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Введение
Автоматизированный транспортный аппарат (англ. Automated Transfer Vehicle, первоначально Ariane Transfer Vehicle или ATV) — одноразовый грузовой космический аппарат, разработанный Европейским космическим агентством (ЕКА) для доставки грузов в космос в период с 2008 по 2015 год. Аппарат ATV был запущен на орбиту пять раз исключительно ракетой-носителем Ariane 5. По сути, он являлся более крупным европейским аналогом российского грузового корабля "Прогресс", предназначенным для доставки грузов к одному пункту назначения — Международной космической станции (МКС), но обладал вместимостью в три раза большей.
Uncrewed cargo spacecraft developed by the European Space Agency
The Automated Transfer Vehicle, originally Ariane Transfer Vehicle or ATV, was an expendable cargo spacecraft developed by the European Space Agency (ESA), used for space cargo transport in 2008–2015. The ATV design was launched to orbit five times, exclusively by the Ariane 5 heavy lift launch vehicle. It effectively was a larger European counterpart to the Russian Progress cargo spacecraft for carrying upmass to a single destination—the International Space Station (ISS)—but with three times the capacity.
История
Пять ATV были названы в честь выдающихся европейских ученых и инженеров: Жюля Верна, Иоганна Кеплера, Эдуардо Амальди, Альберта Эйнштейна и Жоржа Леметра. После нескольких задержек в программе, первая из них была запущена в марте 2008 года. Эти ATV осуществляли снабжение МКС, доставляя различные полезные грузы, такие как топливо, вода, воздух, продукты питания и оборудование для научных исследований; ATV также поднимали станцию на более высокую орбиту во время стыковки. ATV представлял собой беспилотную платформу, работавшую с высоким уровнем автоматизации, например, в процессе стыковки; он никогда не использовался для перевозки людей. В 2008 году было предложено продолжить использование ATV. Различные варианты дальнейшего развития, включая пилотируемые версии ATV, а также возможности повторного использования секций или элементов его технологий, изучались ESA и Airbus Defence and Space, основным производителем аппарата. Однако 2 апреля 2012 года ESA объявила о завершении программы ATV после запуска пятого ATV в 2014 году. В 2012 году страны-участницы ESA решили, что конструкция ATV может быть адаптирована для использования в качестве сервисного модуля космического корабля NASA Orion. В январе 2013 года ESA и NASA объявили о совместной разработке сервисного модуля для Orion на базе ATV, позднее переименованного в Европейский сервисный модуль (ESM), который станет ключевым компонентом пилотируемого корабля Orion. Запущенный 16 ноября 2022 года космический аппарат NASA Artemis 1 доставил на орбиту вокруг Луны космический корабль Orion с Европейским сервисным модулем (ESM), изготовленным компанией Airbus Defence and Space, для выполнения двух запланированных облетных траекторий. ESA будет поставлять ESM для программы Artemis до Artemis 6, а Artemis 3 обеспечит возвращение людей на Луну впервые с 1972 года.
The five ATVs were named after important European figures in science and engineering: Jules Verne, Johannes Kepler, Edoardo Amaldi, Albert Einstein, and Georges Lemaître. Following several delays to the program, the first of these was launched in March 2008. These ATVs performed supply missions to the ISS, transporting various payloads such as propellant, water, air, food, and scientific research equipment; ATVs also reboosted the station into a higher orbit while docked. The ATV was an uncrewed platform that operated with a high level of automation, such as its docking sequence; at no point was it used for transporting passengers. Further use of the ATV was proposed in 2008. Various further developments, including crewed versions of the ATV as well as opportunities to reuse sections or elements of its technology, were studied by both the ESA and Airbus Defence and Space, the principal manufacturer of the vehicle. However, on 2 April 2012, the ESA announced that the ATV program would be terminated following the launch of the fifth ATV in 2014. In 2012, ESA member states decided that the ATV design might be adapted to serve as the service module of the NASA Orion spacecraft. In January 2013, ESA and NASA announced that they would proceed with a combined Orion and ATV derived service module, later renamed European Service Module (ESM), which would serve as a major component for the Orion crewed spacecraft. NASA’s Artemis 1 launched on November 16, 2022, carried the Orion spacecraft with the European Service Module (ESM) manufactured by Airbus Defence and Space for two planned low fly by orbits to the Moon. ESA will provide the ESMs for the Artemis program up to Artemis 6 with Artemis 3 to provide the first humans to set foot on the Moon since 1972.
