Экономика Северной Македонии: обзор и показатели

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| gini = 33.5 (2019, Data World Bank)
| hdi =
| labor = 791.647 (2023)
27.2% youth unemployment (2023)
| average gross salary = MKD 54,177 / €880 / $961 monthly (April, 2023)
| average net salary = MKD 36,134 / €587 / $641 monthly (April, 2023)
| industries = food processing, beverages, textiles, chemicals, iron, steel, cement, energy, pharmaceuticals, automotive parts
| edbr = 17th (very easy, 2020)
| exports = $8,996 billion (2023)
| export goods = foodstuffs, beverages, tobacco; textiles, miscellaneous manufactures, iron, steel; automotive parts
| export partners =
| imports = $12,053 billion (2023)
| current account = −$151 million (2017 est.) | FDI = plainlist|
$6.937 billion (31 December 2017 est.) | revenue = 3.295 billion (2017 est. )BB (Domestic)BB (Foreign)BB(T&C Assessment)Outlook: Stable (2014)Fitch: and a Greek economic embargo hindered economic growth until 1996. Worker remittances and foreign aid have softened the subsequent volatile recovery period. The country's GDP has increased each year except in 2001, rising by 5% in 2000. However, growth in 1999 was held down by the severe regional economic dislocations caused by the Kosovo War. Successful privatization in 2000 boosted the country's reserves to over $700 million. Also, the leadership demonstrated a continuing commitment to economic reform, free trade, and regional integration. The economy can meet its basic food, coal and hydroelectric power needs but depends on outside sources for all of its petroleum and natural gas and most of its modern machinery and parts. Inflation jumped to 11% in 2000 largely due to higher oil prices, but the currency has calmed since the exchange rate was normalised when the EU Stabilisation and Association Agreement entered into force in 2004.

North Macedonia's economy has almost always been completely agricultural in nature from the beginning of the Ottoman Empire when it was part of the Sanjak of Üsküp and Salonica vilayet. It concentrated on pasture farming and vineyard growing. Opium poppy, introduced into the region in 1835, became an important crop as well by the late 19th century, and remained so until the 1930s. The role of industry in the region's economy increased during the industrial age. The geographical region of Macedonia was responsible for large outputs of textiles and several other goods in the Ottoman Empire. However, outdated techniques to produce the goods persisted. The stagnation of the regional economy began under the rule of the Kingdom of Serbia. When World War II ended, the local economy began to experience revitalization by way of subsidies from Federal Belgrade. The subsidies assisted North Macedonia to redevelop its "lost" industry and shift its agricultural centered economy to an industry centered economy with new hearts of industry emerging all over the country in Veles, Bitola, Štip and Kumanovo. Previously, Skopje was the only industrial centre in North Macedonia, this expanded to several other cities during Socialist Yugoslavia. After the fall of Socialist Yugoslavia, the economy experienced several shocks that damaged the local economy. Starting with the Western embargo on the Yugoslavian common market, and ending with the Greek embargo on Macedonia over the Macedonia naming dispute. The economy began to recover in 1995 and experienced a full recovery after the 2001 insurgency by ethnic Albanians. Macedonia's GDP grew by an average of 6% annually until the 2007–2008 financial crisis, when its economy contracted. The crisis had little impact on the country. North Macedonia today maintains a low debt to GDP ratio and is experiencing a revitalized investment interest by companies from Turkey, Algeria, Albania, and others.

North Macedonia is vulnerable to economic developments in Europe due to strong banking and trade ties and dependent on regional integration and progress toward EU membership for continued economic growth. At independence in September 1991, North Macedonia was the least developed of the Yugoslav republics, producing a mere 5% of the total federal output of goods and services. The collapse of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ended transfer payments from the central government and eliminated advantages from inclusion in a de facto free trade area. An absence of infrastructure, UN sanctions on the downsized Yugoslavia, and a Greek economic embargo over a dispute about the country's constitutional name and flag hindered economic growth until 1996. Since then, North Macedonia has maintained macroeconomic stability with low inflation, but it has so far lagged the region in attracting foreign investment and creating jobs, despite making extensive fiscal and business sector reforms. Official unemployment remains high at 24.6% (2015, Q4), but may be overstated based on the existence of an extensive gray market that is not captured by official statistics. In the wake of the global economic downturn, North Macedonia has experienced decreased foreign direct investment, lowered credit availability, and a large trade deficit. However, as a result of conservative fiscal policies and a sound financial system, in 2010 the country credit rating improved slightly to BB+ and was kept at that level in 2011. Macroeconomic stability has been maintained by a prudent monetary policy, which keeps the domestic currency pegged against the euro. As a result, GDP growth was modest, but positive, in 2010 and 2011, and inflation was under control. Latest data from North Macedonia's State Statistical Office show that overall, output for 2012 dropped by 6.6 percent compared to 2011. As of 2020, the country had signed free trade agreements with the Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA), the Stabilisation and Association Agreement with the European Union, the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) with Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein, and bilateral agreements with Turkey and Ukraine.

Tourism is a significant part of the economy.

