Хронология изменений окружающей среды и истории человечества

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This timeline lists events in the external environment that have influenced events in human history. This timeline is for use with the article on environmental determinism. For the history of humanity's influence on the environment, and humanity's perspective on this influence, see timeline of history of environmentalism. See List of periods and events in climate history for a timeline list focused on climate.

The time from roughly 15,000 to 5,000 BCE was a time of transition, and swift and extensive environmental change, as the planet was moving from an Ice age, towards an interstadial (warm period). Sea levels rose dramatically (and are continuing to do so), land that was depressed by glaciers began lifting up again, forests and deserts expanded, and the climate gradually became more modern. In the process of warming up, the planet saw several "cold snaps" and "warm snaps", such as the Older Dryas and the Holocene climatic optimum, as well as heavier precipitation. In addition, the Pleistocene megafauna became extinct due to environmental and evolutionary pressures from the changing climate. This marked the end of the Quaternary extinction event, which was continued into the modern era by humans. The time around 11,700 years ago (9,700 BC) is widely considered to be the end of the old age (Pleistocene, Paleolithic, Stone Age, Wisconsin Ice Age), and the beginning of the modern world as we know it. + Year(s) Event(s)StartEndc. 2,588,000 BCc. 12,000 BCPleistocene erac. 21,000 BCRecent evidence indicates that humans processed (gathered) and consumed wild cereal grains as far back as 23,000 years ago. c. 20,000 BCAntarctica sees a very rapid and abrupt 6 °C increase in temperaturesc. 19,000 BCLast Glacial Maximum/sea level minimumc. 20,000 BCc. 12,150 BCMesolithic 1 periodc. 17,000 BCc. 13,000 BCOldest Dryas stadial (cool period) during the last Ice age/glaciation in Europe. c. 13,000 BCBeginning of the Holocene extinction. Earliest evidence of warfare. Meltwater pulse 1A raises sea level 20 meters. Missoula floods occur. c. 12,670 BCc. 12,000 BCBølling oscillation interstadial (warm and moist period) between the Oldest Dryas and Older Dryas stadials (cool periods) at the end of the Last glacial period. In places where the Older Dryas was not seen, it is known as the Bølling–Allerød warming. c.12,340 BCc.11,140 BCCemetery 117: site of the world's first known battle/war. c.12,500 BCc.10,800 BCNatufian culture begins minor agriculturec. 12,150 BCc. 11,140 BCMesolithic 2 (Natufian culture), some sources have Mesolithic 2 ending at 9500 BCc. 12,000 BCc. 11,700 BCOlder Dryas stadial (cool period)c. 11,700 BCc. 10,800 BCAllerød oscillationc.13,000 BCc.11,000 BCLake Agassiz forms from glacial meltwater. It bursts and floods out through the Mackenzie River into the Arctic Ocean at 11,000 BC, possibly causing the Younger Dryas cold period. c. 12,000 BCc. 8,000 BC Göbekli Tepe, world's earliest known temple like structure, is created. c. 10,800 BCYounger Dryas impact event is proposed to have occurred, causing the onset of the Younger Dryas. c. 10,800 BCYounger Dryas cold period begins. c. 10,000 BC Preboreal period begins. World: Sea levels rise abruptly and massive inland flooding occurs due to glacier melt. Neolithic culture begins, end of most recent glaciation. First cave drawings of the Mesolithic period are made, with war scenes and religious scenes, beginnings of what became story telling, and metamorphosed into acting.

+ Year(s) Event(s)StartEndc. 7900 BCc. 7700 BCLake Agassiz refills from glacial melt water around 7900 BC as Glaciers retreat northc. 7640 BCDate theorized for impact of Tollmann's hypothetical bolide with Earth and associated global cataclysm. c. 7500 BC Mesolithic hunters reach Ireland
9,500 year old Norway spruce – Picea abies clonal colony named "Old Tjikko" germinates in Sweden.7500–7000 BC3500–3000 BCNeolithic Subpluvial begins in northern Africa, Mesolithic period ends. Until about 5000 BC, the Sahara desert is substantially wetter than today, comparable to a savannah as part of the African humid period.

