Ускорители частиц для физических экспериментов

List compiling of particle accelerators used for particle physics experiments
A list of particle accelerators used for particle physics experiments. Some early particle accelerators that more properly did nuclear physics, but existed prior to the separation of particle physics from that field, are also included. Although a modern accelerator complex usually has several stages of accelerators, only accelerators whose output has been used directly for experiments are listed.

These all used single beams with fixed targets. They tended to have very briefly run, inexpensive, and unnamed experiments.

Accelerator Location Years of operation Shape and size Accelerated particle Kinetic Energy Notes and discoveries made Linear particle accelerator Aachen University, Germany 1928 Linear Beamline Ion 50 keV Proof of concept Cockcroft and Walton'selectrostatic accelerator Cavendish Laboratory 1932 See Cockroft Walton generator Proton 0.7 MeV First to artificially split the nucleus (Lithium) Betatron Siemens Schuckertwerke, Germany 1935 Circular Electron 1.8 MeV Proof of concept

Accelerator Location Years of operation Shape and size Accelerated particle Kinetic Energy Notes and discoveries made INSPIRE link Cosmotron BNL 1953–1968 Circular ring(72 meters around) Proton 3.3 GeV Discovery of V particles, first artificial production of some mesonsINSPIRE Birmingham Synchrotron University of Birmingham 1953–1967 Proton 1 GeV Bevatron Berkeley Rad Lab 1954–~1970 "Race track" Proton 6.2 GeV Strange particle experiments, antiproton and antineutron discovered, resonances discoveredINSPIRE Bevalac, combination of SuperHILAC linear accelerator, a diverting tube, then the Bevatron Berkeley Rad Lab ~1970–1993 Linear accelerator followed by "race track" Any and all sufficiently stable nuclei could be accelerated Observation of compressed nuclear matter. Depositing ions in tumors in cancer research. INSPIRE Saturne Saclay, France 3 GeVINSPIRE Synchrophasotron Dubna, Russia December 1957 – 2003 10 GeVINSPIRE Zero Gradient Synchrotron ANL 1963–1979 12.5 GeVINSPIRE U 70 Proton Synchrotron IHEP, Russia 1967–present Circular ring(perimeter around 1.5 km) Proton 70 GeV INSPIRE Proton Synchrotron CERN 1959–present Circular ring(628 meters around) Proton 26 GeV Used to feed ISR (until 1984), SPS, LHC, ADINSPIRE Proton Synchrotron Booster CERN 1972–present Circular Synchrotron Protons 1.4 GeV Used to feed PS, ISOLDEINSPIRE Super Proton Synchrotron CERN 1976–present Circular Synchrotron Protons and ions 450 GeV COMPASS, OPERA and ICARUS at Laboratori Nazionali del Gran SassoINSPIRE Alternating Gradient Synchrotron BNL 1960–present Circular ring(808 meters) Proton (unpolarized and polarized), deuteron, helium 3, copper, gold, uranium 33 GeV J/ψ, muon neutrino, CP violation in kaons, injects heavy ions and polarized protons into RHICINSPIRE Proton Synchrotron (KEK) KEK 1976–2007 Circular ring Proton 12 GeV COSYJuelich, Germany1993–presentCircular ring (183.47 m)Protons, Deuterons2.88 GeVThe legacy of the experimental hadron physics programme at COSYINSPIREALBACerdañola del Vallés, Spain2011–presentCircular ring (270 m)Electrons3 GeVINSPIRESiriusSão Paulo State, Brazil2018–presentCircular ring (518.4 m)Electrons, Au, Sn, TiO23 GeVINSPIREAustralian SynchrotronMonash University, Melbourne2007–presentCircular ring (216 m)Electrons3 GeVINSPIRE

More modern accelerators that were also run in fixed target mode; often, they will also have been run as colliders, or accelerated particles for use in subsequently built colliders.

Accelerator Location Years of operation Shape and size Accelerated Particle Kinetic Energy Notes and discoveries made INSPIRE link High Current Proton Accelerator Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (originally Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility) Los Alamos National Laboratory 1972–Present Linear (800 m)andCircular (30 m) Protons 800 MeV Neutron materials research, proton radiography, high energy neutron research, ultra cold neutrons INSPIRE PSI, HIPA High Intensity 590 MeV Proton Accelerator PSI, Villigen, Switzerland 1974–present 0.8 MeV CW, 72 MeV Injector 2,
590 MeV Ringcyclotron Protons 590 MeV, 2.4 mA, =1.4 MW Highest beam power, used for meson and neutron production with applications in materials science INSPIRE TRIUMF Cyclotron TRIUMF, Vancouver BC 1974–present Circular H ion 500 MeV World's largest cyclotron, at 17.9m INSPIRE ISIS neutron source Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus,
Oxfordshire, United Kingdom 1984–present H Linac followed by proton RCS Protons 800 MeV INSPIRE Spallation Neutron Source Oak Ridge National Laboratory 2006–Present Linear (335 m) andCircular (248 m) Protons 800 MeV – 1 GeV Produces the most intense pulsed neutron beams in the world for scientific research and industrial development. INSPIRE J PARC RCS Tōkai, Ibaraki 2007–Present Triangular, 348m circumference Protons 3 GeV Used for material and life sciences and input to J PARC main ring INSPIRE

