Введение
Юст из Тивериады (Тивериада, ок. 35 г. н.э. – Галилея, ок. 100 г. н.э.) – еврейский автор и историограф I века. Все, что нам известно о его жизни, происходит из сочинения «Vita», которое, по-видимому, написал Флавий Иосиф в ответ на утверждения Юста, содержащиеся в его «Истории Иудейской войны», опубликованной около 93/94 г. н.э. или вскоре после 100 г. н.э. Иосиф Флавий – единственный писатель, упомянувший этот труд, однако он ни разу не приводит из него ни единого отрывка. «История», опубликованная Юстом, по всей видимости, исчезла вскоре после выхода в свет «Автобиографии» Флавия Иосифа, поскольку она была неизвестна языческим авторам, а христианские авторы, упоминающие ее, лишь цитируют слова Иосифа. После Великого Иудейского восстания (66–70 гг. н.э.) Юст был секретарем царя Агриппы II и дождался его смерти, чтобы опубликовать свою «Историю» этого восстания. Он также известен как автор двух других сочинений, которые исчезли значительно позже. Так, в IX веке епископ Константинопольский Фотий все еще имел доступ к копии «Хроники Иудейских царей», написанной Юстом.
The Jewish Historian
Justus of Tiberias is a son of Pistos. Both are presented as authorities of the city of Tiberias when Flavius Josephus was governor of Galilee in 66/67. He is best known as a historiographer. But the writing that makes us know it, although it seems to have disappeared almost immediately, is his History of the Jewish War, by the reaction it provoked in Flavius Josephus. Justus accused of being responsible for the revolt
In response to the Justus's History, Josephus indeed published his Vita in order to counter various assertions which told a very different story from what the latter had published in his Jewish War twenty years earlier. He attacks Justus at length, even though he had not even mentioned him — nor his father Pistos — in The Jewish War written twenty years earlier. Most of what we know about Justus, moreover, comes from a long digression by Josephus who attacks him in this Vita (336 367). — but without citing any explicitly — and for “not having had access, unlike him, to the field notes of Vespasian and Titus". To discredit his adversary, Josephus indicates that "in the comments of the emperor Vespasian", which Justus was unable to consult, What Justus would have escaped only thanks to the clemency of King Agrippa II and at the request of Queen Berenice.”. However, despite Josephus' efforts to blame Justus for the uprising in Galilee, several facts he mentions in his Vita contradict this accusation. Josephus himself says that Justus was not a member of the pro war faction, but the leader of a faction in intermediate positions. Some of Justus' close relatives were also killed by the revolutionaries in Gamla. Josephus would then have released them, recommending that they show duplicity because if he was well aware of the invincibility of the Romans, they had to pretend to support the war against Rome because of the "brigands" (lestai) Josephus appropriates here “the discriminatory vocabulary of the Romans. On several occasions in The Jewish War, he calls "brigands" the Jewish rebels, such as the Sicarii, the Zealots or the members of the Fourth philosophy. Finally, even before Vespasian's offensive in Galilee (spring 67), Justus was no longer in Tiberias, but had joined King Agrippa in Beirut when the latter was going to join his army with Vespasian's three legions to begin the reconquest of all of Palestine, starting with Galilee. After the Great Jewish Revolt (66 70), he was imperial secretary at the court of Agrippa king of Batanea and the eastern part of Galilee Then in the long digression in which Josephus attacks Justus (V 356), he suggests that if Agrippa drove Justus away and forbade him to "appear ever before him" from an indefinite moment, it was because he would have realized that he was being dishonest “in the office of secretary with which he [had] honored him." For Shaye J. D. Cohen, “Josephus labels Justus as a forger, an accusation sometimes leveled against official secretaries,”
It was only after Agrippa's death that Justus published his History of the Jewish War, which triggered the writing of the Vita' of Flavius Josephus, or in 100. See on this subject the § Date of the death of Agrippa in the item Agrippa II. After the publication of the Autobiography of Flavius Josephus, the two men disappear from history.
