Введение
Предложение в контрактном бридже – термин, используемый в контрактном бридже.
a term used in contract bridge
Преемпт (также пишется "pre empt") – это предложение в контрактном бридже, основными целями которого являются (1) воспрепятствовать возможности соперников зайти в свой оптимальный контракт с запасом прочности и (2) максимально полно описать свою руку партнеру одним предложением. Преемптивное предложение обычно делается с переходом, то есть пропуском одного или нескольких уровней торгов. Поскольку оно лишает соперников пространства для торгов, предполагается, что они либо найдут неоптимальный контракт (слишком высокий или в неподходящей масти), либо вообще не смогут найти контракт. Преемптивное предложение часто делается с целью спаса, когда пара предлагает контракт, понимая, что его не сможет выполнить, но рассчитывая, что (даже при удвоении) штраф будет меньше, чем стоимость предложения соперников и выполненного ими контракта.
Превентивные звонки
Превентивный оверколл – это нацельный повышающий оверколл (то есть 2 является превентивным по отношению к 1, но не по отношению к 1), который в остальном аналогичен превентивной открывающей ставке. Требования к масти для превентивных оверколлов обычно схожи с требованиями к превентивным открытиям. Однако, они обычно смягчаются в третьей позиции, когда партнер уже пасовал, чтобы участник, делающий ставку первым, мог быть уверен, что превентивом опередили только соперников, и, следовательно, мог делать ставки с более сильной или слабой рукой.
Другие преемтные сделки
Партнерство может предвосхитить действия соперников, действуя согласованно, если обнаружит отличную совпадение мастей, но недостаточную общую оборонительную силу. Например, после вскрытия партнера 1♦ и дубля от RHO, следующая рука подходит для заявки 5♦, опережая заявку соперников в основной масти:
В более общем смысле, даже заявки низкого уровня и без прыжков могут иметь превентивную ценность, если они лишают соперников возможности заявить масти, которые они могли бы заявить на первом или втором уровне. Например, слабое открытие 1 без козыря (характерное для системы Acol) занимает весь первый уровень у соперников, которые могли бы заявить свою длинную масть на первом уровне, если бы вскрытие было 1 масти, как в Стандартном Американском торге. Однако всегда существует риск, что сторона, делающая превентивную заявку, может сама себе создать помехи, заняв пространство для конструктивных заявок. Например, вскрытия с четырьмя картами в мажорной масти оказывают более сильный превентивный эффект по сравнению с вскрытиями с пятью картами в мажорной масти, но также несут менее точную информацию, поскольку партнер не должен поддерживать открытую масть без как минимум четырех карт; это может привести к пропуску частичного контракта или даже гейма. Многие партнерства также используют заявки Майкла в качестве превентивных. Заявка Майкла – это заявка в два уровня в масти, которую соперник уже заявил на одном уровне, обещающая две пятикарточные масти, включая незаявленные мажорные масти и, в большинстве партнерств, как минимум семь или восемь HCP. Таким образом, заявка 1♠ 2♥ или 1♥ 2♠ обещает пять червей и пять пик, заявка 1♠ 2♣ обещает пять пик и либо пять треф, либо пять бубен, а заявка 1♥ 2♣ обещает пять червей и либо пять треф, либо пять бубен. В ответ на заявку Майкла в любой мажорной масти, ответ партнера 2NT просит участника торгов Майкла заявить минорную масть. Если у участника торгов Майкла сильная рука, он может показать свою силу, повторив согласованную масть на более высоком уровне.
Ответы
Поскольку у преемтера слабая рука, ответчик чаще всего будет пасовать. Однако у ответчика также есть следующие варианты:
Raise opener's suit: Usually done to further the preempt with 3 card support (or jump with even more support), making it even more difficult for the opponents to compete. However, a raise to game can also be made with a good hand without support for opener if responder expects to make the contract. Opener must pass after any raise by partner. 2NT: Asking to further describe the hand (forcing). Opener bids a feature or rebids their suit with no further information
3NT: To play. Responder expects to make 9 tricks either by running partner's suit or his own. If responder expects to run opener's suit, support is needed as opener may not have outside entries to his hand. Also, responder should have stoppers in all suits. Bid a new suit below game: To play. Over a preemptive opening bid or overcall at the "two" level, many partnerships use the 2NT response to ask for more information about the preemptive hand. In the Standard American Yellow Card (SAYC) bidding system, the preemptive bidder responds by bidding another suit containing an ace or a king or, lacking such a suit, by rebidding the suit of the preempt at the "three" level. In either case, the responder can then place the final contract. The Ogust convention provides a more informative set of responses to the 2NT inquiry. 3 shows a "minimal" preempt (typically 6 7 HCP) and a "poor" suit. 3 shows a "minimal" preempt and a "good" suit. 3 shows a "strong" preempt (typically 8 10 HCP) and a "poor" suit. 3 shows a "strong" preempt and a "good" suit. 3NT shows that the preempt suit is "solid" (headed by AKQ). The differentiation between "minimal" and "strong" preempts and between "poor" and "good" hands is a matter of partnership agreement, and typically depends upon the partnership's strictness in preemptive bidding. Partnerships that are very strict typically regard a suits with only two of the top three or three of the top four honors as "poor" while partnerships that preempt with poorer suits may regard such suits as "good." Hands that respond 3 or 3NT typically do not have outside entries, as their long suits contain nearly all of their high card points.