Accelerator Location Years ofoperation Shape and size Accelerated particle Kinetic Energy Experiments Notes INSPIRE link Antiproton Accumulator CERN 1980–1996 Design study INSPIRE Antiproton collector CERN 1986–1996 Antiprotons Design study INSPIRE Nuclotron JINR 1992–present Circular ring Proton and heavy ions 12.6 GeV (protons), 4.5 Gev/n (heavy ions) INSPIRE Antiproton Decelerator CERN 2000–present Storage ring Protons and antiprotons 26 GeV ATHENA, ATRAP, ASACUSA, ACE, ALPHA, AEGIS Design studyINSPIRE Low Energy Antiproton Ring CERN 1982–1996 Antiprotons PS210 Design studyINSPIRE Cambridge Electron Accelerator Harvard University and MIT, Cambridge, MA 1962–1974 236 ft diameter synchrotron Electrons 6 GeV SANS, SESAME, MIS LENS Website Cornell BNL ERL Test Accelerator (CBETA) Cornell University, Ithaca / NY (USA) 2019–Present Energy recovery linac with SRF cavities, 4 turns, and all beams in one fixed field alternating gradient lattice of permanent magnets Electrons 150 MeV A prototype facility for Electron Ion Colliders INSPIRE

Accelerator Location Years of operation Shape and circumference Electronenergy Positronenergy Experiments Notable Discoveries INSPIRE link AdA LNF, Frascati, Italy; Orsay, France 1961–1964 Circular, 3 meters 250 MeV 250 MeV Touschek effect (1963); first e+e− interactions recorded (1964) INSPIRE Princeton Stanford (e−e−) Stanford, California 1962–1967 Two ring, 12 m 300 MeV 300 MeV e−e− interactions VEP 1 (e−e−) INP, Novosibirsk, Soviet Union 1964–1968 Two ring, 2.70 m 130 MeV 130 MeV e−e− scattering; QED radiative effects confirmed INSPIRE VEPP 2 INP, Novosibirsk, Soviet Union 1965–1974 Circular, 11.5 m 700 MeV 700 MeV OLYA, CMD multihadron production (1966), e+e−→φ (1966), e+e−→γγ (1971) INSPIRE ACO LAL, Orsay, France 1965–1975 Circular, 22 m 550 MeV 550 MeV ρ0, K+K−,φ3C, μ+μ−, M2N and DM1 Vector meson studies; then ACO was used as synchrotron light source until 1988 INSPIRE SPEAR SLAC 1972–1990(?) Circular 3 GeV 3 GeV Mark I, Mark II, Mark III Discovery of Charmonium states and Tau lepton INSPIRE VEPP 2M BINP, Novosibirsk 1974–2000 Circular, 17.88 m 700 MeV 700 MeV ND, SND, CMD 2 e+e− cross sections, radiative decays of ρ, ω, and φ mesons INSPIRE DORIS DESY 1974–1993 Circular, 300m 5 GeV 5 GeV ARGUS, Crystal Ball, DASP, PLUTO Oscillation in neutral B mesons INSPIRE PETRA DESY 1978–1986 Circular, 2 km 20 GeV 20 GeV JADE, MARK J, CELLO, PLUTO, TASSO Discovery of the gluon in three jet events INSPIRE CESR Cornell University 1979–2002 Circular, 768m 6 GeV 6 GeV CUSB, CHESS, CLEO, CLEO 2, CLEO 2.5, CLEO 3 First observation of B decay, charmless and "radiative penguin" B decays INSPIRE PEP SLAC 1980–1990(?) Mark II INSPIRE SLC SLAC 1988–1998(?) Addition toSLAC Linac 45 GeV 45 GeV SLD, Mark II First linear collider INSPIRE LEP CERN 1989–2000 Circular, 27 km 104 GeV 104 GeV Aleph, Delphi, Opal, L3 Only 3 light (m ≤ mZ/2) weakly interacting neutrinos exist, implying only three generations of quarks and leptons INSPIRE BEPC Beijing, China 1989–2004 Circular, 240m 2.2 GeV 2.2 GeV Beijing Spectrometer (I and II) INSPIRE VEPP 4M BINP, Novosibirsk 1994– Circular, 366m 6.0 GeV 6.0 GeV KEDR Precise measurement of psi meson masses, two photon physics PEP II SLAC 1998–2008 Circular, 2.2 km 9 GeV 3.1 GeV BaBar Discovery of CP violation in B meson system INSPIRE KEKB KEK 1999–2009 Circular, 3 km 8.0 GeV 3.5 GeV Belle Discovery of CP violation in B meson system DAΦNE LNF, Frascati, Italy 1999–present Circular, 98m 0.7 GeV 0.7 GeV KLOE Crab waist collisions (2007) INSPIRE CESR c Cornell University 2002–2008 Circular, 768m 6 GeV 6 GeV CHESS, CLEO c INSPIRE VEPP 2000 BINP, Novosibirsk 2006– Circular, 24.4m 1.0 GeV 1.0 GeV SND, CMD 3 Round beams (2007) BEPC II Beijing, China 2008– Circular, 240m 1.89 GeV 1.89 GeV Beijing Spectrometer III VEPP 5 BINP, Novosibirsk 2015– ADONE LNF, Frascati, Italy 1969–1993 Circular, 105m 1.5 GeV 1.5 GeV TRISTAN KEK 1987–1995 Circular, 3016m 30 GeV 30 GeV SuperKEKB KEK 2016– Circular, 3 km 7.0 GeV 4.0 GeV Belle II

Accelerator Location Years of operation Shape and size Electronenergy Protonenergy Experiments INSPIRE link HERA DESY 1992–2007 Circular ring (6336 meters around) 27.5 GeV 920 GeV H1, ZEUS, HERMES experiment, HERA B INSPIRE