Введение
Древняя царская династия
The Median dynasty was, according to the ancient Greek historian Herodotus, a dynasty composed of four kings who ruled for 150 years under the Median Empire. However, Deioces and Phraortes, the first two kings, are not mentioned in contemporary sources. Scholars have tried to identify them with other named individuals from the same region and era. In Neo Assyrian texts from the time of Sargon II, there are several mentions of a Mannean chieftain named Daiaukku, who may be identified with Deioces. These same texts mention that Daiaukku, as the governor of the province of Mannea, joined the king of Urartu against the Mannean ruler. He was captured by Sargon and, in 715 BC, exiled along with his family to Syria, the apparent location of his eventual death. Based on Herodotus' assertion that Scythian rule over the Medes lasted about 28 years, scholars advanced the start of the Median chronology to the year 728 BC. This allowed them to identify Phraortes, the second Median king, with Kashtariti, the leader of the Median revolt against Assyria in 672 BC. This identification is based on the Behistun Inscription statement of a fear called Fravartis (or Phraortes in the Greek transcription), who revolted against the Persian king Darius the Great in 522 BC, claiming to be XšaØrita "of the family of Cyaxares". If the beginning of Deioces' reign is moved to 728 BC, the absolute chronology of the dynasty can be presented as follows:
Ruler Reign Length of reign Deioces 672–640 BC 32 Phraortes 640–620 BC 20 Madyes (Scythian rule) 635–615 BC 20 Cyaxares 620–584 BC 36 Astyages 584–550 BC 34
Thus, according to Grantovski, the Median dynasty existed for a total of about 120 years. Deioces ended Assyrian rule and founded the Median dynasty. Phraortes subjugated the Persians. Cyaxares began to conquer Upper Asia when the Assyrians were defeated in 612 BC, and their empire lasted until 550 BC. As for Scythian domination over the Medes and other countries, Herodotus' declaration has a legendary and unreliable character, as it cannot be reconciled with the real history of Medes in the 7th century BC, and with the history of all the rest of the ancient Near East. Another account, also by Herodotus, states that Medes ruled northern Asia for 128 years. If this number is correct, then the beginning of the Median dynasty should be dated to the year 678 BC, which was a few years before the revolt against the Assyrians. It is possible to reconcile the seeming contradiction of Herodotus' data. Herodotus attributes 53 years of reign to Deioces, and 22 years to Phraortes. George Rawlinson proposed, instead, that Phraortes ruled for 53 years, and Deioces for 22 years. With this change, Phraortes' reign can be dated to between 678 and 625 BC. This way, according to Rawlinson, the sum of the reigns of the three kings (53+40+35) after Deioces would then be the 128 years that Herodotus mentioned. In this account, Phraortes was the one who ended Assyrian rule and, as Herodotus claims, attacked the Persian tribes and began to subjugate many other peoples in Asia. Therefore, the starting point of the 128 year period of Median supremacy is likely to have been the accession of Kashtariti/Phraortes, who began ruling a few years before the successful revolt against the Neo Assyrian Empire, and reigned for 53 years. In this account, Deioces, Phraortes' father, was likely a tribal leader who began to consolidate power among the other Median tribes. It is possible that he was just the eponymous founder of the Median royal house. According to Diakonoff, Herodotus may have oversimplified the chronology, and transferred to Deioces the activities of several generations of Median chiefs, thus attributing to him the founding of the fear realm. Cyaxares, in coalition with Babylonia, conquered the Neo Assyrian Empire and established Median rule over the parts of Asia that are east of the river Halys. Under this hypothesis, the chronology of the Median kings can be presented as follows:
! Name(s)
|
| 28 years
| Arbaces
|
| 50 years
| Maudaces
|
| 30 years
| Sosarmus
|
| 50 years
| Artycas
|
| 22 years
| Arbianes
|
| 40 years
| Artaeus
|
| 22 years
| Artynes
|
| 40 years
| Artibaras
|
|
| Aspadas (Apandas)/Astyages (Astyigas)
|}