Происхождение
В 1990-х годах, в период реализации программы Международной космической станции (МКС), 15 стран-участниц пришли к общему мнению о том, что после завершения строительства МКС, пилотируемой космической станции на низкой околоземной орбите (НЗО), потребуются регулярные миссии по снабжению для обеспечения потребностей экипажа, а также для доставки оборудования, необходимого для проведения различных научных экспериментов на борту. В октябре 1995 года было согласовано, что в рамках вклада Европы в программу МКС под эгидой Европейского космического агентства (ЕКА), Европа возьмет на себя ответственность за разработку автоматизированного транспортного аппарата (ATV) – космического аппарата, ориентированного на логистику, который будет выполнять задачи по снабжению МКС. К середине 2004 года было объявлено об отсрочке запуска первого ATV, который к тому времени проходил электрические испытания после завершения интеграционных работ, из-за технических проблем. Сообщалось, что запуск планируется на конец 2005 года после заключения пересмотренного контракта с основным подрядчиком на сумму 1,1 миллиарда долларов. В марте 2005 года была объявлена очередная задержка запуска в связи с необходимостью доработки программного обеспечения для обработки нештатных ситуаций, а также с изменением сроков пускового окна, что перенесло запланированный запуск ATV с конца 2005 года на неопределенную дату в 2006 году. В октябре 2005 года было уточнено, что новая дата запуска первого ATV назначена на 2007 год. В сентябре 2006 года было объявлено, что финальный этап испытаний специализированного модуля ATV на ракете-носителе Ariane 5 находится на завершающей стадии. В декабре 2006 года было объявлено об успешном завершении вакуумных испытаний первого ATV, что ознаменовало собой успешное завершение ключевых тестов и позволило установить окончательную дату запуска. В апреле 2007 года ATV был подвергнут четырехмесячному процессу квалификации в ответ на оперативные вопросы, включая вопросы безопасности, поступившие из США, а также для оценки потенциальной коммерциализации аппарата.
During the 1990s, as the International Space Station program was taking place, it was collectively recognised by the 15 participating nations that, upon completion, the International Space Station (ISS), a crewed space station in Low Earth orbit (LEO), would require regular resupply missions in order to meet the needs of the onboard crew as well as to deliver apparatus to support the various scientific tests that would be performed on board. In October 1995, it was agreed that, amongst the various contributions to the ISS program that Europe would assume responsibility for under the auspices of the European Space Agency (ESA), would be the Automated Transfer Vehicle, or ATV; this logistics orientated spacecraft would perform the identified resupply missions to ISS. By mid 2004, it had been announced that launch of the first ATV, which was by then undergoing electrical testing following the completion of integration work, had been postponed due to technical issues, and was reportedly scheduled to be launched during late 2005, following the issuing of a renegotiated $1.1 billion contract between the ESA and the prime contractor. In March 2005, another launch delay was declared, due to the need for greater development of the failure mode software along with launch window timing changes, which put the planned ATV launch back from late 2005 to an undetermined date during 2006. In October 2005, it was clarified that the new launch date for the first ATV would be during 2007. In September 2006, it was announced that the final stage of testing on the Ariane 5's customised ATV stage was within its final phase. In December 2006, it was announced that the first ATV had completed its vacuum test, marking the successful completion of the key tests and enabling a final launch date to be set. In April 2007, the ATV was subject to four month long qualification process in response to operational concerns, including safety queries originating from the U. S., and to examine the vehicle's potential commercialisation.
Производство
После многочисленных реструктуризаций и смен владельцев, по сообщениям, стоимость каждого космического аппарата ATV составляла около 300 миллионов долларов США, без учета стоимости запуска. В марте 2005 года РКК «Энергия» заключила контракт на 40 миллионов евро с одним из основных субподрядчиков Airbus Defence and Space, итальянской компанией Alenia Spazio (ныне Thales Alenia Space), на поставку российской системы стыковки, системы дозаправки и российской системы управления оборудованием. В рамках проекта, возглавляемого Airbus Defence and Space, Thales Alenia Space отвечает за секцию ATV, предназначенную для перевозки грузов под давлением, и производит её на предприятии компании в Турине, Италия. 31 июля 2007 года первый ATV, «Жюль Верн», прибыл на космодром ESA в Куру (Французская Гвиана) после почти двухнедельного путешествия из порта Роттердама. 9 марта 2008 года «Жюль Верн» был запущен ракетой-носителем Ariane 5 с космодрома в Куру. 3 апреля 2008 года «Жюль Верн» успешно осуществил автоматическую стыковку с МКС, продемонстрировав возможности первого полностью автоматического грузового корабля ESA, предназначенного для однократного использования. Прибытие ATV совпало с периодом, когда существовали общественные опасения относительно логистической целесообразности снабжения МКС. Помимо использования ESA и России, ATV в определенный момент рассматривался для оказания услуг NASA в рамках программы Commercial Orbital Transportation Services для замены выводимых из эксплуатации космических шаттлов в части их орбитальной грузоподъемности. Одним из предполагаемых вариантов использования ATV для NASA было осуществление схода МКС с орбиты после завершения срока её службы, поскольку в то время он был единственным аппаратом, способным выполнить эту задачу после прекращения эксплуатации шаттлов. Однако, данное предложение не получило соответствующего контракта.
