Планетарная номенклатура: система наименований объектов на планетах и спутниках.

System of uniquely identifying features on the surface of a planet or natural satellite
Planetary nomenclature, like terrestrial nomenclature, is a system of uniquely identifying features on the surface of a planet or natural satellite so that the features can be easily located, described, and discussed. Since the invention of the telescope, astronomers have given names to the surface features they have discerned, especially on the Moon and Mars. To found an authority on planetary nomenclature, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) was organized in 1919 to designate and standardize names for features on Solar System bodies.

When images are first obtained of the surface of a planet or satellite, a theme for naming features is chosen and a few important features are named, usually by members of the appropriate IAU task group (a commonly accepted planet naming group). Later, as higher resolution images and maps become available, additional features are named at the request of investigators mapping or describing specific surfaces, features, or geologic formations. Anyone may suggest that a specific name be considered by a task group. If the members of the task group agree that the name is appropriate, it can be retained for use when there is a request from a member of the scientific community for a name of a specific feature. Names that pass review by a task group are submitted to the IAU Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN). Once approved by the WGPSN, names are considered official and can be used on maps and in publications. They are also listed in the Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature.

Names adopted by the IAU must follow various rules and conventions established and amended through the years by the Union. These include:

Nomenclature is a tool and the first consideration should be to make it simple, clear, and unambiguous. In general, official names will not be given to features whose longest dimensions are less than 100 meters, although exceptions may be made for smaller features having exceptional scientific interest. The number of names chosen for each body should be kept to a minimum. Features should be named only when they have special scientific interest, and when the naming of such features is useful to the scientific and cartographic communities at large. Duplication of the same surface feature name on two or more bodies, and of the same name for satellites and minor planets, is discouraged. Duplications may be allowed when names are especially appropriate and the chances for confusion are very small. Individual names chosen for each body should be expressed in the language of origin. Transliteration for various alphabets should be given, but there will be no translation from one language to another. Where possible, the themes established in early solar system nomenclature should be used and expanded on. Solar system nomenclature should be international in its choice of names. Recommendations submitted to the IAU national committees will be considered, but final selection of the names is the responsibility of the International Astronomical Union. Where appropriate, the WGPSN strongly supports an equitable selection of names from ethnic groups, countries, and gender on each map; however, a higher percentage of names from the country planning a landing is allowed on landing site maps. No names having political, military or (modern) religious significance may be used, except for names of political figures prior to the 19th century. Commemoration of persons on planetary bodies should not normally be a goal in itself, but may be employed in special circumstances and is reserved for persons of high and enduring international standing. Persons being so honored must have been deceased for at least three years. When more than one spelling of a name is extant, the spelling preferred by the person, or used in an authoritative reference, should be used. Diacritical marks are a necessary part of a name and will be used. Ring and ring gap nomenclature and names for newly discovered satellites are developed in joint deliberation between WGPSN and IAU Commission 20. Names will not be assigned to satellites until their orbital elements are reasonably well known or definite features have been identified on them. Accessible and authoritative sources, including Internet sources, are required for adopted names. Wikipedia is not sufficient as a source, but may be useful for identifying appropriate sources. In addition to these general rules, each task group develops additional conventions as it formulates an interesting and meaningful nomenclature for individual planetary bodies.

Names for all planetary features include a descriptor term, with the exception of two feature types. For craters, the descriptor term is implicit. Some features named on Io and Triton do not carry a descriptor term because they are ephemeral. In general, the naming convention for a feature type remains the same regardless of its size. Exceptions to this rule are valleys and craters on Mars and Venus; naming conventions for these features differ according to size. One feature classification, regio, was originally used on early maps of the Moon and Mercury (drawn from telescopic observations) to describe vague albedo features. It is now used to delineate a broad geographic region. Named features on bodies so small that coordinates have not yet been determined are identified on drawings of the body that are included in the IAU Transactions volume of the year when the names were adopted. Satellite rings and gaps in the rings are named for scientists who have studied these features; drawings that show these names are also included in the pertinent Transactions volume. Names for atmospheric features are informal at present; a formal system will be chosen in the future. The boundaries of many large features (such as terrae, regiones, planitiae and plana) are not topographically or geomorphically distinct; the coordinates of these features are identified from an arbitrarily chosen center point. Boundaries (and thus coordinates) may be determined more accurately from geochemical and geophysical data obtained by future missions. During active missions, small surface features are often given informal names. These may include landing sites, spacecraft impact sites, and small topographic features, such as craters, hills, and rocks. Such names will not be given official status by the IAU, except as provided for by Rule 2 above. As for the larger objects, official names for any such small features would have to conform to established IAU rules and categories.

