Самуэль Зук: генерал армии Союза в Гражданской войне США
Samuel K. Zook
Сэмюэл Зук: биография генерала армии Союза, героя битвы при Геттисберге. Подробности жизни, происхождение и военный путь офицера Гражданской войны в США.
Сравнивайте с английским: нажмите на абзац — оригинал откроется в окне. Кнопка EN под абзацем показывает его прямо в тексте.
Содержание
Введение
Офицер армии Союза в Гражданской войне в США
Union Army officer in the American Civil War
Сэмюэл Косьюшко Зук (родился как Сэмюэл Курц Зук, 27 марта 1821 года – 3 июля 1863 года) был генералом армии Союза во время Гражданской войны в США, смертельно раненый в бою при Геттисберге.
Samuel Kosciuszko Zook (born Samuel Kurtz Zook, March 27, 1821 – July 3, 1863) was a Union general during the American Civil War who was mortally wounded in action at the Battle of Gettysburg.
Ранние годы
Зук родился в Тредиффрине, округ Честер, штат Пенсильвания. Его родителями были Дэвид и Элеонора Стивенс Зук, а его предки по отцовской линии исповедовали веру меннонитов. В раннем возрасте он с родителями переехал в дом своей бабушки по материнской линии в Валли-Фордж, и история зимних стоянок армии Джорджа Вашингтона там во время Войны за независимость США пробудила его пожизненный интерес к военному делу. Его отец, Дэвид Зук, был майором во время Американской революции, что еще больше укрепило его интерес к военной сфере. С того времени, как он достиг возраста, когда мог носить мушкет, он принимал участие в деятельности местной милиции. В 19 лет он стал лейтенантом в милиции Пенсильвании и адъютантом 100-го или 110-го Пенсильванского полка. Зук занялся новой областью телеграфии, стал опытным оператором и работал в бригадах, прокладывавших линии связи до реки Миссисипи. Он переехал в Нью-Йорк в 1846 или 1851 году. В Нью-Йорке он также вступил в 6-й полк гвардии губернатора Нью-Йорка (милиция) и к началу Гражданской войны достиг звания подполковника.
Zook was born in Tredyffrin, Chester County, Pennsylvania. His parents were David and Eleanor Stephens Zook and his paternal ancestors were of the Mennonite faith. At an early age, he moved with his parents to the home of his maternal grandmother at Valley Forge and the tradition of George Washington's winter encampment there during the American Revolutionary War fueled a lifelong interest in military matters. His father, David Zook, had been a major during the American Revolution, further fueling his interests. From the time he was old enough to carry a musket, he participated in local militia activities. At the age of 19, he became a lieutenant in the Pennsylvania militia and the adjutant of the 100th or 110th Pennsylvania regiment. Zook entered the emerging field of telegraphy, became a proficient operator, and worked on crews to string wires as far west as the Mississippi River. He moved to New York City in 1846 or 1851 In New York City, he also joined the 6th New York Governor's Guard (militia) regiment and had achieved the rank of lieutenant colonel by the time the Civil War broke out.
Гражданская война
6-я Нью-Йоркская милиция оказала помощь в качестве 90-дневного полка в течение первого лета войны. Зук служил военным губернатором в Аннаполисе, стремясь заручиться поддержкой влиятельных политиков, чтобы получить командование собственным полком. После увольнения со службы он сформировал 57-й Нью-Йоркский пехотный полк (стрелковый полк Национальной гвардии) и стал его полковником 19 октября 1861 года. Первое боевое крещение Зука произошло во время Семидневных сражений 1862 года. Его полк был приписан к бригаде Уильяма Х. Френча в дивизии Эдвина В. Самнера Армии Потомака, находившейся под командованием генерал-майора Джорджа Б. Макклеллана. Зук лично проводил разведку, далеко опережая свой полк, перед битвой при Гейнс-Милле, проник за линии противника и обнаружил, что генерал-майор конфедератов Джон Б. Магрудер проводил сложную дезинформацию, создавая впечатление о значительном превосходстве своих войск в этом секторе. Об этом открытии было доложено Макклеллану, но оно было проигнорировано, и войска Союза, которые могли бы быть эффективно использованы в другом месте, остались на прежних позициях.
The 6th New York Militia helped out as a 90 day regiment during the first summer of the war. Zook served as the military governor in Annapolis, seeking support from politically influential men there to achieve a regimental command of his own. After he was mustered out, he raised the 57th New York Infantry (National Guard Rifles) and became its colonel on October 19, 1861. Zook's first combat was during the Seven Days Battles of 1862. His regiment was assigned to William H. French's brigade in Edwin V. Sumner's division of the Army of the Potomac, under Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan. Zook was personally scouting far out in front of his regiment in the run up to the Battle of Gaines' Mill, got behind enemy lines, and found that Confederate Maj. Gen. John B. Magruder was conducting an elaborate deception, making it appear that he had significantly more troops in his sector than he actually had. Zook's discovery was reported up to McClellan, but it was ignored, and Union troops that could have been used successfully elsewhere remained tied down.