Following multiple restructuring and ownership changes, Reportedly, each ATV spacecraft was costed at roughly US$300 million, which did not include launch costs. In March 2005, RSC Energia signed a €40 million contract with one of the main subcontractors of Airbus Defence and Space, the Italian company Alenia Spazio (now Thales Alenia Space), to supply the Russian Docking System, refuelling system, and Russian Equipment Control System. Within the Airbus Defence and Space led project, Thales Alenia Space is responsible for the pressurized cargo carrier section of the ATV and manufactures these at the firm's facility in Turin, Italy. On 31 July 2007, the first ATV, Jules Verne, arrived at the ESA spaceport in Kourou, French Guiana, after a nearly two week journey from Rotterdam harbour. On 9 March 2008, Jules Verne was launched on top of an Ariane 5 rocket from Kourou. On 3 April 2008, Jules Verne succeeded in automatically docking with the ISS, proving the capabilities of the ESA's first fully automated, expendable cargo resupply spacecraft. The arrival of the ATV came at a time at which there were public concerns over the logistical practicality of supplying the ISS. In addition to its use by ESA and Russia, the ATV was at one point under consideration to perform services for NASA as part of the Commercial Orbital Transportation Services program to replace the retiring Space Shuttle in its orbital cargo carrying capacity. One speculated use for NASA's ATV was to achieve the de orbiting of the ISS once the space station had reached the end of its service life, being the only vehicle capable of doing so at that time after the Shuttle's retirement. Ultimately, the proposal was not awarded with a corresponding contract.
Дизайн
Автоматизированный транспортный аппарат (ATV) был одноразовым грузовым космическим аппаратом, разработанным в 1990-х годах. Каждое транспортное средство состояло из двух отдельных секций: системного блока и интегрированного грузового отсека. Обработка данных для маневра стыковки и систем аварийного прекращения сближения была разработана и изготовлена компанией CRISA. Дополнительные данные мониторинга и резервирование обеспечивала автоматическая система стыковки "Курс", которая также использовалась на космических аппаратах "Союз" и "Прогресс". Визуальная информация поступала с камеры, установленной на модуле "Звезда" МКС. По своему назначению ATV был разработан для дополнения меньшего российского корабля "Прогресс", обладая в три раза большей полезной грузоподъемностью. Как и "Прогресс", он мог перевозить как жидкости, так и относительно хрупкие грузы, которые хранились в грузовом отсеке с поддержанием внутри него нормального атмосферного давления, позволяющего космонавтам получать доступ к грузу без использования скафандров. Герметичный грузовой отсек ATV был основан на итальянском многоцелевом логистическом модуле (MPLM), который представлял собой "космическую баржу/контейнер", доставлявшийся на станцию и обратно шаттлом. В отличие от MPLM, который необходимо было пристыковывать к МКС, ATV использовал тот же стыковочный механизм, что и "Прогресс". Аппарат выводился на орбитальную плоскость, совместимую с МКС, с помощью одноразовой ракеты-носителя Ariane 5; вскоре после отделения от ракеты-носителя ATV разворачивал свои солнечные панели. Корабль был запущен на орбиту ракетой Ariane 5 с экваториального стартового комплекса ELA 3 в Космическом центре Гвианы. После отделения от ракеты и нескольких недель испытаний и корректировки орбиты ATV успешно состыковался с Международной космической станцией в 14:45 UTC 3 апреля 2008 года. В ранние утренние часы 29 сентября 2008 года "Жюль Верн" сгорел в атмосфере над необитаемым районом Тихого океана к юго-западу от Таити.
The Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV) was a 1990s design expendable cargo spacecraft. Each vehicle consisted of two distinct sections, the systems bus and the integrated cargo carrier. Data processing for the rendezvous docking maneuver and emergency abort systems were designed and manufactured by CRISA. Additional monitoring data and redundancy was provided by the Kurs automatic docking system, which was also used by Soyuz and Progress spacecraft. Visual imagery is provided by a camera on the Zvezda ISS module. In terms of its role, the ATV was designed to complement the smaller Russian Progress spacecraft, possessing three times its useful payload capacity. Similar to the Progress, it would carry both bulk liquids and relatively fragile freight, which would be stored within a cargo hold maintained at a pressurized shirt sleeve environment in order that astronauts would be able to access payloads without the need to put on spacesuits. The pressurized cargo section of the ATV was based on the Italian built Multi Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM), which was a Shuttle carried "space barge/container" that had been previously used for transporting equipment to and from the Station. Unlike the MPLM which had to be berthed to the ISS, the ATV used the same docking mechanism as employed upon the Progress. The vehicle was launched into an orbital plane compatible with the ISS via the Ariane 5 expendable launch system; shortly after detaching from the launcher, the ATV would deploy its solar panels. The craft was launched into a orbit atop an Ariane 5 rocket from the equatorial ELA 3 launch site at the Guiana Space Centre. The ATV separated from the rocket, and following weeks of tests and orbit adjustments, successfully docked in the International Space Station at 14:45 UTC on 3 April 2008. In the early morning hours of 29 September 2008, the Jules Verne burnt up on entering the atmosphere above an uninhabited section of the Pacific Ocean, southwest of Tahiti.