Feature PronunciationListed pronunciations are conventional or follow the traditional English pronunciation of Latin words. However, some speakers use different (often variable) pronunciations that are closer to the Latin or Greek. Description Designation Albedo feature /æ//l/'/b//iː//d//oʊ/ An area which shows a contrast in brightness or darkness (albedo) with adjacent areas. This term is implicit. AL Arcus, arcūs '/ɑːr//k//ə//s/ Arc: curved feature AR Astrum, astra '/æ//s//t//r//ə//m/, '/æ//s//t//r//ə/ Radial patterned features on Venus AS Catena, catenae /k//ə/'/t//iː//n//ə/, /k//ə/'/t//iː//n//iː/ A chain of craters e. g. Enki Catena. CA Cavus, cavi '/k//eɪ//v//ə//s/, '/k//eɪ//v//aɪ/ Hollows, irregular steep sided depressions usually in arrays or clusters CB Chaos '/k//eɪ//ɒ//s/ A distinctive area of broken or jumbled terrain e. g. Iani Chaos. CH Chasma, chasmata '/k//æ//z//m//ə/, '/k//æ//z//m//ə//t//ə/ Deep, elongated, steep sided depression e. g. Eos Chasma. CM Collis, colles /'//k//ɒ//l//ᵻ//s/, '/k//ɒ//l//iː//z/ A small hill or knob. CO Corona, coronae /k//ɒ/'/r//oʊ//n//ə/, /k//ɒ/'/r//oʊ//n//iː/ An oval feature. Used only on Venus and Miranda. CR Crater, craters '/k//r//eɪ//t//ər/ A circular depression (in most cases created by impact event). This term is implicit. AA Dorsum, dorsa '/d//ɔːr//s//əm/, '/d//ɔːr//s//ə/ Ridge, sometimes called a wrinkle ridge e. g. Dorsum Buckland. DO Eruptive center An active volcano on Io. This term is implicit. ER Facula, faculae '/f//æ//k//j//ʊ//l//ə/, '/f//æ//k//j//ʊ//l//iː/ Bright spot FA Farrum, farra '/f//ær//ə//m/, '/f//ær//ə/ Pancake like structure, or a row of such structures. Used only on Venus. FR Flexus, flexūs '/f//l//ɛ//k//s//ə//s/ Very low curvilinear ridge with a scalloped pattern FE Fluctus, fluctūs '/f//l//ʌ//k//t//ə//s/, /f//l//ʌ//k/'/t//u://s/ Terrain covered by outflow of liquid. Used on Venus, Io, Titan, and Mars. FL Flumen, flumina '/f//l//uː//m//ᵻ//n/, '/f//l//uː//m//ᵻ//n//ə/ Channel on Titan that might carry liquid FM Fossa, fossae '/f//ɒ//s//ə/, '/f//ɒ//s//iː/ Long, narrow, shallow depression FO Fretum, freta '/f//r//iː//t//əm/, '/f//r//iː//t//ə/ Strait of liquid connecting two larger areas of liquid. Used only on Titan. FT Insula, insulae '/ɪ//n//sj//uː//l//ə/, '/ɪ//n//sj//uː//l//iː/ Island (islands), an isolated land area (or group of such areas) surrounded by, or nearly surrounded by, a liquid area (sea or lake). Used only on Titan. IN Labes, labēs /'//l//eɪ//b//ᵻ//s/, '/l//eɪ//b//iː//z/ Landslide debris. Used only on Mars and 1 Ceres. LA Labyrinthus, labyrinthi /l//æ//b//ᵻ/'/r//ɪ//n//θ//ə//s/, /l//æ//b//ᵻ/'/r//ɪ//n//θ//aɪ/ Complex of intersecting valleys or ridges. LB Lacuna, lacunae /l//ə/'/k//juː//n//ə/, /l//ə/'/k//juː//n//iː/ Irregularly shaped depression having the appearance of a dry lake bed. Used only on Titan. LU Lacus, lacūs '/l//eɪ//k//ə//s/ A "lake" or small plain on Moon and Mars; on Titan, a "true lake" of dark liquid hydrocarbons or a small, dark plain with discrete, sharp boundaries; on Pluto, a small isolated glacier LCLanding site name Lunar features at or near Apollo landing sites LFLarge ringed feature Cryptic ringed features LG Lenticula, lenticulae /l//ɛ//n/'/t//ɪ//k//j//ʊ//l//ə/, /l//ɛ//n/'/t//ɪ//k//j//ʊ//l//iː/ Small dark spots on Europa LE Linea, lineae '/l//ɪ//n//iː//ə/, '/l//ɪ//n//iː//iː/ Dark or bright elongate marking, may be curved or straight LI Lingula, lingulae '/l//ɪ//ŋ//g//j//ʊ//l//ə/, '/l//ɪ//ŋ//g//j//ʊ//l//iː/ Extension of plateau having