Фредериксбург
Зук был вынужден уйти в отпуск по болезни, вероятно, из-за хронического и изнуряющего ревматизма, и поэтому пропустил битву при Антиэтеме. По возвращении в армию он получил командование бригадой Франша (3-я бригада, 1-я дивизия, II корпус) под командованием командира дивизии генерал-майора Уинфилда С. Хэнкока. Бригада одной из первых прибыла во Фредериксбург, штат Вирджиния, и он стремился как можно быстрее форсировать реку Раппаханнок, прежде чем генерал Конфедерации Роберт Ли успеет укрепить город и возвышенности за ним. Однако командующий армией Потомак генерал-майор Амброуз Бернсайд воспрепятствовал этому, решив дождаться сосредоточения армии и получения понтонных мостов для переправы. 10 декабря Зук писал: «Если бы мы получили обещанные понтоны по прибытии, мы могли бы захватить холмы на другом берегу реки, потеряв не более 50 человек, – теперь же это обойдется как минимум в 10 000, если не больше». Генерал Хэнкок похвалил атаку Зука за её «боевой дух». После битвы Зук написал: «Клянусь Богом, если я не получу звание генерала, я вернусь домой». После сражения Зук на короткое время принял на себя командование дивизией, пока Хэнкок был в отпуске. Несмотря на успешное продвижение, битва при Фредериксбурге глубоко повлияла на него:
Zook was forced to go on medical leave, probably due to chronic and disabling rheumatism, thus missing the Battle of Antietam. When he returned to the Army he was given command of French's brigade (3rd Brigade, 1st Division, II Corps) under division commander Maj. Gen. Winfield S. Hancock. The brigade was one of the first to arrive at Fredericksburg, Virginia, and he wanted to cross over the Rappahannock River as quickly as possible, before Confederate General Robert E. Lee could reinforce the town and the heights beyond it. However, Army of the Potomac commander Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside prevented the movement, wanting to wait for his army to concentrate and to receive pontoon bridges to make the river crossing. Zook wrote on December 10, "If we had had the pontoons promised when we arrived here we could have the hills on the other side of the river without cost over 50 men—now it will cost at least 10,000 if not more." General Hancock praised Zook's attack for its "spirit". Zook wrote afterward, "Now by God, if I don't get my star, I'm coming home." After the battle, Zook briefly assumed command of the division while Hancock was absent on leave. Despite his successful promotion, however, the Battle of Fredericksburg affected him deeply:
Blockquote|I walked over the field, close under the enemy's picket line, last night about 3 o'clock. The ground was strewn thickly with corpses of the hero's who perished there on Saturday. I never realized before what war was. I never before felt so horribly since I was born. To see men dashed to pieces by shot & torn into shreds by shells during the heat and crash of battle is bad enough God knows, but to walk alone amongst slaughtered brave in the "still small hours" of the night would make the bravest man living "blue". God grant I may never have to repeat my last night's experience.|Samuel K. Zook|letter to E. I. Wade, December 16, 1862
One of his soldiers in the 57th New York later characterized Zook as "a good disciplinarian; he hated cowardice and shams; had no patience with a man that neglected duty; was blunt, somewhat severe, yet good hearted a born soldier, quick of intellect, and absolutely without fear."
«Я обошел поле, почти вплотную к вражеской цепи пикетов, прошлой ночью около трех часов. Земля была густо усеяна телами героев, павших там в субботу. Я никогда прежде не понимал, что такое война. Я никогда прежде не чувствовал себя настолько ужасно с момента своего рождения. Видеть, как людей разрывают на куски снарядами и осколками во время жара и грохота битвы – и этого достаточно, дай Бог, – но бродить в одиночестве среди убитых храбрецов в «тихие ночные часы» заставит загрустить даже самого отважного человека. Дай Бог, чтобы мне никогда больше не пришлось переживать то, что я пережил прошлой ночью».
Zook was forced to go on medical leave, probably due to chronic and disabling rheumatism, thus missing the Battle of Antietam. When he returned to the Army he was given command of French's brigade (3rd Brigade, 1st Division, II Corps) under division commander Maj. Gen. Winfield S. Hancock. The brigade was one of the first to arrive at Fredericksburg, Virginia, and he wanted to cross over the Rappahannock River as quickly as possible, before Confederate General Robert E. Lee could reinforce the town and the heights beyond it. However, Army of the Potomac commander Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside prevented the movement, wanting to wait for his army to concentrate and to receive pontoon bridges to make the river crossing. Zook wrote on December 10, "If we had had the pontoons promised when we arrived here we could have the hills on the other side of the river without cost over 50 men—now it will cost at least 10,000 if not more." General Hancock praised Zook's attack for its "spirit". Zook wrote afterward, "Now by God, if I don't get my star, I'm coming home." After the battle, Zook briefly assumed command of the division while Hancock was absent on leave. Despite his successful promotion, however, the Battle of Fredericksburg affected him deeply:
Blockquote|I walked over the field, close under the enemy's picket line, last night about 3 o'clock. The ground was strewn thickly with corpses of the hero's who perished there on Saturday. I never realized before what war was. I never before felt so horribly since I was born. To see men dashed to pieces by shot & torn into shreds by shells during the heat and crash of battle is bad enough God knows, but to walk alone amongst slaughtered brave in the "still small hours" of the night would make the bravest man living "blue". God grant I may never have to repeat my last night's experience.|Samuel K. Zook|letter to E. I. Wade, December 16, 1862
One of his soldiers in the 57th New York later characterized Zook as "a good disciplinarian; he hated cowardice and shams; had no patience with a man that neglected duty; was blunt, somewhat severe, yet good hearted a born soldier, quick of intellect, and absolutely without fear."