Еврейский историк
The Jewish Historian
Justus of Tiberias is a son of Pistos. Both are presented as authorities of the city of Tiberias when Flavius Josephus was governor of Galilee in 66/67. He is best known as a historiographer. But the writing that makes us know it, although it seems to have disappeared almost immediately, is his History of the Jewish War, by the reaction it provoked in Flavius Josephus. Justus accused of being responsible for the revolt
In response to the Justus's History, Josephus indeed published his Vita in order to counter various assertions which told a very different story from what the latter had published in his Jewish War twenty years earlier. He attacks Justus at length, even though he had not even mentioned him — nor his father Pistos — in The Jewish War written twenty years earlier. Most of what we know about Justus, moreover, comes from a long digression by Josephus who attacks him in this Vita (336 367). — but without citing any explicitly — and for “not having had access, unlike him, to the field notes of Vespasian and Titus". To discredit his adversary, Josephus indicates that "in the comments of the emperor Vespasian", which Justus was unable to consult, What Justus would have escaped only thanks to the clemency of King Agrippa II and at the request of Queen Berenice.”. However, despite Josephus' efforts to blame Justus for the uprising in Galilee, several facts he mentions in his Vita contradict this accusation. Josephus himself says that Justus was not a member of the pro war faction, but the leader of a faction in intermediate positions. Some of Justus' close relatives were also killed by the revolutionaries in Gamla. Josephus would then have released them, recommending that they show duplicity because if he was well aware of the invincibility of the Romans, they had to pretend to support the war against Rome because of the "brigands" (lestai) Josephus appropriates here “the discriminatory vocabulary of the Romans. On several occasions in The Jewish War, he calls "brigands" the Jewish rebels, such as the Sicarii, the Zealots or the members of the Fourth philosophy. Finally, even before Vespasian's offensive in Galilee (spring 67), Justus was no longer in Tiberias, but had joined King Agrippa in Beirut when the latter was going to join his army with Vespasian's three legions to begin the reconquest of all of Palestine, starting with Galilee. After the Great Jewish Revolt (66 70), he was imperial secretary at the court of Agrippa king of Batanea and the eastern part of Galilee Then in the long digression in which Josephus attacks Justus (V 356), he suggests that if Agrippa drove Justus away and forbade him to "appear ever before him" from an indefinite moment, it was because he would have realized that he was being dishonest “in the office of secretary with which he [had] honored him." For Shaye J. D. Cohen, “Josephus labels Justus as a forger, an accusation sometimes leveled against official secretaries,”
It was only after Agrippa's death that Justus published his History of the Jewish War, which triggered the writing of the Vita' of Flavius Josephus, or in 100. See on this subject the § Date of the death of Agrippa in the item Agrippa II. After the publication of the Autobiography of Flavius Josephus, the two men disappear from history.
Юст из Тивериады – сын Пистоса. Оба они представлены как авторитетные лица города Тивериады во время правления Флавия Иосифа в качестве наместника Галилеи в 66–67 гг. н.э. Он наиболее известен как историограф. Однако свидетельством этого является его «История Иудейской войны», которая, хотя и, по-видимому, почти сразу же исчезла, вызвала реакцию у Флавия Иосифа. Юста обвиняли в ответственности за восстание.
The Jewish Historian
Justus of Tiberias is a son of Pistos. Both are presented as authorities of the city of Tiberias when Flavius Josephus was governor of Galilee in 66/67. He is best known as a historiographer. But the writing that makes us know it, although it seems to have disappeared almost immediately, is his History of the Jewish War, by the reaction it provoked in Flavius Josephus. Justus accused of being responsible for the revolt