Поднять масть открывающего: Обычно делается для усиления преемта при поддержке в 3 карты (или прыжком с еще большей поддержкой), что затрудняет соперникам борьбу. Однако, подъем до гейма также возможен с хорошей рукой без поддержки открывающего, если ответчик рассчитывает выполнить контракт. Открывающий должен пасовать после любого подъема от партнера.
Raise opener's suit: Usually done to further the preempt with 3 card support (or jump with even more support), making it even more difficult for the opponents to compete. However, a raise to game can also be made with a good hand without support for opener if responder expects to make the contract. Opener must pass after any raise by partner. 2NT: Asking to further describe the hand (forcing). Opener bids a feature or rebids their suit with no further information
3NT: To play. Responder expects to make 9 tricks either by running partner's suit or his own. If responder expects to run opener's suit, support is needed as opener may not have outside entries to his hand. Also, responder should have stoppers in all suits. Bid a new suit below game: To play. Over a preemptive opening bid or overcall at the "two" level, many partnerships use the 2NT response to ask for more information about the preemptive hand. In the Standard American Yellow Card (SAYC) bidding system, the preemptive bidder responds by bidding another suit containing an ace or a king or, lacking such a suit, by rebidding the suit of the preempt at the "three" level. In either case, the responder can then place the final contract. The Ogust convention provides a more informative set of responses to the 2NT inquiry. 3 shows a "minimal" preempt (typically 6 7 HCP) and a "poor" suit. 3 shows a "minimal" preempt and a "good" suit. 3 shows a "strong" preempt (typically 8 10 HCP) and a "poor" suit. 3 shows a "strong" preempt and a "good" suit. 3NT shows that the preempt suit is "solid" (headed by AKQ). The differentiation between "minimal" and "strong" preempts and between "poor" and "good" hands is a matter of partnership agreement, and typically depends upon the partnership's strictness in preemptive bidding. Partnerships that are very strict typically regard a suits with only two of the top three or three of the top four honors as "poor" while partnerships that preempt with poorer suits may regard such suits as "good." Hands that respond 3 or 3NT typically do not have outside entries, as their long suits contain nearly all of their high card points.
2НТ: Запрос дополнительной информации о руке (взыгрательный). Открывающий называет финт или перебивает свою масть, не предоставляя дополнительной информации.
Raise opener's suit: Usually done to further the preempt with 3 card support (or jump with even more support), making it even more difficult for the opponents to compete. However, a raise to game can also be made with a good hand without support for opener if responder expects to make the contract. Opener must pass after any raise by partner. 2NT: Asking to further describe the hand (forcing). Opener bids a feature or rebids their suit with no further information
3NT: To play. Responder expects to make 9 tricks either by running partner's suit or his own. If responder expects to run opener's suit, support is needed as opener may not have outside entries to his hand. Also, responder should have stoppers in all suits. Bid a new suit below game: To play. Over a preemptive opening bid or overcall at the "two" level, many partnerships use the 2NT response to ask for more information about the preemptive hand. In the Standard American Yellow Card (SAYC) bidding system, the preemptive bidder responds by bidding another suit containing an ace or a king or, lacking such a suit, by rebidding the suit of the preempt at the "three" level. In either case, the responder can then place the final contract. The Ogust convention provides a more informative set of responses to the 2NT inquiry. 3 shows a "minimal" preempt (typically 6 7 HCP) and a "poor" suit. 3 shows a "minimal" preempt and a "good" suit. 3 shows a "strong" preempt (typically 8 10 HCP) and a "poor" suit. 3 shows a "strong" preempt and a "good" suit. 3NT shows that the preempt suit is "solid" (headed by AKQ). The differentiation between "minimal" and "strong" preempts and between "poor" and "good" hands is a matter of partnership agreement, and typically depends upon the partnership's strictness in preemptive bidding. Partnerships that are very strict typically regard a suits with only two of the top three or three of the top four honors as "poor" while partnerships that preempt with poorer suits may regard such suits as "good." Hands that respond 3 or 3NT typically do not have outside entries, as their long suits contain nearly all of their high card points.