Сэмюэл К. Зук, письмо Э. И. Вейду, 16 декабря 1862 года.
Zook was forced to go on medical leave, probably due to chronic and disabling rheumatism, thus missing the Battle of Antietam. When he returned to the Army he was given command of French's brigade (3rd Brigade, 1st Division, II Corps) under division commander Maj. Gen. Winfield S. Hancock. The brigade was one of the first to arrive at Fredericksburg, Virginia, and he wanted to cross over the Rappahannock River as quickly as possible, before Confederate General Robert E. Lee could reinforce the town and the heights beyond it. However, Army of the Potomac commander Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside prevented the movement, wanting to wait for his army to concentrate and to receive pontoon bridges to make the river crossing. Zook wrote on December 10, "If we had had the pontoons promised when we arrived here we could have the hills on the other side of the river without cost over 50 men—now it will cost at least 10,000 if not more." General Hancock praised Zook's attack for its "spirit". Zook wrote afterward, "Now by God, if I don't get my star, I'm coming home." After the battle, Zook briefly assumed command of the division while Hancock was absent on leave. Despite his successful promotion, however, the Battle of Fredericksburg affected him deeply:
Blockquote|I walked over the field, close under the enemy's picket line, last night about 3 o'clock. The ground was strewn thickly with corpses of the hero's who perished there on Saturday. I never realized before what war was. I never before felt so horribly since I was born. To see men dashed to pieces by shot & torn into shreds by shells during the heat and crash of battle is bad enough God knows, but to walk alone amongst slaughtered brave in the "still small hours" of the night would make the bravest man living "blue". God grant I may never have to repeat my last night's experience.|Samuel K. Zook|letter to E. I. Wade, December 16, 1862
One of his soldiers in the 57th New York later characterized Zook as "a good disciplinarian; he hated cowardice and shams; had no patience with a man that neglected duty; was blunt, somewhat severe, yet good hearted a born soldier, quick of intellect, and absolutely without fear."
Один из его солдат из 57-го Нью-Йоркского пехотного полка позже охарактеризовал Зука как «хорошего дисциплинированного командира; он ненавидел трусость и показуху; не терпел небрежности в исполнении долга; был прямолинеен, несколько суров, но добросердечен – прирожденный солдат, с острым умом и совершенно лишенный страха».
Zook was forced to go on medical leave, probably due to chronic and disabling rheumatism, thus missing the Battle of Antietam. When he returned to the Army he was given command of French's brigade (3rd Brigade, 1st Division, II Corps) under division commander Maj. Gen. Winfield S. Hancock. The brigade was one of the first to arrive at Fredericksburg, Virginia, and he wanted to cross over the Rappahannock River as quickly as possible, before Confederate General Robert E. Lee could reinforce the town and the heights beyond it. However, Army of the Potomac commander Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside prevented the movement, wanting to wait for his army to concentrate and to receive pontoon bridges to make the river crossing. Zook wrote on December 10, "If we had had the pontoons promised when we arrived here we could have the hills on the other side of the river without cost over 50 men—now it will cost at least 10,000 if not more." General Hancock praised Zook's attack for its "spirit". Zook wrote afterward, "Now by God, if I don't get my star, I'm coming home." After the battle, Zook briefly assumed command of the division while Hancock was absent on leave. Despite his successful promotion, however, the Battle of Fredericksburg affected him deeply:
Blockquote|I walked over the field, close under the enemy's picket line, last night about 3 o'clock. The ground was strewn thickly with corpses of the hero's who perished there on Saturday. I never realized before what war was. I never before felt so horribly since I was born. To see men dashed to pieces by shot & torn into shreds by shells during the heat and crash of battle is bad enough God knows, but to walk alone amongst slaughtered brave in the "still small hours" of the night would make the bravest man living "blue". God grant I may never have to repeat my last night's experience.|Samuel K. Zook|letter to E. I. Wade, December 16, 1862
One of his soldiers in the 57th New York later characterized Zook as "a good disciplinarian; he hated cowardice and shams; had no patience with a man that neglected duty; was blunt, somewhat severe, yet good hearted a born soldier, quick of intellect, and absolutely without fear."