Real GDP in the first half of 2011 increased by 5.2%. This robust growth was mainly driven by 23.6% growth in the construction sector; 13.2% in mining, quarrying, and manufacturing; 12.4% in wholesale and retail trade; and 4.2% in transport and communication services. Industrial output in the first 8 months of 2011 was 7.5% higher than in the same period of 2010. Low public and external debt and a comfortable level of foreign exchange reserves allowed for further relaxation of monetary policy, with the reference interest rate of the Central Bank decreasing to 4%. Due to rising prices for energy, fuel, and food on international markets, inflation increased in the first half of 2011, but later decreased to an annualized rate of 3.4% at the end of September. The official unemployment rate dropped to 24.6% in the fourth quarter of 2015, but remained one of the highest in Europe. Many people work in the gray economy, and many experts estimate North Macedonia's actual unemployment is lower. The government budget has generally kept within projections. The budget deficit at the end of August 2011 reached about 2% of GDP, and fiscal authorities seemed committed to keeping it under the projected target of 2.5% of GDP by the end of the year. In addition to 220 million euros (approx. $298 million) drawn from an IMF Precautionary Credit Line (PCL) in March, financing mostly came from domestic borrowing. However, by the end of the year a financing gap remained of about 50 million to 60 million euros (approx. $67 million to $81 million), which the government plans to cover by borrowing from international capital markets, supported by a policy based guarantee by the World Bank. The central government's public debt remained low at 26% of GDP, but represents a gradual increase from previous years. Despite lowering the Central Bank bills rate, the Central Bank has not changed liquidity indicators for banks or the reserve requirement since 2009, curbing credit growth to 7.5% in the first three quarters of 2011. Nikola Gruevski says the government will pay off its entire debt to the private sector by February 2013 in order to improve the economy's overall liquidity. North Macedonia's external trade struggled in 2010 due to the slow recovery from the economic crisis of its main trading partners, particularly EU members. Starting from a very low base, export growth in the first 8 months of 2011 reached 41.7%, topping import growth of 36.8%. The trade deficit has widened to 18.3% of GDP, approaching the end year target of 21.9% of GDP. At the same time, the current account balance deficit significantly improved and the end year projection was revised upward to 5.5% of GDP. This was due primarily to a 4.4% higher inflow of current transfers, mostly during the summer, and came despite a poor level of foreign direct investment (FDI) of only $237.2 million by end July 2011. Foreign currency reserves remained at about $2.6 billion, a level that comfortably covers 4 months of imports and about 110% of the country's short term debt. In October 2010, the World Bank Board of Directors approved a new Country Partnership Strategy (CPS) with North Macedonia for the period 2011–2014. This CPS will provide the country assistance of about $100 million in funding for the first 2 years to improve competitiveness, strengthen employability and social protection, and increase the use of sustainable energy. This assistance also includes a commitment of $30 million in direct budget support in the form of a policy based guarantee by the World Bank to the government to facilitate its access to financing from international capital markets, a process that had been started as of November 2011. North Macedonia became the first country eligible for the IMF's Precautionary Credit Line in January 2011. This program gives North Macedonia a line of credit worth 475 million euros (about $675 million) over 2 years, intended to be accessed only in case of need brought about by external shocks. The credit line was approved after extensive consultations with the IMF in October and December 2010. The IMF expects that there will be no additional withdrawals from the PCL. North Macedonia has the best economic freedom in the region, according to the 2012 Index of Economic Freedom, released in January, 2012 by the conservative U. S. think tank Heritage Foundation and the Wall Street Journal.

Year GDP (in bil. US$ PPP) GDP per capita(in US$ PPP) GDP (in bil. US$ nominal) GDP per capita(in US$ nominal) GDP growth rate 1991 10.7 5617 15.5 8115 n/a 1992 10.3 5341 2.3 1201 6.6% 1993 9.7 5025 2.5 1315 7.5% 1994 9.7 5013 3.3 1734 1.8% 1995 9.8 5031 4.4 2269 1.1% 1996 10.1 5153 4.4 2232 1.2% 1997 10.5 5298 3.7 1883 1.3% 1998 10.9 5512 3.5 1795 3.3% 1999 11.6 5811 3.6 1837 4.3% 2000 12.4 6182 3.5 1785 4.5% 2001 12.1 6016 3.4 1704 4.5% 2002 12.4 6149 3.7 1861 0.8% 2003 13.0 6443 5.0 2489 2.8% 2004 14.3 7049 5.9 2930 4.6% 2005 15.4 7599 5.7 2801 4.3% 2006 16.7 8225 6.9 3387 4.9% 2007 18.3 8962 8.6 4252 6.1% 2008 19.6 9600 9.1 4468 5.0% 2009 19.6 9584 9.7 4749 0.9% 2010 19.9 9727 9.1 4431 0.7% 2011 20.8 10112 10.1 4911 2.9% 2012 21.8 10608 10.7 5228 3.6% 2013 23.0 11176 11.4 5525 4.1% 2014 24.3 11176 12.2 5908 4.0% 2015 25.7 12430 13.0 6290 3.9% 2016 27.2 13135 13.8 6654 3.9%