Alan Kotok

American computer scientist

Alan Kotok (November 9, 1941 – May 26, 2006) was an American computer scientist known for his work at Digital Equipment Corporation (Digital, or DEC) and at the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). Steven Levy, in his book Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution, describes Kotok and his classmates at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) as the first true hackers. Kotok was a precocious child who skipped two grades before college. At MIT, he became a member of the Tech Model Railroad Club, and after enrolling in MIT's first freshman programming class, he helped develop some of the earliest computer software including a digital audio program and what is sometimes called the first video game (Spacewar!). Together with his teacher John McCarthy and other classmates, he was part of the team that wrote the Kotok McCarthy program which took part in the first chess match between computers. After leaving MIT, Kotok joined the computer manufacturer Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), where he worked for over 30 years. He was the chief architect of the PDP 10 family of computers, and created the company's Internet Business Group, responsible for several forms of Web based technology including the first popular search engine. Kotok is known for his contributions to the Internet and to the World Wide Web through his work at the World Wide Web Consortium, which he and Digital had helped to found, and where he served as associate chairman.

Alan Kotok was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and was raised as an only child in Vineland, New Jersey. During his childhood, he played with tools in his father's hardware store and learned model railroading. Although his interest in computers began at Vineland High School, his first practical experience of computing came at MIT; there he developed a habit of working late at night when more computer time was available. They lived in Harvard, Massachusetts, Cambridge, Massachusetts and Cape May, New Jersey. The couple shared a love of 16th and 17th century music and pipe organs, and toured historic pipe organs in Sweden, Germany, Italy and Mexico. Kotok recorded an oral history at the Computer History Museum in 2004. He was influenced by teachers such as Jack Dennis and John McCarthy and by his involvement in the student organized Tech Model Railroad Club (TMRC), which he joined soon after starting college in 1958. Outside classes, Kotok, David Gross, Peter Samson, Robert A. Saunders and Robert A. Wagner, all friends from TMRC, reserved time on the TX 0. They were able to use the TX 0 as a personal, single user tool rather than a batch processing system, thanks to Dennis, faculty advisors and John McKenzie, the operations manager. In September 1961, Digital donated a PDP 1 to MIT. Although not an expensive machine, and with a tiny (by today's standards) 9K of memory, it had a Type 30 precision CRT display. Dennis oversaw the PDP 1 lab, located next door to the TX 0. Students from TMRC worked as support staff, programming the new computer. Kotok described their work in the MIT Artificial Intelligence Project Memo 41. The Kotok McCarthy chess program at MIT would also become Kotok's S. B. thesis. They came to learn a great deal about chess, but neither Kotok nor McCarthy were known as chess players. Mikhail Botvinnik, three times world chess champion, wrote in his book Computers, Chess and Long Range Planning that the Kotok–McCarthy program's "rule for rejecting moves was so constituted that the machine threw the baby out with the bath water." The program drew criticism from Richard Greenblatt, who later wrote Mac Hack, which beat a person in tournament play, and more recently, from Hans Berliner, when he looked back on it in 2005. During the Cold War, Kotok McCarthy played (and lost to) the best Soviet chess program in the first match between computer programs.

Kotok contributed to one of the earliest interactive computer games, Spacewar!, and is sometimes called the first video game. Kotok did not write any of the Spacewar! code, but he did travel to Digital to obtain a sine cosine routine that Russell needed. Graetz credited Kotok and Saunders with building the game controllers that allowed two people to play side by side. Their presentations illustrated the contributions of TX 0 and PDP 1 users to early software. Piner wrote Expensive Typewriter which enabled the group to operate the TX 0 and PDP 1 directly. Wagner wrote Expensive Desk Calculator. On a second PDP 1 in the physics department, Daniel L. Murphy wrote the Text Editor and Corrector (TECO) text editor, later used to implement Emacs. Samson wrote the type justifying program known as TJ 2, an early page layout program, and implemented the War card game. Collaboration on computing waveforms with Dennis on the TX 0 led to Samson writing the Harmony Compiler with which PDP 1 users coded music. Kotok and Samson worked together on T Square, a drafting program that used a Spacewar! controller to move the cursor. In 1965, in what may have been the first around the world networking connection, a PDP 6 at the University of Western Australia in Perth was operated from Boston in the United States via a telex link. Kotok became the principal architect and designer of several generations of the PDP 10, DECsystem 10 and DECSYSTEM 20. With Kotok as system architect, the VAX 8600 (known as Venus) was introduced in 1984 as the highest performance computer in Digital's history to date, operating up to 4.2 times faster than the standard at the time. Kotok expanded his areas of expertise from engineering into teaching and business: following a suggestion of Berlekamp, he taught logic design at the University of California, Berkeley during the 1975–1976 academic year; he also earned a master's degree in business administration from Clark University in 1978, which prepared him for later work at Digital and W3C.

While at Digital, Kotok recognized the Web's potential, and helped to found the World Wide Web Consortium. Early in 1994, in Zürich, Switzerland, Tim Berners Lee had met with Michael Dertouzos to discuss starting a new organization at MIT. In April 1994, Kotok, Steve Fink, Gail Grant and Brian Reid from Digital traveled to CERN in Geneva to speak with Berners Lee about the need for a consortium to create open standards and coordinate Web development. Berners Lee mentions the pivotal meeting with Digital in his book Weaving the Web. As technical director of Digital's Corporate Strategy Group, Kotok was instrumental in creating the Internet Business Group which advocated early adoption and integration of Internet and Web based technologies. Digital created the AltaVista search engine, the Internet firewall, the Web portal, the webcast and live election returns. Digital continued its lead in Internet and Web development through difficult times, but Kotok questioned a corporate strategy that he believed consumed Web and Internet resources to sell Digital products like the AlphaServer. For example, he saw a missed opportunity in Millicent, the micropayment system for buying and selling Web content for fractions of a U. S. cent. Kotok was a corporate consulting engineer for Digital 1962–1997, W3C Advisory Committee representative for Digital 1994–1996, vice president of marketing for GC Tech Inc. 1996–1997, member of the Science Advisory Board for Cylink Corp., a consultant for Compaq, and a content advisor for the Computer History Museum. Digital and GC Tech were early W3C members and were among the sponsors of the Fourth International World Wide Web Conference (WWW4) in 1995 in Boston. Kotok coordinated a birds of a feather meeting on Selection of Payment Vehicle for Internet Purchases on April 7, 1997, at WWW6 in Santa Clara, California. In La Jolla, California, he presented Micropayment Systems to the Electronic Payments Forum in 1997.

Kotok joined W3C as associate chairman in May 1997. and worked closely with the W3C Advisory Board. He helped to establish a new W3C office in India and worked with an internal task force to reduce membership fees in developing countries. He was a major contributor to the W3C Patent Policy and chaired Patent Advisory Groups, including one for HTML. He briefly served as Domain Leader of the Technology and Society Domain which at that time included W3C's activity in digital signatures, electronic commerce, public policy, PICS, RDF metadata, privacy, and security.