Platoon system

Method of situational substitutions in sports

A platoon system in baseball or American football is a method for substituting players in groups (platoons), to keep complementary players together during playing time. In baseball, it's usually used to optimize batting performance against pitchers of opposite handedness. Right handed batters generally perform better against left handed pitchers and vice versa. Despite some resistance from players who prefer consistent play time, this strategy has been effectively used by managers like Casey Stengel of the New York Yankees to win multiple World Series championships. In American football, the term "two platoon system" refers to the practice of using different players on offense, defense, and special teams. Additionally, "platooning quarterbacks" is a tactic where two quarterbacks with different skill sets are used alternately to maximize offensive potential and variability. This requires the defensive team to prepare for two types of quarterbacks, but it's less common in higher echelons of football due to the potential for "quarterback controversies."

In baseball, a platoon is a method of sharing playing time, where two players are selected to play a single defensive position. Usually, one platoon player is right handed and the other is left handed. Typically the right handed half of the platoon is played on days when the opposing starting pitcher is left handed and the left handed player is played otherwise. This is because a right handed pitcher's curveball breaks to the left, from his own point of view, which causes it to cross the plate with its lateral movement away from a right handed batter but towards a left handed batter (and vice versa for a left handed pitcher), and because batters generally find it easier to hit a ball that is over the plate. Mookie Wilson of the New York Mets requested a trade in 1988 after serving in a platoon for three seasons with Lenny Dykstra.

The advantage to alternating hitters based on handedness was known from the early days of baseball. Bob Ferguson, in 1871, became baseball's first switch hitter, allowing him to bat left handed against right handed pitchers, and right handed against left handed pitchers. The first recorded platoon took place in 1887, when the Indianapolis Hoosiers briefly paired the right handed Gid Gardner and left handed Tom Brown in center field. In 1906, the Detroit Tigers alternated Boss Schmidt, Jack Warner, and Freddie Payne at catcher for the entire season. As manager of the Boston Braves, George Stallings employed platoons during the 1914 season, which helped the "Miracle" Braves win the 1914 World Series. In 1934 and 1935, Detroit Tigers' manager Mickey Cochrane routinely platooned Gee Walker, a right handed batter, to spell center fielder Jo Jo White, a left handed batter. Cochrane, a left handed batter, also platooned himself behind the plate with Ray Hayworth, a right handed batter. Also in the 1930s, Bill Terry of the New York Giants platooned center fielders Hank Leiber and Jimmy Ripple. Garms won the National League's batting title in 1940 with the Pittsburgh Pirates as a part time player under Frankie Frisch. The term "platoon" was coined in the late 1940s. Stengel, now managing the New York Yankees, became a well known proponent of the platoon system, and won five consecutive World Series championships from 1949 through 1953 using the strategy. Stengel platooned Bobby Brown, Billy Johnson, and Gil McDougald at third base, Joe Collins and Moose Skowron at first base, and Hank Bauer and Gene Woodling in left field. Harold Rosenthal, writing for the New York Herald, referred to Stengel's strategy as a "platoon", after the American football concept, and it came to be known as "two platooning". Following Stengel's success, other teams began implementing their own platoons. In the late 1970s through early 1980s, Baltimore Orioles manager Earl Weaver successfully employed a platoon in left field, using John Lowenstein, Benny Ayala, and Gary Roenicke, using whichever player was performing the best at the time. Weaver also considered other factors, including the opposing pitcher's velocity, and his batters' ability in hitting a fastball. leading other teams to pursue the strategy. Platooning decreased in frequency from the late 1980s through the 1990s, as teams expanded their bullpens to nullify platoon advantages for hitters. with Josh Reddick calling Melvin the "king of platoons". Joe Maddon began to employ platoons as manager of the Tampa Bay Rays. The 2013 World Series champion Boston Red Sox platooned Jonny Gomes and Daniel Nava in left field. After the 2013 season, left handed relief pitchers Boone Logan and Javier López, both considered left handed specialists because of their ability to limit the effectiveness of left handed batters, signed multimillion dollar contracts as free agents.

The term "two platoon system," in contrast with the "one platoon system," was once used for the practice, universal today at all levels of football, of using mostly or entirely different players on offense, defense, and special teams. When a football team uses two or more quarterbacks to run their offense, rather than the traditional one, it is known as "platooning quarterbacks". This tactic is less common the higher the echelons of American football, as high school teams are more likely to do it than National Football League teams, for example. Quarterbacks may be switched in and out of the game at every play, every drive, every quarter, depending on certain situations. If quarterbacks are switched on a game to game basis, it is not platooning, it is known as a "quarterback controversy," or a simple "benching." Using two different quarterbacks allows an offensive team to use players with different skill sets. One common reason teams platoon quarterbacks is because one player is a good passer and the other a good runner, for example Stanley Jackson and Joe Germaine of the 1997 Ohio State Buckeyes. Defensive teams, therefore, must prepare for two types of quarterback. It also allows offenses teams to run a greater variety of plays.