+ Year(s) Event(s)StartEndc. 4570 BCc. 4250 BCMerimde culture on the Nile River4400 BC3500 BC Amratian/Naqada I culture in Predynastic Egypt4000 BC3100 BC Uruk period begins in Mesopotamia

+ Year(s) Event(s)StartEnd3900 BC Intense aridification triggered worldwide migration to river valleys, which might have caused changes in human behaviour. End of the Ubaid period.3600 BC2800 BC Climatic deterioration in Western Europe and the Sahara as the African humid period ends. In Europe Pollen zone VII Sub Boreal, oak and beech. Glacial advances of the Piora Oscillation, with lower economic prosperity in areas not able to irrigate in the Middle East.3500 BC to 3000 BCThe end of the Neolithic Subpluvial era and return of extremely hot and dry conditions in the Sahara Desert, hastened by the 5.9 kiloyear event and the Piora Oscillation.3500 BC3200 BCGerzeh/Naqada II culture in Egypt3200 BC3000 BCNaqada III and Protodynastic Period of Egypt3100 BC2686 BCEarly Dynastic Period of Egypt. The hallmarks of Ancient Egypt (art, architecture, religion) all formed during this period. This is widely assumed to be the time and place of the first writing system, the Egyptian hieroglyphs (date is disputed, some claim they were used as far back as 3200 BC, while others believe they weren't invented until the 28th century BC). between 3000 BC and 2800 BC30 km/19 mi wide Burckle Crater is formed in Indian Ocean from a possible meteor or comet impact.

+ Year(s) Event(s)StartEndc. 30th century BC c. 3000 BC: Stonehenge begins to be built. In its first version, it consists of a circular ditch and bank, with 56 wooden posts. (National Geographic, June 2008). Sumerian Cuneiform script, considered among the oldest writing systems, is created. c. 2880 BCGermination of Prometheus (a bristlecone pine of the species Pinus longaeva), formerly the world's oldest known non clonal organism. c. 2832 BCGermination of Methuselah (a bristlecone pine of the species Pinus longaeva), currently the world's oldest known non clonal organism.2807 BCSuggested date for an asteroid or comet impact occurring between Africa and Antarctica, around the time of a solar eclipse on May 10, based on an analysis of flood stories. Possibly causing the Burckle crater and Fenambosy Chevron.2650 BC Sumerian epic of Gilgamesh describes vast tracts of cedar forests in what is now southern Iraq. Gilgamesh defies the gods and cuts down the forest, and in return the gods say they will curse Sumer with fire (or possibly drought). By 2100 BC, soil erosion and salt buildup have devastated agriculture. One Sumerian wrote that the "earth turned white." Civilization moved north to Babylonia and Assyria. Again, deforestation becomes a factor in the rise and subsequent fall of these civilizations. Some of the first laws protecting the remaining forests decreed in Ur. c. 2630 BC1815 BCConstruction of the Egyptian pyramids.2500 BCSahara becomes fully desiccated, and conditions become largely identical to those of today. Desiccation had been proceeding from 7500 to 6000 BC, as a result of the shift in the West African tropical monsoon belt southwards from the Sahel, and intensified by the 5.9 kiloyear event. Subsequent rates of evaporation in the region led to a drying of the Sahara, as shown by the drop in water levels in Lake Chad. Tehenu of the Sahara attempt to enter into Egypt, and there is evidence of a Nile drought in the pyramid of Unas.2300 BCNeolithic period ends in China.2200 BCBeginning of a severe centennial scale drought in northern Africa, southwestern Asia and midcontinental North America, which very likely caused the collapse of the Old Kingdom in Egypt as well as the Akkadian Empire in Mesopotamia. This coincides with the transition from the Subboreal period to the subatlantic period.

+ Year(s) Event(s)StartEndc. 2000 BCc. 1000 BC Continued mountain formation in the Himalayas contributes to the drying up of the Sarasvati River and the desertification of the Thar Region. This contributes to the decline of the Harappan civilization.1900 BCThe Atra Hasis Epic describes Babylonian flood, with warnings of the consequences of human overpopulation. Around 1600 BCMinoan eruption destroys much of Santorini island, but does not destroy (contrary to what was previously believed) the Minoan civilization on Crete. This may have inspired the legend of Atlantis.1450 BCMinoan civilization in the Mediterranean declines, but scholars are divided on the cause. Possibly a volcanic eruption was the source of the catastrophe (see Minoan eruption). On the other hand, gradual deforestation may have led to materials shortages in manufacturing and shipping. Loss of timber and subsequent deterioration of its land was probably a factor in the decline of Minoan power in the late Bronze Age, according to John Perlin in A Forest Journey.1206 BC1187 BCEvidence of major droughts in the Eastern Mediterranean. Hittite and Ugarit records show requests for grain were sent to Egypt, probably during the reign of Pharaoh Merenptah. Carpenter has suggested that droughts of equal severity to those of the 1950s in Greece, would have been sufficient to cause the Late Bronze Age collapse. The cause may have been a temporary diversion of winter storms north of the Pyrenees and Alps. Central Europe experienced generally wetter conditions, while those in the Eastern Mediterranean were substantially drier. There seems to have been a general abandonment of peasant subsistence agriculture in favour of nomadic pastoralism in Central Anatolia, Syria and northern Mesopotamia, Palestine, the Sinai and NW Arabia.