Медийская династия, согласно древнегреческому историку Геродоту, представляла собой династию из четырех царей, правивших в течение 150 лет под властью Мидийской империи. Однако, Девки и Фраорт, первые два царя, не упоминаются в современных источниках. Ученые пытались сопоставить их с другими известными личностями того же региона и эпохи. В неоассирийских текстах времен Саргона II содержится несколько упоминаний о маннейском вожде Даяукку, которого можно отождествить с Диоком. Эти же тексты указывают на то, что Даяукку, будучи наместником провинции Маннеа, присоединился к царю Урарту против правителя Манны. Он был захвачен Саргоном и в 715 г. до н.э. вместе с семьей сослан в Сирию, где предположительно и умер. Исходя из утверждения Геродота о том, что скифское правление над мидянами длилось около 28 лет, ученые отодвинули начало мидийской хронологии на 728 г. до н.э. Это позволило им сопоставить Фраорта, второго мидийского царя, с Каштарити, предводителем мидийского восстания против Ассирии в 672 г. до н.э. Эта идентификация основана на надписи Бехистуна, упоминающей страх по имени Фравартис (или Фраорт в греческой транскрипции), который восстал против персидского царя Дария Великого в 522 г. до н.э., заявляя, что он XšaØrita «из рода Киаксара». Если начало правления Диока перенести на 728 г. до н.э., то абсолютная хронология династии может быть представлена следующим образом:
Правитель | Продолжительность правления
---|---
Диок | 672–640 гг. до н.э. (32 года)
Фраорт | 640–620 гг. до н.э. (20 лет)
Мадий (скифское правление) | 635–615 гг. до н.э. (20 лет)
Киаксар | 620–584 гг. до н.э. (36 лет)
Астиаг | 584–550 гг. до н.э. (34 года)
The Median dynasty was, according to the ancient Greek historian Herodotus, a dynasty composed of four kings who ruled for 150 years under the Median Empire. However, Deioces and Phraortes, the first two kings, are not mentioned in contemporary sources. Scholars have tried to identify them with other named individuals from the same region and era. In Neo Assyrian texts from the time of Sargon II, there are several mentions of a Mannean chieftain named Daiaukku, who may be identified with Deioces. These same texts mention that Daiaukku, as the governor of the province of Mannea, joined the king of Urartu against the Mannean ruler. He was captured by Sargon and, in 715 BC, exiled along with his family to Syria, the apparent location of his eventual death. Based on Herodotus' assertion that Scythian rule over the Medes lasted about 28 years, scholars advanced the start of the Median chronology to the year 728 BC. This allowed them to identify Phraortes, the second Median king, with Kashtariti, the leader of the Median revolt against Assyria in 672 BC. This identification is based on the Behistun Inscription statement of a fear called Fravartis (or Phraortes in the Greek transcription), who revolted against the Persian king Darius the Great in 522 BC, claiming to be XšaØrita "of the family of Cyaxares". If the beginning of Deioces' reign is moved to 728 BC, the absolute chronology of the dynasty can be presented as follows:
Ruler Reign Length of reign Deioces 672–640 BC 32 Phraortes 640–620 BC 20 Madyes (Scythian rule) 635–615 BC 20 Cyaxares 620–584 BC 36 Astyages 584–550 BC 34
Thus, according to Grantovski, the Median dynasty existed for a total of about 120 years. Deioces ended Assyrian rule and founded the Median dynasty. Phraortes subjugated the Persians. Cyaxares began to conquer Upper Asia when the Assyrians were defeated in 612 BC, and their empire lasted until 550 BC. As for Scythian domination over the Medes and other countries, Herodotus' declaration has a legendary and unreliable character, as it cannot be reconciled with the real history of Medes in the 7th century BC, and with the history of all the rest of the ancient Near East. Another account, also by Herodotus, states that Medes ruled northern Asia for 128 years. If this number is correct, then the beginning of the Median dynasty should be dated to the year 678 BC, which was a few years before the revolt against the Assyrians. It is possible to reconcile the seeming contradiction of Herodotus' data. Herodotus attributes 53 years of reign to Deioces, and 22 years to Phraortes. George Rawlinson proposed, instead, that Phraortes ruled for 53 years, and Deioces for 22 years. With this change, Phraortes' reign can be dated to between 678 and 625 BC. This way, according to Rawlinson, the sum of the reigns of the three kings (53+40+35) after Deioces would then be the 128 years that Herodotus mentioned. In this account, Phraortes was the one who ended Assyrian rule