Иоганн Кеплер
Запущенный 17 февраля 2011 года, "Йоханнес Кеплер" на тот момент являлся самым тяжелым грузом, когда-либо выведенным на орбиту Европейским космическим агентством, и доставил на МКС 7000 кг груза. Первая попытка запуска, предпринятая 15 февраля 2011 года, была прервана на финальном этапе отсчета, за четыре минуты до старта, из-за ложного сигнала от одного из топливных баков ракеты-носителя. 29 апреля 2011 года двигатели ATV были использованы для разворота МКС, чтобы обеспечить стыковку российского грузового корабля "Прогресс". В связи с задержкой запуска STS-134 миссия "Йоханнес Кеплер" была продлена, и он отстыковался от МКС 20 июня 2011 года. 21 июня 2011 года он был затоплен в плотных слоях атмосферы.
Launched on 17 February 2011, Johannes Kepler was at the time the heaviest payload ever launched by the European Space Agency and carried 7000 kg of cargo to the ISS. The first launch attempt on 15 February 2011 had been halted during the final countdown at four minutes from lift off due to an erroneous signal from one of the rocket's fuel tanks. On 29 April 2011, the engines of the ATV were used to rotate the ISS in order for a Russian Progress supply craft to dock with the station. Due to the delayed launch of STS 134 the mission of Johannes Kepler was extended, and it undocked from the ISS on 20 June 2011. It deorbited a day later on 21 June 2011.
Эдуардо Амальди
Третий космический аппарат ATV прибыл во Французскую Гвиану в конце августа 2011 года и был запущен 23 марта 2012 года. Он состыковался с Международной космической станцией в 22:31 GMT 28 марта 2012 года.
The third ATV vehicle arrived in French Guiana in late August 2011 and was launched on 23 March 2012. It docked with the International Space Station at 2231 GMT on 28 March 2012.
Альберт Эйнштейн
Альберт Эйнштейн ATV был самым тяжелым космическим аппаратом, запущенным ракетой-носителем Ariane на тот момент, и стартовал 5 июня 2013 года в 21:52:11 GMT. Он состыковался с МКС 15 июня 2013 года в 14:07 GMT.
Albert Einstein ATV was the heaviest spacecraft launched by Ariane at the time and lifted off at 21:52:11 GMT on 5 June 2013. It docked with the ISS on 15 June 2013 at 14:07 GMT.
Жорж Лематр
Названа в честь бельгийского астронома Жоржа Леметра. Космический аппарат был запущен в ночь на 29 июля (23:44 GMT, 20:44 по местному времени, 30 июля 01:44 CEST), 2014 года, с миссией по снабжению Международной космической станции (МКС) топливом, водой, воздухом и сухим грузом, а также произведением искусства художницы Кэти Патерсон. Он состыковался с МКС 12 августа в 13:30 GMT. Общая масса Georges Lemaître составляла почти , что превышало массу всех ранее запущенных ATV. Это также сделало его самым тяжелым космическим аппаратом, когда-либо запускаемым ракетой Ariane.
Named after the Belgian astronomer Georges Lemaître. The spacecraft launched during the night of 29 July (23:44 GMT, 20:44 local time, 30 July 01:44 CEST), 2014, on a mission to supply the International Space Station (ISS) with propellant, water, air, and dry cargo, and an artwork by artist Katie Paterson. It docked with the ISS on 12 August at 13:30 GMT. Georges Lemaître had a total mass of almost , a mass that exceeded that of all previously launched ATVs. This also made it the heaviest spacecraft ever launched by an Ariane rocket.
Центр управления ATV
Миссии ATV контролировались и управлялись из Центра управления ATV (ATV CC), расположенного в Космическом центре Тулузы (CST) в Тулузе, Франция. Центр управления ATV (ATV CC) отвечал за планирование и выдачу команд для орбитальных маневров и задач каждой миссии ATV, начиная с момента отделения от ракеты-носителя и до сгорания в атмосфере Земли. ATV CC поддерживал прямую связь с Центром управления Columbus (Col CC) в Оберпфаффенхофене, Германия. Col CC обеспечивал ATV CC доступом как к системе слежения и ретрансляции данных NASA, так и к европейским коммуникационным сетям Artemis для связи как с ATV, так и с МКС. ATV CC координировал свою работу с Центром управления миссиями имени Кристофера К. Крафта-младшего (MCC H) NASA в Хьюстоне и Российским центром управления полетами (ЦУП или MCC M) в Москве, а также с космодромом для запуска ATV в Космическом центре Гвианы в Куру, Французская Гвиана.