+ Year(s) Event(s)StartEnd800 BC500 BC Sub Atlantic period in Western Europe. Pollen Zone VIII, sub Atlantic. End of last Sea Level rise. Spread of "Celtic fields", Iron Age A, and Haalstadt Celts. Increased prosperity in Europe and the Middle East.200 BCAxial Age, a revolution in thinking that we know as Philosophy, begins in China, India, and Europe, with people such as Socrates, Plato, Homer, Laozi, Confucius, among others, alive at this time.753 BCAncient Rome begins, with the founding of Rome. This marks the beginning of Classical antiquity.771 221 BCThe Eastern Zhou period of China is characterized by the formation of larger and more powerful political systems, whose ability to transform their environment is much greater than earlier states. They establish parks to protect wildlife for hunting purposes. 508 BCDemocracy created in Athens, Ancient Greece356 BC323 BCAlexander the Great269 BC232 BCReign of Ashoka the Great, and the beginning of propagation of Buddhism221 BCThe Qin dynasty founds China's first empire period of China, conquers large areas of the East Asian mainland, and soon collapses, but is soon rebuilt by the Han dynasty, whose population and environmental impact is similar to that of the Roman Empire. Qin established some of the world's first environmental protection laws. c. 225 BCThe Sub Atlantic period began about 225 BC (estimated on the basis of radiocarbon dating) and has been characterized by increased rainfall, cooler and more humid climates, and the dominance of beech forests. The fauna of the Sub Atlantic is essentially modern although severely depleted by human activities. The Sub Atlantic is correlated with pollen zone IX; sea levels have been generally regressive during this time interval, though North America is an exception. c. 200 BCSri Lanka becomes the first country in the world to have a nature reserve when King Devanampiya Tissa of Anuradhapura established a wildlife sanctuary.

+ Year(s) Event(s)StartEnd114117Rome reaches its greatest expanse in terms of territory, stretching from the Sahara desert, to England and Belgium, along the Danube River and Black Sea to Mesopotamia and modern day Kuwait.186Hatepe eruption in New Zealand turns the skies red over Rome and China.

+ Year(s) Event(s)StartEndc. 300Migration Period begins. This leads in a couple of centuries to the fall of Rome.301San Marino founded, claims to be the world's oldest republic

+ Year(s) Event(s)StartEndc. 400c. 800 Migration Periodc. 450Malaria epidemic in Italy.476Fall of Rome, end of the Western Roman Empire

+ Year(s) Event(s)StartEnd535536535–536: global climate abnormalities affecting several civilizations.

+ Year(s) Event(s)StartEndDates unknownClassical Maya civilization begins to decline; Beowulf saga is probably written in Europe sometime in this century750Muslim Caliphate is moved to Baghdad, ushering in its golden age as a cultural crossroads774775 Unusually high levels of Carbon 14 are found in tree rings throughout Japan, most likely from a gamma ray burst, previously thought to be from cosmic rays or abnormally strong solar flares772804Charlemagne invades what is now northwestern Germany, battling the Saxons for more than thirty years and finally crushing their rebellion, incorporating Old Saxony into Francia and the Christian world.

+ Year(s) Event(s)StartEndc. 850Severe drought exacerbated by soil erosion causes collapse of Central American city states and the end of the Classic Maya civilization.874According to Landnámabók, the settlement of Iceland begins.

+ Year(s) Event(s)StartEnd9851080Norse Colony at L'Anse aux Meadows1006SN 1006 supernova, brightest apparent magnitude stellar event in recorded history (−7.5 visual magnitude)1054SN 1054 supernova, created the Crab Nebula1099The Hodh Ech Chargui and Hodh El Gharbi Regions of southern Mauritania become desert.

+ Year(s) Event(s)StartEndc. 1250c. 1850Start of the Little Ice Age, a stadial period within our interglacial warm period1257Catastrophic eruption of Samalas in Indonesia, with climate effects comparable to that of the 1815 Tambora eruption. This contributed to the cooling seen in the Little Ice Age. end of the 13th centurybeginning of the Renaissance era in Italy, gradually spreads throughout Europe.

+ Year(s) Event(s)StartEnd13151317Great Famine of 1315–1317 (Europe)13471350sBubonic plague decimates Europe, creating the first attempts to enforce public health and quarantine laws.1350Western Settlement in Greenland abandoned, possibly due to the deteriorating climate caused by the onset of the Little Ice Age

+ Year(s) Event(s)StartEnd1408Last known recording (a wedding) of Norse settlers in Greenland14531452/1453 mystery eruption contributes to fall of Constantinople. 1492Christopher Columbus lands in Caribbean islands, starting the Columbian exchange, causing the Aztec Empire and Inca Empire to fall to the Spanish in the next century, as well as bringing various species of animals and plants across the Atlantic Ocean.