In response to the Justus's History, Josephus indeed published his Vita in order to counter various assertions which told a very different story from what the latter had published in his Jewish War twenty years earlier. He attacks Justus at length, even though he had not even mentioned him — nor his father Pistos — in The Jewish War written twenty years earlier. Most of what we know about Justus, moreover, comes from a long digression by Josephus who attacks him in this Vita (336 367). — but without citing any explicitly — and for “not having had access, unlike him, to the field notes of Vespasian and Titus". To discredit his adversary, Josephus indicates that "in the comments of the emperor Vespasian", which Justus was unable to consult, What Justus would have escaped only thanks to the clemency of King Agrippa II and at the request of Queen Berenice.”. However, despite Josephus' efforts to blame Justus for the uprising in Galilee, several facts he mentions in his Vita contradict this accusation. Josephus himself says that Justus was not a member of the pro war faction, but the leader of a faction in intermediate positions. Some of Justus' close relatives were also killed by the revolutionaries in Gamla. Josephus would then have released them, recommending that they show duplicity because if he was well aware of the invincibility of the Romans, they had to pretend to support the war against Rome because of the "brigands" (lestai) Josephus appropriates here “the discriminatory vocabulary of the Romans. On several occasions in The Jewish War, he calls "brigands" the Jewish rebels, such as the Sicarii, the Zealots or the members of the Fourth philosophy. Finally, even before Vespasian's offensive in Galilee (spring 67), Justus was no longer in Tiberias, but had joined King Agrippa in Beirut when the latter was going to join his army with Vespasian's three legions to begin the reconquest of all of Palestine, starting with Galilee. After the Great Jewish Revolt (66 70), he was imperial secretary at the court of Agrippa king of Batanea and the eastern part of Galilee Then in the long digression in which Josephus attacks Justus (V 356), he suggests that if Agrippa drove Justus away and forbade him to "appear ever before him" from an indefinite moment, it was because he would have realized that he was being dishonest “in the office of secretary with which he [had] honored him." For Shaye J. D. Cohen, “Josephus labels Justus as a forger, an accusation sometimes leveled against official secretaries,”
It was only after Agrippa's death that Justus published his History of the Jewish War, which triggered the writing of the Vita' of Flavius Josephus, or in 100. See on this subject the § Date of the death of Agrippa in the item Agrippa II. After the publication of the Autobiography of Flavius Josephus, the two men disappear from history.
В ответ на «Историю» Юста Иосиф Флавий опубликовал свою «Vita», чтобы опровергнуть различные утверждения, которые представляли собой картину, существенно отличавшуюся от той, что последний изложил в своей «Иудейской войне» двадцать лет назад. Он подвергает Юста резкой критике, хотя даже не упоминал его – и его отца Пистоса – в «Иудейской войне», написанной двадцать лет ранее. Большая часть того, что мы знаем о Юсте, происходит из пространного отступления Иосифа Флавия, который атакует его в этой «Vita» (336–367), – но не ссылаясь ни на какие конкретные положения – и за «отсутствие доступа, в отличие от него, к полевым записям Веспасиана и Тита». Чтобы дискредитировать своего противника, Иосиф Флавий указывает, что «в комментариях императора Веспасиана», с которыми Юсту не удалось ознакомиться, Юст избежал наказания лишь благодаря милосердию царя Агриппы II и по просьбе царицы Береники. Однако, несмотря на попытки Иосифа Флавия возложить на Юста вину за восстание в Галилее, ряд фактов, упомянутых им в «Vita», противоречат этому обвинению. Сам Иосиф Флавий утверждает, что Юст не был членом фракции, поддерживавшей войну, а возглавлял умеренную фракцию. Некоторые из близких родственников Юста также были убиты революционерами в Гамле. Иосиф Флавий затем освободил их, рекомендовав им прибегнуть к лицемерию, поскольку, хорошо зная о непобедимости римлян, они должны были притворяться, что поддерживают войну против Рима из-за «разбойников» (lestai). Иосиф Флавий здесь использует дискриминационную римскую терминологию. В «Иудейской войне» он неоднократно называет «разбойниками» еврейских повстанцев, таких как сикарии, зелоты или члены Четвертой философии. Наконец, еще до наступления Веспасиана в Галилее (весной 67 г. н.э.) Юст уже покинул Тивериаду и присоединился к царю Агриппе в Бейруте, когда тот собирался присоединиться к своей армии с тремя легионами Веспасиана, чтобы начать завоевание всей Палестины, начиная с Галилеи. После Великого Иудейского восстания (66–70 гг. н.э.) он был императорским секретарем при дворе Агриппы, царя Батанеи и восточной части Галилеи. Затем, в пространном отступлении, в котором Иосиф Флавий нападает на Юста (V 356), он предполагает, что если Агриппа отозвал Юста и запретил ему «когда-либо являться к нему», то это произошло потому, что он осознал его нечестность «в должности секретаря, которой он [почтил] его». По мнению Шейи Дж. Д. Коэна, «Иосиф Флавий называет Юста фальсификатором, обвинение, которое иногда выдвигалось против официальных секретарей».