ATV missions were monitored and controlled from the ATV Control Centre (ATV CC), located at the Toulouse Space Centre (CST) in Toulouse, France. The ATV CC was responsible for the planning and the issuing of commands for the orbital maneuvers and mission tasks of each ATV, from the moment of separation from its launch vehicle, until it burns up in the Earth's atmosphere. The ATV CC has a direct communication line with the Columbus Control Center (Col CC) in Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany. Col CC provides ATV CC with access to both the NASA's Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System and the European Artemis communication networks in order to communicate with both the ATV and the ISS. The ATV CC coordinated its actions with NASA's Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center (MCC H) in Houston and the Russian FKA Mission Control Center (TsUP or MCC M) in Moscow, as well as the ATV launch site at the Guiana Space Centre in Kourou, French Guiana.
Основа для модуля европейской службы
В мае 2011 года генеральный директор ЕКА объявил о возможном сотрудничестве с НАСА в разработке преемника ATV. Позже в том же году было представлено предложение об использовании сервисного модуля, созданного на базе ATV, для капсулы NASA Orion. Этот сервисный модуль должен был быть предоставлен в качестве бартера за 8% долю ЕКА в операционных расходах МКС, которую пять ATV обеспечили до 2017 года. Разработка сервисного модуля для Orion позволила бы покрыть долю ESA в эксплуатации МКС до 2020 года.
In May 2011 the ESA director general announced a possible collaboration with NASA to work on a successor to the ATV. Later that year, a proposal to utilise an ATV derived service module for NASA's Orion capsule was revealed. This service module would be provided as barter for the ESA's 8% share of the operating expense of the ISS, which had been fulfilled up to 2017 by the five ATVs. Developing a service module for Orion would cover the ESA's share of ISS operation up to 2020.
quote box|width=23em|"ESA's contribution is going to be critical to the success of Orion's 2017 mission"|—NASA Orion Program manager One study looked into developing a service module for Orion, while the other examined development of a multipurpose vehicle that could resupply space stations, remove debris, and service satellites in orbit. The studies were to be completed before the end of 2012. At the meeting of the ESA Ministerial Council in November 2012, the ESA committed to developing the service module, and in mid December signed an agreement with NASA to provide an ATV derived Orion service module for the maiden launch of Orion on the Space Launch System.
«Вклад ESA будет критически важен для успеха миссии Orion в 2017 году» — заявил руководитель программы NASA Orion.
In May 2011 the ESA director general announced a possible collaboration with NASA to work on a successor to the ATV. Later that year, a proposal to utilise an ATV derived service module for NASA's Orion capsule was revealed. This service module would be provided as barter for the ESA's 8% share of the operating expense of the ISS, which had been fulfilled up to 2017 by the five ATVs. Developing a service module for Orion would cover the ESA's share of ISS operation up to 2020.
quote box|width=23em|"ESA's contribution is going to be critical to the success of Orion's 2017 mission"|—NASA Orion Program manager One study looked into developing a service module for Orion, while the other examined development of a multipurpose vehicle that could resupply space stations, remove debris, and service satellites in orbit. The studies were to be completed before the end of 2012. At the meeting of the ESA Ministerial Council in November 2012, the ESA committed to developing the service module, and in mid December signed an agreement with NASA to provide an ATV derived Orion service module for the maiden launch of Orion on the Space Launch System.
Одно из исследований рассматривало возможность разработки сервисного модуля для Orion, а другое – разработку многоцелевого аппарата, способного доставлять грузы на космические станции, удалять космический мусор и обслуживать спутники на орбите. Завершение исследований планировалось до конца 2012 года. На заседании Совета министров ЕКА в ноябре 2012 года ЕКА взяла на себя обязательство разработать сервисный модуль, а в середине декабря подписала соглашение с НАСА о поставке сервисного модуля Orion, созданного на базе ATV, для первого запуска Orion с помощью системы космических запусков.
In May 2011 the ESA director general announced a possible collaboration with NASA to work on a successor to the ATV. Later that year, a proposal to utilise an ATV derived service module for NASA's Orion capsule was revealed. This service module would be provided as barter for the ESA's 8% share of the operating expense of the ISS, which had been fulfilled up to 2017 by the five ATVs. Developing a service module for Orion would cover the ESA's share of ISS operation up to 2020.
quote box|width=23em|"ESA's contribution is going to be critical to the success of Orion's 2017 mission"|—NASA Orion Program manager One study looked into developing a service module for Orion, while the other examined development of a multipurpose vehicle that could resupply space stations, remove debris, and service satellites in orbit. The studies were to be completed before the end of 2012. At the meeting of the ESA Ministerial Council in November 2012, the ESA committed to developing the service module, and in mid December signed an agreement with NASA to provide an ATV derived Orion service module for the maiden launch of Orion on the Space Launch System.