rounded lobate or tongue like boundaries LN Lobus Lobes of contact binaries. Currently used only on Arrokoth. LO Macula, maculae '/m//æ//k//j//ʊ//l//ə/, '/m//æ//k//j//ʊ//l//iː/ Dark spot, may be irregular MA Mare, maria '/m//ɑːr//iː//, // //eɪ/, '/m//ɑːr//i//ə/ A "sea": on the Moon, a low albedo, relatively smooth plain, generally of large extent; on Mars, dark albedo area, e. g. Mare Erythraeum; on Titan, large expanses of dark materials thought to be liquid hydrocarbons, e. g. Ligeia Mare. ME Mensa, mensae '/m//ɛ//n//s//ə/, '/m//ɛ//n//s//iː/ A flat topped prominence with cliff like edges, i. e. a mesa. MN Mons, montes '/m//ɒ//n//z/, '/m//ɒ//n//t//iː//z/ Mons refers to a mountain. Montes refers to a mountain range. MO Oceanus /oʊ/'/s//iː//ə//n//ə//s/ Very large dark area. The only feature with this designation is Oceanus Procellarum. OC Palus, paludes '/p//eɪ//l//ə//s/, /p//ə/'/lj//uː//d//iː//z/ "Swamp"; small plain. Used on the Moon and Mars. PA Patera, paterae '/p//æ//t//ər//ə/, '/p//æ//t//ər//iː/ Irregular crater, or a complex one with scalloped edges e. g. Ah Peku Patera. Usually refers to the dish shaped depression atop a volcano. PE Planitia, planitiae /p//l//ə/'/n//ɪ//ʃ//ə/, /p//l//ə/'/n//ɪ//ʃ//iː/ Low plain e. g. Amazonis Planitia. PL Planum, plana '/p//l//eɪ//n//ə//m/, '/p//l//eɪ//n//ə/ A plateau or high plain e. g. Planum Boreum. PM Plume, plumes '/p//l//uː//m/ A cryovolcanic feature on Triton. This term is currently unused. PU Promontorium, promontoria /p//r//ɒ//m//ə//n/'/t//ɔər//i//ə//m/, /p//r//ɒ//m//ə//n/'/t//ɔər//i//ə/ "Cape"; headland. Used only on the Moon. PR Regio, regiones '/r//iː//dʒ//i//oʊ/, /r//ɛ//dʒ//i/'/oʊ//n//iː//z/ Large area marked by reflectivity or color distinctions from adjacent areas, or a broad geographic region RE Reticulum, reticula /r//ᵻ/'/t//ɪ//k//j//ʊ//l//ə//m/, /r//ᵻ/'/t//ɪ//k//j//ʊ//l//ə/ reticular (netlike) pattern on Venus RT Rima, rimae '/r//aɪ//m//ə/, '/r//aɪ//m//iː/ Fissure. Used only on the Moon and 21 Lutetia. RI Rupes, rupēs /'//r//uː//p//ᵻ//s/, '/r//uː//p//iː//z/ Scarp RU Saxum, saxa '/s//æ//k//s//ə//m/, '/s//æ//k//s//ə/ Boulder or rock SA Satellite feature A feature that shares the name of an associated feature, for example Hertzsprung D. SF Scopulus, scopuli '/s//k//ɒ//p//j//ʊ//l//ə/, '/s//k//ɒ//p//j//ʊ//l//aɪ/ Lobate or irregular scarp SC Serpens, serpentes '/s//ɜːr//p//ə//n//z/, /s//ər/'/p//ɛ//n//t//iː//z/ Sinuous feature with segments of positive and negative relief along its length SE Sinus, sinūs '/s//aɪ//n//ə//s/ "Bay"; small plain on Moon or Mars, e. g. Sinus Meridiani; On Titan, bay within bodies of liquid. SI Sulcus, sulci '/s//ʌ//l//k//ə//s/, '/s//ʌ//l//s//aɪ/ Subparallel furrows and ridges SU Terra, terrae '/t//ɛr//ə/, '/t//ɛr//iː/ Extensive land mass e. g. Arabia Terra, Aphrodite Terra. TA Tessera, tesserae '/t//ɛ//s//ər//ə/, '/t//ɛ//s//ər//iː/ An area of tile like, polygonal terrain. This term is used only on Venus. TE Tholus, tholi '/θ//oʊ//l//ə//s/, '/θ//oʊ//l//aɪ/ Small domical mountain or hill e. g. Hecates Tholus. TH Undae, undae '/ʌ//n//d//iː/ A field of dunes. Used on Venus, Mars and Titan. UN Vallis, valles '/v//æ//l//ᵻ//s/, '/v//æ//l//iː//z/ A valley e. g. Valles Marineris. VA Vastitas, vastitates '/v//æ//s//t//ᵻ//t//ə//s/, /v//æ//s//t//ᵻ/'/t//eɪ//t//iː//z/ An extensive plain. The only feature with this designation is Vastitas Borealis. VS Virga, virgae '/v//ɜːr//ɡ//ə/, '/v//ɜːr//dʒ//iː/ A streak or stripe of color. This term is currently used only on Titan. VI

