Джозеф Хаслет: Губернатор Делавэра и участник войны 1812 года
Joseph Haslet
Джозеф Хаслет (1769-1823) – американский политик, дважды губернатор Делавэра. Член Демократическо-республиканской партии, сын героя войны за независимость.
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Введение
Джозеф Хаслет (1769–20 июня 1823) — американский плантатор и политик из деревни Седар-Крик в сотне Седар-Крик-Хундред, округ Сассекс, штат Делавэр. Он был членом Демократическо-республиканской партии и дважды занимал пост губернатора штата Делавэр.
American politician (1769–1823)
Joseph Haslet (1769June 20, 1823) was an American planter and politician from Cedar Creek Village in Cedar Creek Hundred, Sussex County, Delaware. He was a member of the Democratic Republican Party, who served twice as Governor of Delaware.
Ранняя жизнь и семья
Хаслет родился в Милфорде, штат Делавэр, сын полковника Джона Хаслета и Джемимы Моллстон Бринкл Хаслет. Полковник Джон Хаслет командовал Делавэрским полком в Континентальной армии и погиб в битве при Принстоне в январе 1777 года. Джемима Хаслет умерла через месяц «от воспаления горла и легких». Главный судья Уильям Киллен стал опекуном детей, и в конечном итоге Джозеф был отдан в ученики к часовщику в Уилмингтоне. Повзрослев, он купил ферму в сотне Седар-Крик в округе Сассекс. Он первым женился на Мэри Дрейпер, от которой у него был один сын, Натаниэль. Позже он женился на Рейчел Хикман, и у них было по меньшей мере трое детей.
Haslet was born in Milford, Delaware, son of Colonel John Haslet and Jemima Molleston Brinkle Haslet. Colonel John Haslet was the commander of the Delaware Regiment in the Continental Army and was killed at the Battle of Princeton in January 1777. Jemima Haslet died a month later "of an inflammation in the throat and lungs." Chief Justice William Killen became guardian for the children and eventually Joseph was apprenticed to a watchmaker in Wilmington. After he came of age he bought a farm in Cedar Creek Hundred in Sussex County. He first married Mary Draper, with whom he had one child, Nathaniel. He later married Rachel Hickman and they had at least three children.
Профессиональная и политическая карьера
Хаслет баллотировался на пост губернатора в 1804 году, проиграв кандидату от федералистов Натаниэлю Митчеллу, и вновь в 1807 году, снова уступив кандидату от федералистов Джорджу Трюиту. Наконец, в 1810 году он одержал нелегкую победу над кандидатом-федералистом Дэниелом Родни и начал свой первый срок в качестве губернатора Делавэра, занимая пост с 15 января 1811 года по 18 января 1814 года. Война 1812 года стала центральным событием во время пребывания Хаслета на посту губернатора. Вступление в войну 1812 года не встретило особого одобрения со стороны федералистов Делавэра, но Хаслет был демократом и созвал Генеральную Ассамблею на специальную сессию для поднятия ополчения. Кэрол Хоффекер в книге «Демократия в Делавэре» описывает его слова: «Губернатор сказал законодателям, преимущественно федералистам: «Без вашей помощи соблюдение невозможно». Он заявил, что ополчение находится в плачевном состоянии, без оружия и организации. Но он был уверен, что Делавэр справится с вызовом. «В этом штате вопрос не в том, следует ли уважать власть Соединенных Штатов. Штат Делавэр никогда не колеблясь не будет сотрудничать со своими штатами-единомышленниками в защите общих прав нации». Генеральная Ассамблея проголосовала за создание ополчения в 1000 человек и выделила 25 000 долларов на его оснащение. Первоначально было несколько впечатляющих морских побед, включая захват британского корабля «Frolic» капитаном Джейкобом Джонсом из Смирны, штат Делавэр. Он был родственником бывшего губернатора Джеймса Сайкса. Однако к февралю 1813 года британцы направили флоты в заливы Делавэр и Чесапик. Для защиты был построен лагерь в районе «The Rocks» в Уилмингтоне, капитан Калеб П. Беннетт укрепил Нью-Касл, а остров Пи-Пэтч был передан правительству США для строительства там форта. Льюз оставался беззащитным и, как и ожидалось, неоднократно получал требования о поставках от британского флота. Хаслет и ополчение поспешили на защиту Льюэса. Отказав в удовлетворении требований, 6 апреля 1813 года Льюз подвергся яростной дневной бомбардировке, за которой последовала вялая высадка на следующий день. Бомбардировка фактически не нанесла значительного ущерба. В отчете Шарфа говорится: «Была убита одна курица и ранена одна свинья», но было собрано более 300 пушечных