Предложения по развитию
В дополнение к своей основной роли как одностороннего беспилотного грузового транспортного средства, с момента начала работы над проектом, ESA рассматривала ATV как потенциальную отправную точку для целого семейства автоматизированных космических аппаратов. Потенциальная коммерциализация ATV также была предметом официального исследования, проведенного ESA, в ходе которого изучались перспективы использования космического аппарата в качестве специализированного буксира для спутников, а также возможности использования альтернативных систем запуска. После решения NASA о завершении эксплуатации космического шаттла в 2011 году, ESA приняла решение запустить серию дополнительных исследований для определения потенциала эволюции и адаптации ATV. В результате этих исследований версия для возврата грузов (CARV) была определена как особенно перспективный кандидат для дальнейшей разработки. Цель этого варианта – предоставить ESA возможность транспортировать научные данные и груз с МКС на Землю. Кроме того, CARV мог быть усовершенствован для превращения в пилотируемый транспортный корабль, который будет запускаться модифицированной ракетой Ariane 5.
In addition to its principal role as a one way uncrewed cargo transfer vehicle, from the onset of work on the project, the ESA had viewed the ATV as having the potential for being the starting point for a whole family of automated space vehicles. The potential commercialisation of the ATV was also the subject of a formal study conducted by the ESA, during which the prospects of using the spacecraft as a dedicated tug for satellites, as well as the use of alternative launch systems, were examined. Following the decision by NASA to retire the Space Shuttle in 2011, the ESA decided to launch a further series of studies to determine the potential for evolutions and adaptations of the ATV. As a result of these studies, the cargo return version (CARV) was identified as a particularly promising candidate for further development. The goal of this variant is to provide ESA with the capability to transport scientific data and cargo from the ISS to Earth. Beyond this, CARV could be enhanced to become a crew vehicle which would be launched by an adapted Ariane 5. Mini Space Station The MSS concept is an ATV evolution proposal for the construction of multiple ATVs with two docking ports, one at each end. The current version of the ATV is already prepared for a docking port at the back, with the main propulsion system arranged in a cylindrical fashion leaving room for a tunnel through the middle. This concept would allow Soyuz, Progress and other ATVs to dock to the back of the ATV, allowing a steady flow of Russian vehicles using the available docking ports whilst an ATV is docked for an average of around 6 months at a time. Cargo Ascent and Return Vehicle The CARV would deliver a redesigned capsule, capable of bringing back payload from orbit. It could be installed in place of the ATV pressurized cargo hold. In addition, it could be adapted to use a berth rather than a docking port at the US side of the station. Given the larger berthing ports there, it would be possible to transfer complete International Standard Payload Racks (ISPRs) from the ATV to the station, which is only possible with the H II Transfer Vehicle. Possibilities for launching of the ATV on other launchers than the Ariane 5 have also been investigated, in particular in the frame of Commercial Orbital Transportation Services. ESA and its member states will consider approval for further ATV development in the coming years. On 14 May 2008, aerospace company EADS Astrium and the German Aerospace Center (DLR), announced that they were actively pursuing a development project with the aim of adapting the ATV into a crew transportation system. In the envisioned configuration, the craft would be able to launch a 3 person crew beyond LEO via use of a modified version of the Ariane 5 rocket and would be more spacious than the Russian Soyuz. A mock up of the proposed craft was publicly displayed at the 2008 International Aerospace Exhibition in Berlin. If the project were to have been given ESA approval, development would have proceeded in two stages:
The first stage would have involved the development of an Advanced Reentry Vehicle (ARV) capable of transporting up to 1,500 kg of cargo from space to earth safely (see CARV above) by 2015. This capability would be available to ESA even if further development were to be halted. It would prove useful in the ISS program as well as the proposed Mars Sample Return Mission with NASA. ARV development would make use of work done on the Atmospheric Reentry Demonstrator, Crew Return Vehicle and related projects. The budget for this stage of the ATV overhaul would reportedly be €300 million. The second stage would adapt the then existing capsule to be able to transport people safely as well as upgrade the propulsion and other systems in the service module and would last 4 to 5 years at a cost of "a couple of billion [euro]" according to a senior Astrium representative. In November 2008, ESA ministers budgeted for a feasibility study into developing a re entry capsule for the ATV, a requirement for developing either a cargo return capacity or a crew version of the ATV. On 7 July 2009, the ESA signed a €21 million study contract with EADS Astrium. The ARV effort was ultimately discontinued after completing the B1 stage due to fiscal constraints resulting from the late 2000s financial crisis.