Feature type Current list Naming convention Catenae list Radio telescope facilities Craters list Famous deceased artists, musicians, painters, authors Dorsa list Astronomers who made detailed studies of the planetFaculalist The word 'snake' in various languages Fossae list Significant works of architecture Montes list Words for "hot" in various languages. Only one mountain range is currently named: Caloris Montes, from Latin word for "heat" Planitiae list Names for Mercury (either planet or god) in various languages. Two exceptions exist. Rupēs list Ships of discovery or scientific expeditions Valles list Abandoned cities, towns or settlements of antiquity

Feature type Naming convention Craters Craters are generally named after deceased scientists, scholars, artists and explorers who have made outstanding or fundamental contributions to their field. Additionally, craters in or around Mare Moscoviense are named after deceased Russian cosmonauts and craters in and around Apollo crater are named after deceased American astronauts (see Space accidents and incidents). This convention may be extended if other space faring countries suffer fatalities in spaceflight. Lacūs, Maria, Paludes, Sinūs These features are assigned names which are Latin terms describing weather and other abstract concepts. Montes Montes are named after terrestrial mountain ranges or nearby craters. Rupēs Rupēs are named after nearby mountain ranges (see above). Valles Valles are named after nearby features. Others Features that don't fall into any of the above categories are named after nearby craters.

Feature type Naming convention Large craters Deceased scientists who have contributed to the study of Mars; writers and others who have contributed to the lore of Mars Small craters Villages of the world with a population of less than 100,000. Large valles Name for Mars/star in various languages Small valles Classical or modern names of rivers Other features From nearest named albedo feature on Schiaparelli or Antoniadi maps. See Classical albedo features on Mars for a list. When space probes have landed on Mars, individual small features such as rocks, dunes, and hollows have often been given informal names. Many of these are frivolous: features have been named after ice cream (such as Cookies N Cream); cartoon characters (such as SpongeBob SquarePants and Patrick); and 1970s music acts (such as ABBA and the Bee Gees).

Features on Deimos are named after authors who wrote about Martian satellites. There are currently two named features on Deimos Swift crater and Voltaire crater after Jonathan Swift and Voltaire who predicted the presence of Martian moons.

All features on Phobos are named after scientists involved with the discovery, dynamics, or properties of the Martian satellites or people and places from Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels.

People and places associated with the Amalthea myth.