ядер, в том числе 40 или 50 пудов в 32 фунта. Высадка на следующий день также была отбита. К июню британцы просто высадились в Милфорде и взяли все необходимое. Тем временем другой британский флот плавал по Чесапику, совершая набеги на Гавр-де-Грейс, Джорджтаун и Френчтаун, что держало всех в округе Нью-Касл в напряжении. Через восемь лет после ухода с поста Хаслет снова баллотировался на пост губернатора и был избран с еще меньшим перевесом, чем в первый раз, победив кандидата от федералистов Джеймса Бута. Это была ожесточенная кампания. Хаслета обвинили в том, что он был бывшим рабовладельцем и пренебрег обороной Льюэса в 1813 году. Бута, в свою очередь, обвинили в лояльности во время американской революции. Хаслет стал единственным человеком в XIX веке, выигравшим два срока на посту губернатора, но общая разница в количестве голосов составила менее 100 голосов. Он занимал пост с 21 января 1823 года, всего пять месяцев до своей смерти 20 июня 1823 года.
Haslet ran for governor in 1804, losing to the Federalist candidate, Nathaniel Mitchell, and again in 1807, again losing to the Federalist candidate, George Truitt. Finally, in 1810 he squeaked out a victory against Federalist candidate Daniel Rodney and began his first term as Governor of Delaware, serving from January 15, 1811, until January 18, 1814. The War of 1812 was the central event of Haslet's tenure as governor. Entry into the War of 1812 was not met with much approval from Federalist Delaware, but Haslet was a Democrat and called the General Assembly into special session to raise militia. Carol Hoffecker in Democracy in Delaware describes him saying: "'Without your aid,' the governor told the predominantly Federalist legislators, 'compliance is impossible.' The militia was in shambles, he said, without arms or organization. But he was certain that Delaware would rise to the challenge. 'In this state it is not a question of whether the authority of the United States is to be respected. The State of Delaware will never hesitate to cooperate with her sister states in defending the common rights of the nation.'" The General Assembly then voted to create a 1,000 man militia and appropriated $25,000 to equip them. At first, there were several exciting naval victories, including the capture of the British ship Frolic by Captain Jacob Jones of Smyrna, Delaware. He was brother in law of former Governor James Sykes. By February 1813, however, the British sent fleets into both the Delaware and Chesapeake Bays. For protection an encampment was built at "the Rocks" in Wilmington, Captain Caleb P. Bennett fortified New Castle, and Pea Patch Island was deeded to the U. S. Government so that there might be a fort built there. Lewes was completely exposed and, as expected, received repeated demands for supplies by the British fleet. Haslet and the militia rushed to Lewes' defense. Having refused the demands, on April 6, 1813 Lewes was subjected to a furious all day bombardment, followed by a half hearted landing the next day. The bombardment actually did little damage. Scharf's account reports "one chicken was killed and one pig wounded," but over 300 cannonballs were picked up, including 40 or 50 that were 32 pounders. The landing the next day was beaten off as well. By June the British simply landed at Milford and took what they needed. Meanwhile, the other British fleet was sailing the Chesapeake, raiding Havre de Grace, Georgetown, and Frenchtown, keeping everyone in New Castle County very nervous. Eight years after leaving office Haslet ran for governor again and was elected by an even narrower margin than the first time, beating the Federalist candidate James Booth. It was a bitter campaign. Haslet was accused of being a former slave owner, and neglecting the Lewes defenses in 1813. Booth, on the other hand, was accused of being a Loyalist during the American Revolution. Haslet became the only man in the 19th century to win two terms as governor, but his combined victory margins were less than 100 votes. He served from January 21, 1823, for only five months until his death on June 20, 1823. Delaware General Assembly (sessions while governor)YearAssemblySenate MajoritySpeakerHouse MajoritySpeaker181135thFederalistJames SykesFederalistCornelius P. Comegys181236thFederalistJames SykesFederalistCornelius P. Comegys181337thFederalistAndrew BarrattFederalistCornelius P. Comegys182347thRepublicanCharles ThomasRepublicanGeorge Clark Jr.