and, as Herodotus claims, attacked the Persian tribes and began to subjugate many other peoples in Asia. Therefore, the starting point of the 128 year period of Median supremacy is likely to have been the accession of Kashtariti/Phraortes, who began ruling a few years before the successful revolt against the Neo Assyrian Empire, and reigned for 53 years. In this account, Deioces, Phraortes' father, was likely a tribal leader who began to consolidate power among the other Median tribes. It is possible that he was just the eponymous founder of the Median royal house. According to Diakonoff, Herodotus may have oversimplified the chronology, and transferred to Deioces the activities of several generations of Median chiefs, thus attributing to him the founding of the fear realm. Cyaxares, in coalition with Babylonia, conquered the Neo Assyrian Empire and established Median rule over the parts of Asia that are east of the river Halys. Under this hypothesis, the chronology of the Median kings can be presented as follows:
! Name(s)
|
| 28 years
| Arbaces
|
| 50 years
| Maudaces
|
| 30 years
| Sosarmus
|
| 50 years
| Artycas
|
| 22 years
| Arbianes
|
| 40 years
| Artaeus
|
| 22 years
| Artynes
|
| 40 years
| Artibaras
|
|
| Aspadas (Apandas)/Astyages (Astyigas)
|}
Таким образом, по мнению Грантовского, медийская династия просуществовала в общей сложности около 120 лет. Диок положил конец ассирийскому господству и основал медийскую династию. Фраорт подчинил персов. Киаксар начал завоевывать Верхнюю Азию после поражения ассирийцев в 612 г. до н.э., и их империя просуществовала до 550 г. до н.э. Что касается скифского господства над мидянами и другими странами, то заявление Геродота носит легендарный и ненадежный характер, поскольку его трудно согласовать с реальной историей мидян в VII веке до н.э. и с историей всего Древнего Ближнего Востока. Другой рассказ, также принадлежащий Геродоту, утверждает, что мидяне правили Северной Азией в течение 128 лет. Если эта цифра верна, то начало медийской династии следует датировать 678 г. до н.э., что было за несколько лет до восстания против ассирийцев. Возможно примирить кажущееся противоречие в данных Геродота. Геродот приписывает Диоку 53 года правления, а Фраорту – 22 года. Джордж Роулинсон предположил, что Фраорт правил 53 года, а Диок – 22 года. При таком изменении правление Фраорта можно датировать периодом между 678 и 625 гг. до н.э. Таким образом, по мнению Роулинсона, сумма правлений трех царей (53+40+35) после Диока составила бы 128 лет, о которых упоминал Геродот. В этом повествовании Фраорт положил конец ассирийскому господству и, как утверждает Геродот, напал на персидские племена и начал подчинять себе многие другие народы в Азии. Следовательно, отправной точкой 128-летнего периода медийского господства, вероятно, было воцарение Каштарити/Фраорта, который начал править за несколько лет до успешного восстания против Новоассирийской империи и правил в течение 53 лет. В этом повествовании Диок, отец Фраорта, вероятно, был вождем племени, который начал консолидировать власть среди других мидийских племен. Возможно, он был просто основателем мидийского царского дома. По словам Диаконова, Геродот, возможно, упростил хронологию и перенес на Диока деятельность нескольких поколений мидийских вождей, тем самым приписав ему основание царства страха. Киаксар, в союзе с Вавилоном, завоевал Новоассирийскую империю и установил мидийское господство над частями Азии к востоку от реки Халис. Согласно этой гипотезе, хронология мидийских царей может быть представлена следующим образом:
Имя(s) | Продолжительность правления
---|---
Арбакс | 28 лет
Маудакс | 50 лет
Сосармус | 30 лет
Артикас | 50 лет
Арбиан | 22 года
Артеус | 40 лет
Артинес | 22 года
Артибарас | 40 лет
Аспадас (Апандас) / Астиаг (Астига) | -