The Jewish Historian
Justus of Tiberias is a son of Pistos. Both are presented as authorities of the city of Tiberias when Flavius Josephus was governor of Galilee in 66/67. He is best known as a historiographer. But the writing that makes us know it, although it seems to have disappeared almost immediately, is his History of the Jewish War, by the reaction it provoked in Flavius Josephus. Justus accused of being responsible for the revolt
In response to the Justus's History, Josephus indeed published his Vita in order to counter various assertions which told a very different story from what the latter had published in his Jewish War twenty years earlier. He attacks Justus at length, even though he had not even mentioned him — nor his father Pistos — in The Jewish War written twenty years earlier. Most of what we know about Justus, moreover, comes from a long digression by Josephus who attacks him in this Vita (336 367). — but without citing any explicitly — and for “not having had access, unlike him, to the field notes of Vespasian and Titus". To discredit his adversary, Josephus indicates that "in the comments of the emperor Vespasian", which Justus was unable to consult, What Justus would have escaped only thanks to the clemency of King Agrippa II and at the request of Queen Berenice.”. However, despite Josephus' efforts to blame Justus for the uprising in Galilee, several facts he mentions in his Vita contradict this accusation. Josephus himself says that Justus was not a member of the pro war faction, but the leader of a faction in intermediate positions. Some of Justus' close relatives were also killed by the revolutionaries in Gamla. Josephus would then have released them, recommending that they show duplicity because if he was well aware of the invincibility of the Romans, they had to pretend to support the war against Rome because of the "brigands" (lestai) Josephus appropriates here “the discriminatory vocabulary of the Romans. On several occasions in The Jewish War, he calls "brigands" the Jewish rebels, such as the Sicarii, the Zealots or the members of the Fourth philosophy. Finally, even before Vespasian's offensive in Galilee (spring 67), Justus was no longer in Tiberias, but had joined King Agrippa in Beirut when the latter was going to join his army with Vespasian's three legions to begin the reconquest of all of Palestine, starting with Galilee. After the Great Jewish Revolt (66 70), he was imperial secretary at the court of Agrippa king of Batanea and the eastern part of Galilee Then in the long digression in which Josephus attacks Justus (V 356), he suggests that if Agrippa drove Justus away and forbade him to "appear ever before him" from an indefinite moment, it was because he would have realized that he was being dishonest “in the office of secretary with which he [had] honored him." For Shaye J. D. Cohen, “Josephus labels Justus as a forger, an accusation sometimes leveled against official secretaries,”
It was only after Agrippa's death that Justus published his History of the Jewish War, which triggered the writing of the Vita' of Flavius Josephus, or in 100. See on this subject the § Date of the death of Agrippa in the item Agrippa II. After the publication of the Autobiography of Flavius Josephus, the two men disappear from history.
Только после смерти Агриппы Юст опубликовал свою «Историю Иудейской войны», что послужило причиной написания «Vita» Флавия Иосифа, или около 100 г. н.э. См. об этом § Дата смерти Агриппы в статье Агриппа II. После публикации «Автобиографии» Флавия Иосифа оба этих человека исчезли из истории.