Мини-космическая станция. Концепция MSS представляет собой предложение по эволюции ATV, предусматривающее создание нескольких ATV с двумя стыковочными портами, по одному на каждом конце. Текущая версия ATV уже подготовлена к установке стыковочного порта в задней части, а основная двигательная установка расположена цилиндрически, оставляя место для туннеля в центре. Эта концепция позволит кораблям "Союз", "Прогресс" и другим ATV стыковаться к задней части ATV, обеспечивая непрерывный поток российских транспортных средств с использованием доступных стыковочных портов, в то время как ATV будет находиться на стыковке в среднем около 6 месяцев.
In addition to its principal role as a one way uncrewed cargo transfer vehicle, from the onset of work on the project, the ESA had viewed the ATV as having the potential for being the starting point for a whole family of automated space vehicles. The potential commercialisation of the ATV was also the subject of a formal study conducted by the ESA, during which the prospects of using the spacecraft as a dedicated tug for satellites, as well as the use of alternative launch systems, were examined. Following the decision by NASA to retire the Space Shuttle in 2011, the ESA decided to launch a further series of studies to determine the potential for evolutions and adaptations of the ATV. As a result of these studies, the cargo return version (CARV) was identified as a particularly promising candidate for further development. The goal of this variant is to provide ESA with the capability to transport scientific data and cargo from the ISS to Earth. Beyond this, CARV could be enhanced to become a crew vehicle which would be launched by an adapted Ariane 5. Mini Space Station The MSS concept is an ATV evolution proposal for the construction of multiple ATVs with two docking ports, one at each end. The current version of the ATV is already prepared for a docking port at the back, with the main propulsion system arranged in a cylindrical fashion leaving room for a tunnel through the middle. This concept would allow Soyuz, Progress and other ATVs to dock to the back of the ATV, allowing a steady flow of Russian vehicles using the available docking ports whilst an ATV is docked for an average of around 6 months at a time. Cargo Ascent and Return Vehicle The CARV would deliver a redesigned capsule, capable of bringing back payload from orbit. It could be installed in place of the ATV pressurized cargo hold. In addition, it could be adapted to use a berth rather than a docking port at the US side of the station. Given the larger berthing ports there, it would be possible to transfer complete International Standard Payload Racks (ISPRs) from the ATV to the station, which is only possible with the H II Transfer Vehicle. Possibilities for launching of the ATV on other launchers than the Ariane 5 have also been investigated, in particular in the frame of Commercial Orbital Transportation Services. ESA and its member states will consider approval for further ATV development in the coming years. On 14 May 2008, aerospace company EADS Astrium and the German Aerospace Center (DLR), announced that they were actively pursuing a development project with the aim of adapting the ATV into a crew transportation system. In the envisioned configuration, the craft would be able to launch a 3 person crew beyond LEO via use of a modified version of the Ariane 5 rocket and would be more spacious than the Russian Soyuz. A mock up of the proposed craft was publicly displayed at the 2008 International Aerospace Exhibition in Berlin. If the project were to have been given ESA approval, development would have proceeded in two stages:
The first stage would have involved the development of an Advanced Reentry Vehicle (ARV) capable of transporting up to 1,500 kg of cargo from space to earth safely (see CARV above) by 2015. This capability would be available to ESA even if further development were to be halted. It would prove useful in the ISS program as well as the proposed Mars Sample Return Mission with NASA. ARV development would make use of work done on the Atmospheric Reentry Demonstrator, Crew Return Vehicle and related projects. The budget for this stage of the ATV overhaul would reportedly be €300 million. The second stage would adapt the then existing capsule to be able to transport people safely as well as upgrade the propulsion and other systems in the service module and would last 4 to 5 years at a cost of "a couple of billion [euro]" according to a senior Astrium representative. In November 2008, ESA ministers budgeted for a feasibility study into developing a re entry capsule for the ATV, a requirement for developing either a cargo return capacity or a crew version of the ATV. On 7 July 2009, the ESA signed a €21 million study contract with EADS Astrium. The ARV effort was ultimately discontinued after completing the B1 stage due to fiscal constraints resulting from the late 2000s financial crisis.
Cargo Ascent and Return Vehicle (CARV) доставит переработанную капсулу, способную возвращать полезную нагрузку с орбиты. Ее можно будет установить вместо грузового отсека ATV. Кроме того, она может быть адаптирована для использования причала вместо стыковочного порта на американской стороне станции. Учитывая большие размеры причальных узлов, станет возможным перемещать на станцию полные международные стандартные стеллажи полезной нагрузки (ISPR) с ATV, что возможно только с помощью транспортного средства H II Transfer Vehicle. Также изучались возможности запуска ATV на других ракетах-носителях, кроме Ariane 5, в частности, в рамках программы Commercial Orbital Transportation Services.
