Введение
Элементарная частица, движущаяся со скоростью, близкой к скорости света.
Elementary particle which moves close to the speed of light
In particle physics, a relativistic particle is an elementary particle with kinetic energy greater than or equal to its rest mass energy given by Einstein's relation, , or specifically, of which the velocity is comparable to the speed of light
This is achieved by photons to the extent that effects described by special relativity are able to describe those of such particles themselves. Several approaches exist as a means of describing the motion of single and multiple relativistic particles, with a prominent example being postulations through the Dirac equation of single particle motion. Since the energy momentum relation of an particle can be written as:
where is the energy, is the momentum, and is the rest mass,
when the rest mass tends to be zero, e. g. for a photon, or the momentum tends to be large, e. g. for a large speed proton, this relation will collapses into a linear dispersion, i. e.
This is different from the parabolic energy momentum relation for classical particles. Thus, in practice, the linearity or the non parabolicity of the energy momentum relation is considered as a key feature for relativistic particles. These two types of relativistic particles are remarked as massless and massive, respectively. In experiments, massive particles are relativistic when their kinetic energy is comparable to or greater than the energy corresponding to their rest mass. In other words, a massive particle is relativistic when its total mass energy is at least twice its rest mass. This condition implies that the speed of the particle is close to the speed of light. According to the Lorentz factor formula, this requires the particle to move at roughly 85% of the speed of light. Such relativistic particles are generated in particle accelerators, as well as naturally occurring in cosmic radiation. In astrophysics, jets of relativistic plasma are produced by the centers of active galaxies and quasars. A charged relativistic particle crossing the interface of two media with different dielectric constants emits transition radiation. This is exploited in the transition radiation detectors of high velocity particles.
In particle physics, a relativistic particle is an elementary particle with kinetic energy greater than or equal to its rest mass energy given by Einstein's relation, , or specifically, of which the velocity is comparable to the speed of light
This is achieved by photons to the extent that effects described by special relativity are able to describe those of such particles themselves. Several approaches exist as a means of describing the motion of single and multiple relativistic particles, with a prominent example being postulations through the Dirac equation of single particle motion. Since the energy momentum relation of an particle can be written as:
where is the energy, is the momentum, and is the rest mass,
when the rest mass tends to be zero, e. g. for a photon, or the momentum tends to be large, e. g. for a large speed proton, this relation will collapses into a linear dispersion, i. e.
This is different from the parabolic energy momentum relation for classical particles. Thus, in practice, the linearity or the non parabolicity of the energy momentum relation is considered as a key feature for relativistic particles. These two types of relativistic particles are remarked as massless and massive, respectively. In experiments, massive particles are relativistic when their kinetic energy is comparable to or greater than the energy corresponding to their rest mass. In other words, a massive particle is relativistic when its total mass energy is at least twice its rest mass. This condition implies that the speed of the particle is close to the speed of light. According to the Lorentz factor formula, this requires the particle to move at roughly 85% of the speed of light. Such relativistic particles are generated in particle accelerators, as well as naturally occurring in cosmic radiation. In astrophysics, jets of relativistic plasma are produced by the centers of active galaxies and quasars. A charged relativistic particle crossing the interface of two media with different dielectric constants emits transition radiation. This is exploited in the transition radiation detectors of high velocity particles.
В физике частиц релятивистской частицей называется элементарная частица, кинетическая энергия которой больше или равна энергии её массы покоя, определяемой соотношением Эйнштейна, , или, конкретнее, скорость которой сопоставима со скоростью света. Это достигается фотонами в той мере, в которой эффекты, описываемые специальной теорией относительности, применимы к описанию поведения таких частиц. Существует несколько подходов к описанию движения одиночных и множественных релятивистских частиц, ярким примером является описание через уравнение Дирака движения одиночной частицы. Поскольку соотношение между энергией и импульсом частицы можно записать как:
Elementary particle which moves close to the speed of light
In particle physics, a relativistic particle is an elementary particle with kinetic energy greater than or equal to its rest mass energy given by Einstein's relation, , or specifically, of which the velocity is comparable to the speed of light
This is achieved by photons to the extent that effects described by special relativity are able to describe those of such particles themselves. Several approaches exist as a means of describing the motion of single and multiple relativistic particles, with a prominent example being postulations through the Dirac equation of single particle motion. Since the energy momentum relation of an particle can be written as:
where is the energy, is the momentum, and is the rest mass,
when the rest mass tends to be zero, e. g. for a photon, or the momentum tends to be large, e. g. for a large speed proton, this relation will collapses into a linear dispersion, i. e.
