Алан Буллок: Жизнь и творчество историка и общественного деятеля

British historian
the Scottish rugby player

Alan Louis Charles Bullock, Baron Bullock, (13 December 1914 – 2 February 2004) was a British historian. He is best known for his book Hitler: A Study in Tyranny (1952), the first comprehensive biography of Adolf Hitler, which influenced many other Hitler biographies.

Bullock was born in Trowbridge, Wiltshire, England, the son of Reverend Frank Allen Bullock and his wife Edith (Brand) Bullock. His father worked as a gardener and a Unitarian preacher. He was educated at Bradford Grammar School and Wadham College, Oxford, where he read classics and modern history. After graduating in 1938, he worked as a research assistant for Winston Churchill, who was writing his History of the English Speaking Peoples. He was a Harmsworth Senior Scholar at Merton College, Oxford, from 1938 to 1940. During World War II, Bullock worked for the European Service of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). After the war, he returned to Oxford as a history fellow at New College. Bullock was the censor of St Catherine's Society (1952–1962) and then founding master of St Catherine's College, Oxford (1962–1981), a college for undergraduates and graduates, divided between students of the sciences and the arts. He was credited with massive fundraising efforts to develop the college. Later, he was the first full time Vice Chancellor of Oxford University (1969–1973). Bullock served as chairman of the National Advisory Committee on the Training and Supply of Teachers (1963–1965), the Schools' Council (1966–1969), the Committee of Inquiry into Reading and the Use of English (1972–1974), and the Committee of Inquiry on Industrial Democracy (1976–1977). When reviewing Hitler and Stalin in The Times in 1991, John Campbell wrote of Hitler: A Study in Tyranny: "Although written so soon after the end of the war and despite a steady flow of fresh evidence and reinterpretation, it has not been surpassed in nearly 40 years: an astonishing achievement". In subsequent works, Bullock, to some extent, changed his mind about Hitler. His later writings showed the dictator as much more of an ideologue, who had pursued the ideas expressed in Mein Kampf and elsewhere despite their consequences. That has become a widely accepted view of Hitler, particularly in relation to the Holocaust. Taking note of the shift in interest among professional historians towards social history, Bullock agreed that deep long term social forces are generally decisive in history, but he considered that there are times in which the Great Man is decisive. In revolutionary circumstances, "It is possible for an individual to exert a powerful even a decisive influence on the way events develop and the policies that are followed".

Bullock's other works included The Humanist Tradition in the West (1985), Has History a Future? (1977), Great Lives of the Twentieth Century (1989), Meeting Teachers' Management Needs (1988), The forming of the nation (1969), Is History Becoming a Social Science? The Case of Contemporary History (1977) and The Life and Times of Ernest Bevin (1960). The last was a three volume biography of British Labour Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin. Bullock was also editor of The Harper Dictionary of Modern Thought (1977), a project that he suggested to the publisher when he found he could not define the word "hermeneutics". He had earlier co edited with Maurice Shock a collection on The Liberal Tradition: From Fox to Keynes. In the mid 1970s, Bullock used his committee skills to produce a report which proved to be influential in the classroom, A Language for Life, about reading and the teaching of English, which was published in 1975. Bullock also chaired the committee of inquiry on industrial democracy commissioned in December 1975 by the second Labour government of Harold Wilson. The committee's report, which was also known as the Bullock Report, published in 1977, recommended workers' control in large companies with employees having a right to hold representative worker directorships. Bullock also appeared as a political pundit, particularly during the BBC coverage of the 1959 British general election.

Late in his life, Bullock published Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives (1991). A massive and influential work which he described in the introduction as "essentially a political biography, set against the background of the times in which they lived". He showed how the careers of Hitler and Joseph Stalin fed off each other to some extent. Bullock comes to a thesis that Stalin's ability to consolidate power in his home country and, unlike Hitler, not to over extend himself enabled him to retain power longer than Hitler. It was awarded the 1992 Wolfson History Prize. American historian Ronald Spector, writing in The Washington Post, praised Bullock's ability to write about the development of Nazism and Soviet Communism without either abstract generalization or irrelevant detail. "The writing is invariably interesting and informed and there are new insights and cogent analysis in every chapter," he wrote.

Bullock was decorated with the award of the Chevalier, Legion of Honour in 1970, and knighted in 1972, becoming Sir Alan Bullock and on 30 January 1976 he was created a life peer as Baron Bullock, of Leafield in the County of Oxfordshire. His writings always appeared under the name "Alan Bullock". In May 1976, Bullock was awarded an honorary degree from the Open University as Doctor of the university.

Bullock died on 2 February 2004, in Oxford, England.

Bullock, Alan. Hitler, A Study in Tyranny (Abridged edition 1971)
Bullock, Alan. Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives (1991)