3НТ: Для игры. Ответчик рассчитывает взять 9 взяток, разыгрывая масть партнера или свою собственную. Если ответчик планирует разыгрывать масть открывающего, необходима поддержка, так как у открывающего может не быть выходов в свою руку. Также у ответчика должны быть стопперы во всех мастях.
Raise opener's suit: Usually done to further the preempt with 3 card support (or jump with even more support), making it even more difficult for the opponents to compete. However, a raise to game can also be made with a good hand without support for opener if responder expects to make the contract. Opener must pass after any raise by partner. 2NT: Asking to further describe the hand (forcing). Opener bids a feature or rebids their suit with no further information
3NT: To play. Responder expects to make 9 tricks either by running partner's suit or his own. If responder expects to run opener's suit, support is needed as opener may not have outside entries to his hand. Also, responder should have stoppers in all suits. Bid a new suit below game: To play. Over a preemptive opening bid or overcall at the "two" level, many partnerships use the 2NT response to ask for more information about the preemptive hand. In the Standard American Yellow Card (SAYC) bidding system, the preemptive bidder responds by bidding another suit containing an ace or a king or, lacking such a suit, by rebidding the suit of the preempt at the "three" level. In either case, the responder can then place the final contract. The Ogust convention provides a more informative set of responses to the 2NT inquiry. 3 shows a "minimal" preempt (typically 6 7 HCP) and a "poor" suit. 3 shows a "minimal" preempt and a "good" suit. 3 shows a "strong" preempt (typically 8 10 HCP) and a "poor" suit. 3 shows a "strong" preempt and a "good" suit. 3NT shows that the preempt suit is "solid" (headed by AKQ). The differentiation between "minimal" and "strong" preempts and between "poor" and "good" hands is a matter of partnership agreement, and typically depends upon the partnership's strictness in preemptive bidding. Partnerships that are very strict typically regard a suits with only two of the top three or three of the top four honors as "poor" while partnerships that preempt with poorer suits may regard such suits as "good." Hands that respond 3 or 3NT typically do not have outside entries, as their long suits contain nearly all of their high card points.
Заявить новую масть ниже гейма: Для игры. При преемптивной открывающей ставке или перехвате на уровне "два", многие пары используют ответ 2НТ для получения дополнительной информации о преемптивной руке. В системе Standard American Yellow Card (SAYC), преемптивный игрок отвечает, называя другую масть, содержащую туза или короля, или, при отсутствии такой масти, перебивая масть преемпта на уровне "три". В любом случае, ответчик может определить финальный контракт. Конвенция Огуста предоставляет более информативный набор ответов на запрос 2НТ.
Raise opener's suit: Usually done to further the preempt with 3 card support (or jump with even more support), making it even more difficult for the opponents to compete. However, a raise to game can also be made with a good hand without support for opener if responder expects to make the contract. Opener must pass after any raise by partner. 2NT: Asking to further describe the hand (forcing). Opener bids a feature or rebids their suit with no further information
3NT: To play. Responder expects to make 9 tricks either by running partner's suit or his own. If responder expects to run opener's suit, support is needed as opener may not have outside entries to his hand. Also, responder should have stoppers in all suits. Bid a new suit below game: To play. Over a preemptive opening bid or overcall at the "two" level, many partnerships use the 2NT response to ask for more information about the preemptive hand. In the Standard American Yellow Card (SAYC) bidding system, the preemptive bidder responds by bidding another suit containing an ace or a king or, lacking such a suit, by rebidding the suit of the preempt at the "three" level. In either case, the responder can then place the final contract. The Ogust convention provides a more informative set of responses to the 2NT inquiry. 3 shows a "minimal" preempt (typically 6 7 HCP) and a "poor" suit. 3 shows a "minimal" preempt and a "good" suit. 3 shows a "strong" preempt (typically 8 10 HCP) and a "poor" suit. 3 shows a "strong" preempt and a "good" suit. 3NT shows that the preempt suit is "solid" (headed by AKQ). The differentiation between "minimal" and "strong" preempts and between "poor" and "good" hands is a matter of partnership agreement, and typically depends upon the partnership's strictness in preemptive bidding. Partnerships that are very strict typically regard a suits with only two of the top three or three of the top four honors as "poor" while partnerships that preempt with poorer suits may regard such suits as "good." Hands that respond 3 or 3NT typically do not have outside entries, as their long suits contain nearly all of their high card points.