Features on Thebe are named after people and places associated with the Thebe myth. There is only one named feature on Thebe Zethus Crater.

Feature type Naming convention Active eruptive centers Active volcanoes on Io are named after fire, sun or thunder gods or heroes. Catenae Crater chains are named after Sun gods. Fluctūs Names of fluctūs are derived from a nearby named feature, fire, sun, thunder or volcano gods, goddesses and heroes or mythical blacksmiths. Mensae, Montes, Plana, Regiones and Tholi These features can be named after places associated with Io mythology, derived from nearby named features, or places from Dante's Inferno Paterae Paterae on Io are named after fire, sun, thunder or volcano gods, heroes or goddesses or mythical blacksmiths. Valles Names of valleys are derived from nearby named features.

Feature type Naming convention Catenae, craters Gods and heroes of ancient Middle Eastern civilizations Faculae Places associated with Egyptian myths Fossae Gods (or principals) of ancient Fertile Crescent people Paterae Paterae on Ganymede are named after wadis in the Middle East. Regiones Astronomers who discovered Jovian satellites Sulci Places associated with myths of ancient people

Feature type Naming convention Albedo features, terrae Sacred or enchanted places, paradise, or celestial realms from legends, myths, stories, and poems of cultures from around the world Colles Names of characters from Middle earth, the fictional setting in fantasy novels by English author J. R. R. Tolkien (1892–1973) Craters and ringed features Gods and goddesses of wisdom Facula and faculae Facula: Names of islands on Earth that are not politically independent, Faculae: Names of archipelagos Fluctūs Gods and goddesses of beauty Flumina Names of mythical or imaginary rivers Freta Names of characters from the Foundation series of science fiction novels by American author Isaac Asimov (1920–1992) Insulae Names of islands from legends and myths Lacūs and lacunae Lakes on Earth, preferably with a shape similar to the lacus or lacuna on Titan Mare and maria Sea creatures from myth and literature Montes Names of mountains and peaks from Middle earth, the fictional setting in fantasy novels by English author J. R. R. Tolkien (1892–1973) Planitiae and labyrinthi Names of planets from the Dune series of science fiction novels by American author Frank Herbert (1920–1986) Sinūs Names of terrestrial bays, coves, fjords or other inlets Undae Gods and goddesses of wind Virgae Gods and goddesses of rain

People and places from Sayers' translation of Chanson de Roland; the only exception is Cassini Regio, which is named after its discoverer, Giovanni Cassini.

Feature type Naming convention Craters Craters of Phoebe are named after people associated with Phoebe or people from Argonautica by Apollonius Rhodius or Gaius Valerius Flaccus. Other Non crater features on Phoebe are named after places from Argonautica.

Satellites of Uranus are named for characters from the works of William Shakespeare or from The Rape of the Lock.

There are currently no named features on Uranian small satellites, however the naming convention is heroines from plays by Shakespeare and Pope.

Features on Proteus are to be named after water related spirits, gods or goddesses who are neither Greek nor Roman. The only named feature on Proteus is crater Pharos.

Geological features on Triton should be assigned aquatic names, excluding those which are Roman and Greek in origin. Possible themes for individual descriptor terms include worldwide aquatic spirits, famous terrestrial fountains or fountain locations, terrestrial aquatic features, famous terrestrial geysers or geyser locations and terrestrial islands.

There are currently no named features on Nereid. When features are discovered, they are to be named after individual nereids.

Features on other satellites of Neptune, once discovered, should be named after gods and goddesses associated with Neptune/Poseidon mythology or generic mythological aquatic beings.

Gods, goddesses, and other beings associated with the Underworld from mythology, folklore and literature. Names for the Underworld and for Underworld locales from mythology, folklore and literature. Heroes and other explorers of the Underworld. Scientists and engineers associated with Pluto and the Kuiper Belt. Pioneering space missions and spacecraft. Historic pioneers who crossed new horizons in the exploration of the Earth, sea and sky.

Destinations and milestones of fictional space and other exploration. Fictional and mythological vessels of space and other exploration. Fictional and mythological voyagers, travellers and explorers. Authors and artists associated with space exploration, especially Pluto and the Kuiper Belt.

Deities of the night.

Legendary serpents and dragons.

Dogs from literature, mythology, and history.

River gods.