Генеральная Ассамблея штата Делавэр (сессии во время пребывания на посту губернатора)
Haslet ran for governor in 1804, losing to the Federalist candidate, Nathaniel Mitchell, and again in 1807, again losing to the Federalist candidate, George Truitt. Finally, in 1810 he squeaked out a victory against Federalist candidate Daniel Rodney and began his first term as Governor of Delaware, serving from January 15, 1811, until January 18, 1814. The War of 1812 was the central event of Haslet's tenure as governor. Entry into the War of 1812 was not met with much approval from Federalist Delaware, but Haslet was a Democrat and called the General Assembly into special session to raise militia. Carol Hoffecker in Democracy in Delaware describes him saying: "'Without your aid,' the governor told the predominantly Federalist legislators, 'compliance is impossible.' The militia was in shambles, he said, without arms or organization. But he was certain that Delaware would rise to the challenge. 'In this state it is not a question of whether the authority of the United States is to be respected. The State of Delaware will never hesitate to cooperate with her sister states in defending the common rights of the nation.'" The General Assembly then voted to create a 1,000 man militia and appropriated $25,000 to equip them. At first, there were several exciting naval victories, including the capture of the British ship Frolic by Captain Jacob Jones of Smyrna, Delaware. He was brother in law of former Governor James Sykes. By February 1813, however, the British sent fleets into both the Delaware and Chesapeake Bays. For protection an encampment was built at "the Rocks" in Wilmington, Captain Caleb P. Bennett fortified New Castle, and Pea Patch Island was deeded to the U. S. Government so that there might be a fort built there. Lewes was completely exposed and, as expected, received repeated demands for supplies by the British fleet. Haslet and the militia rushed to Lewes' defense. Having refused the demands, on April 6, 1813 Lewes was subjected to a furious all day bombardment, followed by a half hearted landing the next day. The bombardment actually did little damage. Scharf's account reports "one chicken was killed and one pig wounded," but over 300 cannonballs were picked up, including 40 or 50 that were 32 pounders. The landing the next day was beaten off as well. By June the British simply landed at Milford and took what they needed. Meanwhile, the other British fleet was sailing the Chesapeake, raiding Havre de Grace, Georgetown, and Frenchtown, keeping everyone in New Castle County very nervous. Eight years after leaving office Haslet ran for governor again and was elected by an even narrower margin than the first time, beating the Federalist candidate James Booth. It was a bitter campaign. Haslet was accused of being a former slave owner, and neglecting the Lewes defenses in 1813. Booth, on the other hand, was accused of being a Loyalist during the American Revolution. Haslet became the only man in the 19th century to win two terms as governor, but his combined victory margins were less than 100 votes. He served from January 21, 1823, for only five months until his death on June 20, 1823. Delaware General Assembly (sessions while governor)YearAssemblySenate MajoritySpeakerHouse MajoritySpeaker181135thFederalistJames SykesFederalistCornelius P. Comegys181236thFederalistJames SykesFederalistCornelius P. Comegys181337thFederalistAndrew BarrattFederalistCornelius P. Comegys182347thRepublicanCharles ThomasRepublicanGeorge Clark Jr.