The Jewish Historian
Justus of Tiberias is a son of Pistos. Both are presented as authorities of the city of Tiberias when Flavius Josephus was governor of Galilee in 66/67. He is best known as a historiographer. But the writing that makes us know it, although it seems to have disappeared almost immediately, is his History of the Jewish War, by the reaction it provoked in Flavius Josephus. Justus accused of being responsible for the revolt
In response to the Justus's History, Josephus indeed published his Vita in order to counter various assertions which told a very different story from what the latter had published in his Jewish War twenty years earlier. He attacks Justus at length, even though he had not even mentioned him — nor his father Pistos — in The Jewish War written twenty years earlier. Most of what we know about Justus, moreover, comes from a long digression by Josephus who attacks him in this Vita (336 367). — but without citing any explicitly — and for “not having had access, unlike him, to the field notes of Vespasian and Titus". To discredit his adversary, Josephus indicates that "in the comments of the emperor Vespasian", which Justus was unable to consult, What Justus would have escaped only thanks to the clemency of King Agrippa II and at the request of Queen Berenice.”. However, despite Josephus' efforts to blame Justus for the uprising in Galilee, several facts he mentions in his Vita contradict this accusation. Josephus himself says that Justus was not a member of the pro war faction, but the leader of a faction in intermediate positions. Some of Justus' close relatives were also killed by the revolutionaries in Gamla. Josephus would then have released them, recommending that they show duplicity because if he was well aware of the invincibility of the Romans, they had to pretend to support the war against Rome because of the "brigands" (lestai) Josephus appropriates here “the discriminatory vocabulary of the Romans. On several occasions in The Jewish War, he calls "brigands" the Jewish rebels, such as the Sicarii, the Zealots or the members of the Fourth philosophy. Finally, even before Vespasian's offensive in Galilee (spring 67), Justus was no longer in Tiberias, but had joined King Agrippa in Beirut when the latter was going to join his army with Vespasian's three legions to begin the reconquest of all of Palestine, starting with Galilee. After the Great Jewish Revolt (66 70), he was imperial secretary at the court of Agrippa king of Batanea and the eastern part of Galilee Then in the long digression in which Josephus attacks Justus (V 356), he suggests that if Agrippa drove Justus away and forbade him to "appear ever before him" from an indefinite moment, it was because he would have realized that he was being dishonest “in the office of secretary with which he [had] honored him." For Shaye J. D. Cohen, “Josephus labels Justus as a forger, an accusation sometimes leveled against official secretaries,”
It was only after Agrippa's death that Justus published his History of the Jewish War, which triggered the writing of the Vita' of Flavius Josephus, or in 100. See on this subject the § Date of the death of Agrippa in the item Agrippa II. After the publication of the Autobiography of Flavius Josephus, the two men disappear from history.
История Иудейской войны Юста
Книга Юста о великом еврейском восстании представляла собой описание войны (Vita 336 и 338), включавшее кампанию в Галилее, действия Иосифа Флавия и оспаривавшее его версию осады Иотапаты (Vita 357). Он также описал осаду Иерусалима (V 357 358). Если у Юста было столько причин ненавидеть Флавия Иосифа, почему он ждал 20 лет (Vita 360), прежде чем подвергнуть его критике в своих трудах? Иосиф Флавий использует это ожидание как доказательство лживости утверждений Юста. Поэтому возникает вопрос, не воздержался ли Юст от критики Агриппы и императоров, дожидаясь их смерти, чтобы опубликовать "свою правду"? Однако нет никаких свидетельств того, что он нападал на представителей царской власти, будь то иудейские или римские. (Vita 340 и 350). Из Vita 353 можно заключить, что Юст обвинял Иосифа в жестокости в Тивериаде, чтобы защитить интересы Агриппы.
История еврейской войны
Одним из главных отличий между «Иудейской войной» и «Витой» является частое упоминание в последней Юста из Тивериады, в то время как Флавий Иосиф не упоминает его ни разу в своих трудах, написанных двадцать лет ранее. Он также пишет: «Император Тит желал, чтобы сведения об этих событиях распространялись среди публики исключительно из моих книг, настолько, что собственноручно заверил их и повелел опубликовать». Если такое отношение Тита стало имперской политикой, продолжавшейся и после его смерти, то, возможно, это объясняет быстрое исчезновение книги Юста Тиверийского об истории еврейской войны.
Работы
Его труды были утеряны и дошли до нас лишь в небольших фрагментах из других работ: Юст – автор «Войны иудеев», вероятно написанной на греческом языке, которую он опубликовал лишь после смерти Агриппы (92 или 100 года), изображая его в неблагоприятном свете. Об этой работе упоминают Евсевий Кесарийский и Иероним Стридонский, но косвенно; Флавий, вероятно, способствовал исчезновению труда своего соперника. Он также является автором «Хроники иудейских царей от Моисея до Агриппы II», которую Фотиус кратко изложил. Фотий Константинопольский описывает её как написанную в сжатой форме. Вероятно, этот материал использовали в своих трудах несколько более поздних авторов, таких как Секст Юлий Африканский, Евсевий, Диоген Лаэртский и византийский историк Георгий Синцелл. Комментируя эту Хронику, Фотий сожалеет о том, что Юст не упомянул Иисуса из Назарета. По словам Иеронима, Юст также написал «Краткий комментарий к Священным Писаниям», но других упоминаний об этом труде не сохранилось, и неясно, было ли это подлинное произведение или апокриф.
Общие источники
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