This is different from the parabolic energy momentum relation for classical particles. Thus, in practice, the linearity or the non parabolicity of the energy momentum relation is considered as a key feature for relativistic particles. These two types of relativistic particles are remarked as massless and massive, respectively. In experiments, massive particles are relativistic when their kinetic energy is comparable to or greater than the energy corresponding to their rest mass. In other words, a massive particle is relativistic when its total mass energy is at least twice its rest mass. This condition implies that the speed of the particle is close to the speed of light. According to the Lorentz factor formula, this requires the particle to move at roughly 85% of the speed of light. Such relativistic particles are generated in particle accelerators, as well as naturally occurring in cosmic radiation. In astrophysics, jets of relativistic plasma are produced by the centers of active galaxies and quasars. A charged relativistic particle crossing the interface of two media with different dielectric constants emits transition radiation. This is exploited in the transition radiation detectors of high velocity particles.
In particle physics, a relativistic particle is an elementary particle with kinetic energy greater than or equal to its rest mass energy given by Einstein's relation, , or specifically, of which the velocity is comparable to the speed of light
This is achieved by photons to the extent that effects described by special relativity are able to describe those of such particles themselves. Several approaches exist as a means of describing the motion of single and multiple relativistic particles, with a prominent example being postulations through the Dirac equation of single particle motion. Since the energy momentum relation of an particle can be written as:
where is the energy, is the momentum, and is the rest mass,
when the rest mass tends to be zero, e. g. for a photon, or the momentum tends to be large, e. g. for a large speed proton, this relation will collapses into a linear dispersion, i. e.
This is different from the parabolic energy momentum relation for classical particles. Thus, in practice, the linearity or the non parabolicity of the energy momentum relation is considered as a key feature for relativistic particles. These two types of relativistic particles are remarked as massless and massive, respectively. In experiments, massive particles are relativistic when their kinetic energy is comparable to or greater than the energy corresponding to their rest mass. In other words, a massive particle is relativistic when its total mass energy is at least twice its rest mass. This condition implies that the speed of the particle is close to the speed of light. According to the Lorentz factor formula, this requires the particle to move at roughly 85% of the speed of light. Such relativistic particles are generated in particle accelerators, as well as naturally occurring in cosmic radiation. In astrophysics, jets of relativistic plasma are produced by the centers of active galaxies and quasars. A charged relativistic particle crossing the interface of two media with different dielectric constants emits transition radiation. This is exploited in the transition radiation detectors of high velocity particles.
где – энергия, – импульс, а – масса покоя,
Elementary particle which moves close to the speed of light
In particle physics, a relativistic particle is an elementary particle with kinetic energy greater than or equal to its rest mass energy given by Einstein's relation, , or specifically, of which the velocity is comparable to the speed of light
This is achieved by photons to the extent that effects described by special relativity are able to describe those of such particles themselves. Several approaches exist as a means of describing the motion of single and multiple relativistic particles, with a prominent example being postulations through the Dirac equation of single particle motion. Since the energy momentum relation of an particle can be written as:
where is the energy, is the momentum, and is the rest mass,
when the rest mass tends to be zero, e. g. for a photon, or the momentum tends to be large, e. g. for a large speed proton, this relation will collapses into a linear dispersion, i. e.
This is different from the parabolic energy momentum relation for classical particles. Thus, in practice, the linearity or the non parabolicity of the energy momentum relation is considered as a key feature for relativistic particles. These two types of relativistic particles are remarked as massless and massive, respectively. In experiments, massive particles are relativistic when their kinetic energy is comparable to or greater than the energy corresponding to their rest mass. In other words, a massive particle is relativistic when its total mass energy is at least twice its rest mass. This condition implies that the speed of the particle is close to the speed of light. According to the Lorentz factor formula, this requires the particle to move at roughly 85% of the speed of light. Such relativistic particles are generated in particle accelerators, as well as naturally occurring in cosmic radiation. In astrophysics, jets of relativistic plasma are produced by the centers of active galaxies and quasars. A charged relativistic particle crossing the interface of two media with different dielectric constants emits transition radiation. This is exploited in the transition radiation detectors of high velocity particles.
In particle physics, a relativistic particle is an elementary particle with kinetic energy greater than or equal to its rest mass energy given by Einstein's relation, , or specifically, of which the velocity is comparable to the speed of light
This is achieved by photons to the extent that effects described by special relativity are able to describe those of such particles themselves. Several approaches exist as a means of describing the motion of single and multiple relativistic particles, with a prominent example being postulations through the Dirac equation of single particle motion. Since the energy momentum relation of an particle can be written as:
where is the energy, is the momentum, and is the rest mass,
when the rest mass tends to be zero, e. g. for a photon, or the momentum tends to be large, e. g. for a large speed proton, this relation will collapses into a linear dispersion, i. e.