The Median dynasty was, according to the ancient Greek historian Herodotus, a dynasty composed of four kings who ruled for 150 years under the Median Empire. However, Deioces and Phraortes, the first two kings, are not mentioned in contemporary sources. Scholars have tried to identify them with other named individuals from the same region and era. In Neo Assyrian texts from the time of Sargon II, there are several mentions of a Mannean chieftain named Daiaukku, who may be identified with Deioces. These same texts mention that Daiaukku, as the governor of the province of Mannea, joined the king of Urartu against the Mannean ruler. He was captured by Sargon and, in 715 BC, exiled along with his family to Syria, the apparent location of his eventual death. Based on Herodotus' assertion that Scythian rule over the Medes lasted about 28 years, scholars advanced the start of the Median chronology to the year 728 BC. This allowed them to identify Phraortes, the second Median king, with Kashtariti, the leader of the Median revolt against Assyria in 672 BC. This identification is based on the Behistun Inscription statement of a fear called Fravartis (or Phraortes in the Greek transcription), who revolted against the Persian king Darius the Great in 522 BC, claiming to be XšaØrita "of the family of Cyaxares". If the beginning of Deioces' reign is moved to 728 BC, the absolute chronology of the dynasty can be presented as follows:
Ruler Reign Length of reign Deioces 672–640 BC 32 Phraortes 640–620 BC 20 Madyes (Scythian rule) 635–615 BC 20 Cyaxares 620–584 BC 36 Astyages 584–550 BC 34
Thus, according to Grantovski, the Median dynasty existed for a total of about 120 years. Deioces ended Assyrian rule and founded the Median dynasty. Phraortes subjugated the Persians. Cyaxares began to conquer Upper Asia when the Assyrians were defeated in 612 BC, and their empire lasted until 550 BC. As for Scythian domination over the Medes and other countries, Herodotus' declaration has a legendary and unreliable character, as it cannot be reconciled with the real history of Medes in the 7th century BC, and with the history of all the rest of the ancient Near East. Another account, also by Herodotus, states that Medes ruled northern Asia for 128 years. If this number is correct, then the beginning of the Median dynasty should be dated to the year 678 BC, which was a few years before the revolt against the Assyrians. It is possible to reconcile the seeming contradiction of Herodotus' data. Herodotus attributes 53 years of reign to Deioces, and 22 years to Phraortes. George Rawlinson proposed, instead, that Phraortes ruled for 53 years, and Deioces for 22 years. With this change, Phraortes' reign can be dated to between 678 and 625 BC. This way, according to Rawlinson, the sum of the reigns of the three kings (53+40+35) after Deioces would then be the 128 years that Herodotus mentioned. In this account, Phraortes was the one who ended Assyrian rule and, as Herodotus claims, attacked the Persian tribes and began to subjugate many other peoples in Asia. Therefore, the starting point of the 128 year period of Median supremacy is likely to have been the accession of Kashtariti/Phraortes, who began ruling a few years before the successful revolt against the Neo Assyrian Empire, and reigned for 53 years. In this account, Deioces, Phraortes' father, was likely a tribal leader who began to consolidate power among the other Median tribes. It is possible that he was just the eponymous founder of the Median royal house. According to Diakonoff, Herodotus may have oversimplified the chronology, and transferred to Deioces the activities of several generations of Median chiefs, thus attributing to him the founding of the fear realm. Cyaxares, in coalition with Babylonia, conquered the Neo Assyrian Empire and established Median rule over the parts of Asia that are east of the river Halys. Under this hypothesis, the chronology of the Median kings can be presented as follows:
! Name(s)
|
| 28 years
| Arbaces
|
| 50 years
| Maudaces
|
| 30 years
| Sosarmus
|
| 50 years
| Artycas
|
| 22 years
| Arbianes
|
| 40 years
| Artaeus
|
| 22 years
| Artynes
|
| 40 years
| Artibaras
|
|
| Aspadas (Apandas)/Astyages (Astyigas)
|}
Родословная
Родословное древо мидийской династии и ее родственные связи с вавилонянами, лидийцами и персами, согласно свидетельствам историков Геродота, Беросса и Ктесия. По свидетельству Беросса, Навуходоносор женился на Амитиде, дочери Астиага. Однако Амитида не могла быть дочерью Астиага, поскольку он был слишком молод во время правления Набополассара, чтобы иметь детей, и еще не являлся царем. Вероятнее всего, Амитида была дочерью Киаксара и, следовательно, сестрой Астиага. Астиаг должен был жениться на Арийене, но неясно, были ли у него сыновья или дочери. Геродот и Ксенофонт утверждают, что у него была дочь по имени Мандана, которая вышла замуж за Камбиса I и стала матерью Кира Великого. Ктесий опроверг достоверность этого утверждения, заявив, что у Астиага была дочь по имени Амитида, которая вышла замуж за Спитамаса, а после его смерти – за Кира Великого.