKinley and Richard M. Nixon, Theodore Roosevelt (through his mother), Woodrow Wilson, Lyndon B. Johnson, and Ronald Reagan were of Scottish descent. By one estimate, 75% of U. S. presidents could claim some Scottish ancestry. Scottish Americans fought on both sides of the Civil War, and a monument to their memory was erected in Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1893. Winfield Scott, Ulysses S. Grant, Joseph E. Johnston, Irvin McDowell, James B. McPherson, Jeb Stuart and John B. Gordon were of Scottish descent, George B. McClellan and Stonewall Jackson Scotch Irish. Douglas MacArthur and George Marshall upheld the martial tradition in the twentieth century. Grace Murray Hopper, a rear admiral and computer scientist, was the oldest officer and highest ranking woman in the U. S. armed forces on her retirement at the age of 80 in 1986. Isabella Cannon, the former Mayor of Raleigh, North Carolina, served as the first female mayor of a U. S. state capital.

The Scottish born Alexander Winton built one of the first American automobiles in 1896, and specialized in motor racing. He broke the world speed record in 1900. In 1903, he became the first man to drive across the United States. (formerly HDI), often abbreviated "H D" or "Harley", is an American motorcycle manufacturer. The Davidson brothers were the sons of William C Davidson (1846–1923) who was born and grew up in Angus, Scotland, and Margaret Adams McFarlane (1843–1933) of Scottish descent from the small Scottish settlement of Cambridge, Wisconsin. They raised five children together: Janet May, William A., Walter, Arthur and Elizabeth.

Scottish Americans have made a major contribution to the U. S. aircraft industry. Alexander Graham Bell, in partnership with Samuel Pierpont Langley, built the first machine capable of flight, the Bell Langley airplane, in 1903. Lockheed was started by two brothers, Allan and Malcolm Loughead, in 1926.]] Scottish Americans were pioneers in human spaceflight. The Mercury and Gemini capsules were built by McDonnell. Other Scottish American moonwalkers were the fourth, Alan Bean, the fifth, Alan Shepard, the seventh, David Scott (also the first to drive on the Moon), and the eighth, James Irwin. Marketing executive Arch West, born to Scottish emigrant parents, developed Doritos.

National Tartan Day, held each year on April 6 in the United States and Canada, celebrates the historical links between Scotland and North America and the contributions Scottish Americans and Canadians have made to U. S. and Canadian democracy, industry and society. The date of April 6 was chosen as "the anniversary of the Declaration of Arbroath in 1320—the inspirational document, according to U. S. Senate Resolution 155, 1999, upon which the American Declaration of Independence was modeled". The Annual Tartan Week celebrations come to life every April with the largest celebration taking place in New York City. Thousands descend onto the streets of the Big Apple to celebrate their heritage, culture and the impact of the Scottish Americans in America today. Hundreds of pipers, drummers, Highland dancers, Scottie Dogs and celebrities march down the streets drowned in their family tartans and Saltire flags whilst interacting with the thousands of onlookers. NYC is not the only large city to celebrate Tartan Day. Large events also take place in Ohio, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, California, Chicago, Arizona, Pennsylvania, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Quebec, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Australia, and New Zealand. Scottish Heritage Month is also promoted by community groups around the United States and Canada.

Scottish culture, food, and athletics are celebrated at Highland Games and Scottish festivals throughout North America. The largest of these occurs yearly at Pleasanton, California, Grandfather Mountain, North Carolina and Estes Park, Colorado. There are also other notable Scottish Festivals in cities like Tulsa, Oklahoma, Ventura, California at the Seaside Highland Games, Atlanta, Georgia (at Stone Mountain Park), San Antonio, Texas and St. Louis, Missouri. In addition to traditional Scottish sports such as tossing the caber and the hammer throw, there are whisky tastings, traditional foods such as haggis, Bagpipes and Drums competitions, Celtic rock musical acts and traditional Scottish dance.

Although Scottish Gaelic had been spoken in most of Scotland at one time or another, by the time of large scale migrations to North America – the eighteenth century – it had only managed to survive in the Highlands and Western Isles of Scotland. Unlike other ethnic groups in Scotland, Scottish Highlanders preferred to migrate in communities, and remaining in larger, denser concentrations aided in the maintenance of their language and culture. The first communities of Scottish Gaels began migrating in the 1730s to Georgia, New York and the Carolinas. Only in the Carolinas were these settlements enduring. Although their numbers were small, the immigrants formed a beach head for later migrations, which accelerated in the 1760s. The American Revolutionary War effectively stopped direct migration to the newly formed United States, most people going instead to British North America (now Canada). The Canadian Maritimes were a favored destination from the 1770s to the 1840s. Sizable concentrations of Gaelic communities existed in Ontario, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island, with smaller clusters in Newfoundland, Quebec, and New Brunswick. Those who left these communities for opportunities in the United States, especially in New England, were usually fluent Gaelic speakers into the mid twentieth century. Of the many communities founded by Scottish Highland immigrants, the language and culture only survives at a community level in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. According to the 2000 census, 1,199 people speak Scottish Gaelic at home. The direct descendants of Scottish Highlanders were not the only people in the United States to speak the language, however. Gaelic was one of the languages spoken by fur traders in many parts of North America. In some parts of the Carolinas and Alabama, African American communities spoke Scottish Gaelic, particularly (but not solely) due to the influence of Gaelic speaking slave owners.

Berthoff, Rowland. "Under the kilt: Variations on the Scottish American ground." Journal of American Ethnic History 1#2 (1982): 5 34. in JSTOR
Berthoff, Rowland. "Celtic mist over the South." Journal of Southern History (1986) pp: 523–546. in JSTOR, Highly critical of theories of Forrest McDonald and Grady McWhiney regarding profound Celtic influences
McDonald, Forrest, and Grady McWhiney. "Celtic Mist over the South: A Response." Journal of Southern History (1986): 547–548. Shepperson, George. “Writings in Scottish American History: A Brief Survey.” William and Mary Quarterly 11#2 1954, pp. 164–178. online
Zumkhawala Cook, Richard. "The Mark of Scottish America: Heritage Identity and the Tartan Monster." Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 14#1 (2005) pp: 109–136.