This is different from the parabolic energy momentum relation for classical particles. Thus, in practice, the linearity or the non parabolicity of the energy momentum relation is considered as a key feature for relativistic particles. These two types of relativistic particles are remarked as massless and massive, respectively. In experiments, massive particles are relativistic when their kinetic energy is comparable to or greater than the energy corresponding to their rest mass. In other words, a massive particle is relativistic when its total mass energy is at least twice its rest mass. This condition implies that the speed of the particle is close to the speed of light. According to the Lorentz factor formula, this requires the particle to move at roughly 85% of the speed of light. Such relativistic particles are generated in particle accelerators, as well as naturally occurring in cosmic radiation. In astrophysics, jets of relativistic plasma are produced by the centers of active galaxies and quasars. A charged relativistic particle crossing the interface of two media with different dielectric constants emits transition radiation. This is exploited in the transition radiation detectors of high velocity particles.
то, когда масса покоя стремится к нулю (например, для фотона) или импульс становится большим (например, для протона с большой скоростью), это соотношение вырождается в линейную дисперсию, то есть:
Elementary particle which moves close to the speed of light
In particle physics, a relativistic particle is an elementary particle with kinetic energy greater than or equal to its rest mass energy given by Einstein's relation, , or specifically, of which the velocity is comparable to the speed of light
This is achieved by photons to the extent that effects described by special relativity are able to describe those of such particles themselves. Several approaches exist as a means of describing the motion of single and multiple relativistic particles, with a prominent example being postulations through the Dirac equation of single particle motion. Since the energy momentum relation of an particle can be written as:
where is the energy, is the momentum, and is the rest mass,
when the rest mass tends to be zero, e. g. for a photon, or the momentum tends to be large, e. g. for a large speed proton, this relation will collapses into a linear dispersion, i. e.
This is different from the parabolic energy momentum relation for classical particles. Thus, in practice, the linearity or the non parabolicity of the energy momentum relation is considered as a key feature for relativistic particles. These two types of relativistic particles are remarked as massless and massive, respectively. In experiments, massive particles are relativistic when their kinetic energy is comparable to or greater than the energy corresponding to their rest mass. In other words, a massive particle is relativistic when its total mass energy is at least twice its rest mass. This condition implies that the speed of the particle is close to the speed of light. According to the Lorentz factor formula, this requires the particle to move at roughly 85% of the speed of light. Such relativistic particles are generated in particle accelerators, as well as naturally occurring in cosmic radiation. In astrophysics, jets of relativistic plasma are produced by the centers of active galaxies and quasars. A charged relativistic particle crossing the interface of two media with different dielectric constants emits transition radiation. This is exploited in the transition radiation detectors of high velocity particles.
In particle physics, a relativistic particle is an elementary particle with kinetic energy greater than or equal to its rest mass energy given by Einstein's relation, , or specifically, of which the velocity is comparable to the speed of light
This is achieved by photons to the extent that effects described by special relativity are able to describe those of such particles themselves. Several approaches exist as a means of describing the motion of single and multiple relativistic particles, with a prominent example being postulations through the Dirac equation of single particle motion. Since the energy momentum relation of an particle can be written as:
where is the energy, is the momentum, and is the rest mass,
when the rest mass tends to be zero, e. g. for a photon, or the momentum tends to be large, e. g. for a large speed proton, this relation will collapses into a linear dispersion, i. e.
This is different from the parabolic energy momentum relation for classical particles. Thus, in practice, the linearity or the non parabolicity of the energy momentum relation is considered as a key feature for relativistic particles. These two types of relativistic particles are remarked as massless and massive, respectively. In experiments, massive particles are relativistic when their kinetic energy is comparable to or greater than the energy corresponding to their rest mass. In other words, a massive particle is relativistic when its total mass energy is at least twice its rest mass. This condition implies that the speed of the particle is close to the speed of light. According to the Lorentz factor formula, this requires the particle to move at roughly 85% of the speed of light. Such relativistic particles are generated in particle accelerators, as well as naturally occurring in cosmic radiation. In astrophysics, jets of relativistic plasma are produced by the centers of active galaxies and quasars. A charged relativistic particle crossing the interface of two media with different dielectric constants emits transition radiation. This is exploited in the transition radiation detectors of high velocity particles.