Год | Сенатское большинство | Спикер Сената | Большинство в Палате представителей | Спикер Палаты представителей
---|---|---|---|---
1811 | Федералисты | Джеймс Сайкс | Федералисты | Корнелиус П. Комегис
1812 | Федералисты | Джеймс Сайкс | Федералисты | Корнелиус П. Комегис
1813 | Федералисты | Эндрю Баррат | Федералисты | Корнелиус П. Комегис
1823 | Республиканцы | Чарльз Томас | Республиканцы | Джордж Кларк-младший
Haslet ran for governor in 1804, losing to the Federalist candidate, Nathaniel Mitchell, and again in 1807, again losing to the Federalist candidate, George Truitt. Finally, in 1810 he squeaked out a victory against Federalist candidate Daniel Rodney and began his first term as Governor of Delaware, serving from January 15, 1811, until January 18, 1814. The War of 1812 was the central event of Haslet's tenure as governor. Entry into the War of 1812 was not met with much approval from Federalist Delaware, but Haslet was a Democrat and called the General Assembly into special session to raise militia. Carol Hoffecker in Democracy in Delaware describes him saying: "'Without your aid,' the governor told the predominantly Federalist legislators, 'compliance is impossible.' The militia was in shambles, he said, without arms or organization. But he was certain that Delaware would rise to the challenge. 'In this state it is not a question of whether the authority of the United States is to be respected. The State of Delaware will never hesitate to cooperate with her sister states in defending the common rights of the nation.'" The General Assembly then voted to create a 1,000 man militia and appropriated $25,000 to equip them. At first, there were several exciting naval victories, including the capture of the British ship Frolic by Captain Jacob Jones of Smyrna, Delaware. He was brother in law of former Governor James Sykes. By February 1813, however, the British sent fleets into both the Delaware and Chesapeake Bays. For protection an encampment was built at "the Rocks" in Wilmington, Captain Caleb P. Bennett fortified New Castle, and Pea Patch Island was deeded to the U. S. Government so that there might be a fort built there. Lewes was completely exposed and, as expected, received repeated demands for supplies by the British fleet. Haslet and the militia rushed to Lewes' defense. Having refused the demands, on April 6, 1813 Lewes was subjected to a furious all day bombardment, followed by a half hearted landing the next day. The bombardment actually did little damage. Scharf's account reports "one chicken was killed and one pig wounded," but over 300 cannonballs were picked up, including 40 or 50 that were 32 pounders. The landing the next day was beaten off as well. By June the British simply landed at Milford and took what they needed. Meanwhile, the other British fleet was sailing the Chesapeake, raiding Havre de Grace, Georgetown, and Frenchtown, keeping everyone in New Castle County very nervous. Eight years after leaving office Haslet ran for governor again and was elected by an even narrower margin than the first time, beating the Federalist candidate James Booth. It was a bitter campaign. Haslet was accused of being a former slave owner, and neglecting the Lewes defenses in 1813. Booth, on the other hand, was accused of being a Loyalist during the American Revolution. Haslet became the only man in the 19th century to win two terms as governor, but his combined victory margins were less than 100 votes. He served from January 21, 1823, for only five months until his death on June 20, 1823. Delaware General Assembly (sessions while governor)YearAssemblySenate MajoritySpeakerHouse MajoritySpeaker181135thFederalistJames SykesFederalistCornelius P. Comegys181236thFederalistJames SykesFederalistCornelius P. Comegys181337thFederalistAndrew BarrattFederalistCornelius P. Comegys182347thRepublicanCharles ThomasRepublicanGeorge Clark Jr.
Смерть и наследие
Хаслет умер в деревне Седар-Крик, в сотне Седар-Крик-Хундред, графство Сассекс. Первоначально он был похоронен на своей ферме в деревне Седар-Крик, но в 1917 году его останки были перенесены на кладбище Одд Феллоус в Милфорде. По-видимому, он умер без наследников: его единственный сын, Натаниэль, скончался в 1812 году, а вторая жена, Рэйчел, – в 1820 году. Он стал четвёртым губернатором Делавера, умершим во время исполнения своих обязанностей. Известных портретов Джозефа Хаслета не существует.
Haslet died at Cedar Creek Village in Cedar Creek Hundred, Sussex County. He was first buried on his farm at Cedar Creek Village, but was moved in 1917 to the Odd Fellows Cemetery at Milford. He appears to have died without any heirs, his only son, Nathaniel, having died in 1812 and his second wife, Rachael, in 1820. He was the fourth Governor of Delaware to die in office. There is no known portrait of Joseph Haslet.