+ Year(s) Event(s)StartEnd15851587Roanoke Colony, now in North CarolinaEnd of the 16th centuryEnd of the Renaissance era, gradual transition towards the Baroque, Romantic, Enlightenment, and Modern eras.

+ Year(s) Event(s)StartEnd1600Huaynaputina erupts in South America. The explosion had effects on climate around the Northern Hemisphere (Southern hemispheric records are less complete), where 1601 was the coldest year in six centuries, leading to a famine in Russia; see Russian famine of 1601–1603.1610It has been posited that 1610 marks the beginning of the Anthropocene, or the 'Age of Man', marking a fundamental change in the relationship between humans and the Earth system.

+ Year(s) Event(s)StartEndc. 1750Beginning of Industrial Revolution, which eventually turns to use of coal and other fossil fuels to drive steam engines and other devices. Anthropogenic carbon pollution presumably increases.1755Great Lisbon earthquake occurred in the Kingdom of Portugal on Saturday, 1 November, the holiday of All Saints' Day, at around 09:40 local time; subsequent fires and a tsunami almost totally destroyed Lisbon and adjoining areas, accentuating political tensions in the kingdom and profoundly disrupting Portugal's colonial ambitions. 1770Failure of the monsoons in the late 1760s contribute to the Bengal famine of 1770 where 10 million people die. This forces a change in tax policy in the British Empire, which was a cause of the American War of Independence.1783The volcano Laki erupts, emitting sufficient sulfur dioxide gas and sulphate particles to kill a majority of Iceland's livestock and cause an unusually cold winter in Europe and Western Asia.17891793A recent study of El Niño patterns suggests that the French Revolution was caused in part by the poor crop yields of 1788–89 in Europe, resulting from an unusually strong El Niño effect between 1789 and 1793.1798Thomas Robert Malthus publishes An Essay on the Principle of Population, thus beginning Malthusian economics.

+ Year(s) Event(s)StartEnd1804 World population reaches 1 billion.1815Eruption of Mt. Tambora in what is now Indonesia, largest in the 2nd millennium AD. Leads to the 1816 "Year Without a Summer" across North America and Europe.18451857Unusually wet weather in Northern Europe causes crop failures. The worst crop affected was the potato on which both Ireland (the Great Famine) and Scotland (the Highland Potato Famine) were heavily dependent. Elsewhere in Europe, the food shortages lead to civil unrest and the revolutions of 1848. Counting the Irish diaspora and the forty eighters, millions of Europeans emigrate to North America, South America, and Australia.1859John Tyndall discovers that some gases block infrared radiation. He suggests that changes in the concentration of these gases could bring climate change.1883Eruption of Krakatoa in Indonesia. The sound of the explosion is heard as far as Australia and China, the altered air waves causes strange colours on the sky and the volcanic gases reduce global temperatures during the following years. A disputed but vivid sunset was captured in Edvard Munch's The Scream.1896Svante Arrhenius mathematically quantifies the effects of carbon dioxide on climate change related to the Industrial Revolution and the burning of fossil fuels.

+ Year(s) Event(s)StartEnd1900The 1900 Galveston hurricane hits Galveston, Texas and reverses the city's previously rapid growth.1906San Francisco earthquake causes collapse of insurance markets and the Panic of 1907.1908Tunguska event decimates a remote part of Siberia.19141918World War I, which involves heavy bombardment, explosions, and poison gas warfare.1918Spanish flu kills between 20 and 50 million people worldwide shortly after World War I.1927 World population reached 2 billion.19321937Exceptional precipitation absence in northern hemisphere exacerbated by human activities causes the Dust Bowl drought of the US plains and the Soviet famine of 1932–1933 (harsh economic damage in US and widespread death in USSR).19391945World War II, with heavy bombardment, genocide, and explosions. Towards the end of the war, nuclear warfare occurs for the first and only time when Hiroshima and Nagasaki are bombed. post 1945Nuclear tests are performed by the United States, Soviet Union, India, Pakistan, China, North Korea, the United Kingdom, and France. Above ground detonations continue until the Partial Test Ban Treaty is signed in 1963, causing fallout and spreading radiation around the explosion sites.1955Gilbert Plass submits his seminal article "The Carbon Dioxide Theory of Climatic Change".1957Sputnik is launched, becomes first man made object to orbit the Earth, and begins the Space Race between the United States and the Soviet Union, culminating with the first man in space in 1961, and the Moon landing, humanity's first ventures to the Moon in 1969.1960World population reached 3 billion.1963The Clean Air Act is passed in the United States, with subsequent amendments in 1970, 1977 and 1990.1974World population reached 4 billion. </div>2016150 nations meeting at the UNEP summit in Rwanda agree to phase out hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), as an extension to the Montreal Protocol.