Это отличается от параболического соотношения между энергией и импульсом для классических частиц. Таким образом, на практике линейность или непараболичность соотношения между энергией и импульсом рассматривается как ключевая характеристика релятивистских частиц. Эти два типа релятивистских частиц обозначаются как безмассовые и массивные соответственно. В экспериментах массивные частицы считаются релятивистскими, когда их кинетическая энергия сопоставима или превышает энергию, соответствующую их массе покоя. Иными словами, массивная частица является релятивистской, когда её полная энергия массы по крайней мере вдвое превышает её массу покоя. Это условие подразумевает, что скорость частицы близка к скорости света. Согласно формуле коэффициента Лоренца, для этого требуется, чтобы частица двигалась со скоростью, составляющей примерно 85% от скорости света. Такие релятивистские частицы генерируются в ускорителях частиц, а также естественным образом возникают в космическом излучении. В астрофизике струи релятивистской плазмы образуются в центрах активных галактик и квазаров. Заряженная релятивистская частица, пересекающая границу раздела двух сред с различными диэлектрическими проницаемостями, излучает переходное излучение. Это используется в детекторах переходного излучения для высокоскоростных частиц.
Elementary particle which moves close to the speed of light
In particle physics, a relativistic particle is an elementary particle with kinetic energy greater than or equal to its rest mass energy given by Einstein's relation, , or specifically, of which the velocity is comparable to the speed of light
This is achieved by photons to the extent that effects described by special relativity are able to describe those of such particles themselves. Several approaches exist as a means of describing the motion of single and multiple relativistic particles, with a prominent example being postulations through the Dirac equation of single particle motion. Since the energy momentum relation of an particle can be written as:
where is the energy, is the momentum, and is the rest mass,
when the rest mass tends to be zero, e. g. for a photon, or the momentum tends to be large, e. g. for a large speed proton, this relation will collapses into a linear dispersion, i. e.
This is different from the parabolic energy momentum relation for classical particles. Thus, in practice, the linearity or the non parabolicity of the energy momentum relation is considered as a key feature for relativistic particles. These two types of relativistic particles are remarked as massless and massive, respectively. In experiments, massive particles are relativistic when their kinetic energy is comparable to or greater than the energy corresponding to their rest mass. In other words, a massive particle is relativistic when its total mass energy is at least twice its rest mass. This condition implies that the speed of the particle is close to the speed of light. According to the Lorentz factor formula, this requires the particle to move at roughly 85% of the speed of light. Such relativistic particles are generated in particle accelerators, as well as naturally occurring in cosmic radiation. In astrophysics, jets of relativistic plasma are produced by the centers of active galaxies and quasars. A charged relativistic particle crossing the interface of two media with different dielectric constants emits transition radiation. This is exploited in the transition radiation detectors of high velocity particles.
In particle physics, a relativistic particle is an elementary particle with kinetic energy greater than or equal to its rest mass energy given by Einstein's relation, , or specifically, of which the velocity is comparable to the speed of light
This is achieved by photons to the extent that effects described by special relativity are able to describe those of such particles themselves. Several approaches exist as a means of describing the motion of single and multiple relativistic particles, with a prominent example being postulations through the Dirac equation of single particle motion. Since the energy momentum relation of an particle can be written as:
where is the energy, is the momentum, and is the rest mass,
when the rest mass tends to be zero, e. g. for a photon, or the momentum tends to be large, e. g. for a large speed proton, this relation will collapses into a linear dispersion, i. e.
This is different from the parabolic energy momentum relation for classical particles. Thus, in practice, the linearity or the non parabolicity of the energy momentum relation is considered as a key feature for relativistic particles. These two types of relativistic particles are remarked as massless and massive, respectively. In experiments, massive particles are relativistic when their kinetic energy is comparable to or greater than the energy corresponding to their rest mass. In other words, a massive particle is relativistic when its total mass energy is at least twice its rest mass. This condition implies that the speed of the particle is close to the speed of light. According to the Lorentz factor formula, this requires the particle to move at roughly 85% of the speed of light. Such relativistic particles are generated in particle accelerators, as well as naturally occurring in cosmic radiation. In astrophysics, jets of relativistic plasma are produced by the centers of active galaxies and quasars. A charged relativistic particle crossing the interface of two media with different dielectric constants emits transition radiation. This is exploited in the transition radiation detectors of high velocity particles.
Настольные релятивистские частицы
Релятивистские электроны могут также существовать в некоторых твердых материалах, включая полуметаллы, такие как графен, сплавы висмута и сурьмы, и полупроводники, такие как дихалькогениды переходных металлов и слои чёрного фосфорена. Эти электроны, локализованные в кристаллической решетке, демонстрирующие релятивистские эффекты и описываемые уравнением Дирака, также называют релятивистскими электронами «настольного» типа или электронами Дирака.
Relativistic electrons can also exist in some solid state materials, including semimetals such as graphene, bismuth antimony alloys, and semiconductors such as transitional metal dichalcogenide and black phosphorene layers. These lattice confined electrons with relativistic effects that can be described using the Dirac equation are also called desktop relativistic electrons or Dirac electrons.