3 показывает "минимальный" преемпт (обычно 6-7 HCP) и "слабую" масть.
3 показывает "минимальный" преемпт и "хорошую" масть.
3 показывает "сильный" преемпт (обычно 8-10 HCP) и "слабую" масть.
3 показывает "сильный" преемпт и "хорошую" масть.
3НТ показывает, что масть преемпта "закрыта" (возглавляется AKQ).
Raise opener's suit: Usually done to further the preempt with 3 card support (or jump with even more support), making it even more difficult for the opponents to compete. However, a raise to game can also be made with a good hand without support for opener if responder expects to make the contract. Opener must pass after any raise by partner. 2NT: Asking to further describe the hand (forcing). Opener bids a feature or rebids their suit with no further information
3NT: To play. Responder expects to make 9 tricks either by running partner's suit or his own. If responder expects to run opener's suit, support is needed as opener may not have outside entries to his hand. Also, responder should have stoppers in all suits. Bid a new suit below game: To play. Over a preemptive opening bid or overcall at the "two" level, many partnerships use the 2NT response to ask for more information about the preemptive hand. In the Standard American Yellow Card (SAYC) bidding system, the preemptive bidder responds by bidding another suit containing an ace or a king or, lacking such a suit, by rebidding the suit of the preempt at the "three" level. In either case, the responder can then place the final contract. The Ogust convention provides a more informative set of responses to the 2NT inquiry. 3 shows a "minimal" preempt (typically 6 7 HCP) and a "poor" suit. 3 shows a "minimal" preempt and a "good" suit. 3 shows a "strong" preempt (typically 8 10 HCP) and a "poor" suit. 3 shows a "strong" preempt and a "good" suit. 3NT shows that the preempt suit is "solid" (headed by AKQ). The differentiation between "minimal" and "strong" preempts and between "poor" and "good" hands is a matter of partnership agreement, and typically depends upon the partnership's strictness in preemptive bidding. Partnerships that are very strict typically regard a suits with only two of the top three or three of the top four honors as "poor" while partnerships that preempt with poorer suits may regard such suits as "good." Hands that respond 3 or 3NT typically do not have outside entries, as their long suits contain nearly all of their high card points.
Разграничение между "минимальными" и "сильными" преемптами, а также между "слабыми" и "хорошими" мастями – вопрос партнерского соглашения и обычно зависит от строгости пары в преемптивных ставках. Пары, придерживающиеся строгих правил, обычно считают масти, содержащие только два из трех или три из четырех старших карт, "слабыми", в то время как пары, преемптивно открывающиеся с более слабыми мастями, могут считать такие масти "хорошими". Руки, отвечающие 3 или 3НТ, обычно не имеют выходов, так как их длинные масти содержат почти все их очки.
Raise opener's suit: Usually done to further the preempt with 3 card support (or jump with even more support), making it even more difficult for the opponents to compete. However, a raise to game can also be made with a good hand without support for opener if responder expects to make the contract. Opener must pass after any raise by partner. 2NT: Asking to further describe the hand (forcing). Opener bids a feature or rebids their suit with no further information
3NT: To play. Responder expects to make 9 tricks either by running partner's suit or his own. If responder expects to run opener's suit, support is needed as opener may not have outside entries to his hand. Also, responder should have stoppers in all suits. Bid a new suit below game: To play. Over a preemptive opening bid or overcall at the "two" level, many partnerships use the 2NT response to ask for more information about the preemptive hand. In the Standard American Yellow Card (SAYC) bidding system, the preemptive bidder responds by bidding another suit containing an ace or a king or, lacking such a suit, by rebidding the suit of the preempt at the "three" level. In either case, the responder can then place the final contract. The Ogust convention provides a more informative set of responses to the 2NT inquiry. 3 shows a "minimal" preempt (typically 6 7 HCP) and a "poor" suit. 3 shows a "minimal" preempt and a "good" suit. 3 shows a "strong" preempt (typically 8 10 HCP) and a "poor" suit. 3 shows a "strong" preempt and a "good" suit. 3NT shows that the preempt suit is "solid" (headed by AKQ). The differentiation between "minimal" and "strong" preempts and between "poor" and "good" hands is a matter of partnership agreement, and typically depends upon the partnership's strictness in preemptive bidding. Partnerships that are very strict typically regard a suits with only two of the top three or three of the top four honors as "poor" while partnerships that preempt with poorer suits may regard such suits as "good." Hands that respond 3 or 3NT typically do not have outside entries, as their long suits contain nearly all of their high card points.