In addition to its principal role as a one way uncrewed cargo transfer vehicle, from the onset of work on the project, the ESA had viewed the ATV as having the potential for being the starting point for a whole family of automated space vehicles. The potential commercialisation of the ATV was also the subject of a formal study conducted by the ESA, during which the prospects of using the spacecraft as a dedicated tug for satellites, as well as the use of alternative launch systems, were examined. Following the decision by NASA to retire the Space Shuttle in 2011, the ESA decided to launch a further series of studies to determine the potential for evolutions and adaptations of the ATV. As a result of these studies, the cargo return version (CARV) was identified as a particularly promising candidate for further development. The goal of this variant is to provide ESA with the capability to transport scientific data and cargo from the ISS to Earth. Beyond this, CARV could be enhanced to become a crew vehicle which would be launched by an adapted Ariane 5. Mini Space Station The MSS concept is an ATV evolution proposal for the construction of multiple ATVs with two docking ports, one at each end. The current version of the ATV is already prepared for a docking port at the back, with the main propulsion system arranged in a cylindrical fashion leaving room for a tunnel through the middle. This concept would allow Soyuz, Progress and other ATVs to dock to the back of the ATV, allowing a steady flow of Russian vehicles using the available docking ports whilst an ATV is docked for an average of around 6 months at a time. Cargo Ascent and Return Vehicle The CARV would deliver a redesigned capsule, capable of bringing back payload from orbit. It could be installed in place of the ATV pressurized cargo hold. In addition, it could be adapted to use a berth rather than a docking port at the US side of the station. Given the larger berthing ports there, it would be possible to transfer complete International Standard Payload Racks (ISPRs) from the ATV to the station, which is only possible with the H II Transfer Vehicle. Possibilities for launching of the ATV on other launchers than the Ariane 5 have also been investigated, in particular in the frame of Commercial Orbital Transportation Services. ESA and its member states will consider approval for further ATV development in the coming years. On 14 May 2008, aerospace company EADS Astrium and the German Aerospace Center (DLR), announced that they were actively pursuing a development project with the aim of adapting the ATV into a crew transportation system. In the envisioned configuration, the craft would be able to launch a 3 person crew beyond LEO via use of a modified version of the Ariane 5 rocket and would be more spacious than the Russian Soyuz. A mock up of the proposed craft was publicly displayed at the 2008 International Aerospace Exhibition in Berlin. If the project were to have been given ESA approval, development would have proceeded in two stages:
The first stage would have involved the development of an Advanced Reentry Vehicle (ARV) capable of transporting up to 1,500 kg of cargo from space to earth safely (see CARV above) by 2015. This capability would be available to ESA even if further development were to be halted. It would prove useful in the ISS program as well as the proposed Mars Sample Return Mission with NASA. ARV development would make use of work done on the Atmospheric Reentry Demonstrator, Crew Return Vehicle and related projects. The budget for this stage of the ATV overhaul would reportedly be €300 million. The second stage would adapt the then existing capsule to be able to transport people safely as well as upgrade the propulsion and other systems in the service module and would last 4 to 5 years at a cost of "a couple of billion [euro]" according to a senior Astrium representative. In November 2008, ESA ministers budgeted for a feasibility study into developing a re entry capsule for the ATV, a requirement for developing either a cargo return capacity or a crew version of the ATV. On 7 July 2009, the ESA signed a €21 million study contract with EADS Astrium. The ARV effort was ultimately discontinued after completing the B1 stage due to fiscal constraints resulting from the late 2000s financial crisis.
ESA и ее государства-члены рассмотрят вопрос об одобрении дальнейшей разработки ATV в ближайшие годы. 14 мая 2008 года аэрокосмическая компания EADS Astrium и Немецкий аэрокосмический центр (DLR) объявили о начале разработки проекта по адаптации ATV в систему транспортировки экипажа. В предполагаемой конфигурации корабль сможет доставлять экипаж из трех человек за пределы низкой околоземной орбиты (LEO) с помощью модифицированной версии ракеты Ariane 5 и будет более просторным, чем российский "Союз". Макет предлагаемого корабля был публично представлен на Международной аэрокосмической выставке 2008 года в Берлине. Если бы проект получил одобрение ESA, разработка должна была бы проходить в два этапа:
In addition to its principal role as a one way uncrewed cargo transfer vehicle, from the onset of work on the project, the ESA had viewed the ATV as having the potential for being the starting point for a whole family of automated space vehicles. The potential commercialisation of the ATV was also the subject of a formal study conducted by the ESA, during which the prospects of using the spacecraft as a dedicated tug for satellites, as well as the use of alternative launch systems, were examined. Following the decision by NASA to retire the Space Shuttle in 2011, the ESA decided to launch a further series of studies to determine the potential for evolutions and adaptations of the ATV. As a result of these studies, the cargo return version (CARV) was identified as a particularly promising candidate for further development. The goal of this variant is to provide ESA with the capability to transport scientific data and cargo from the ISS to Earth. Beyond this, CARV could be enhanced to become a crew vehicle which would be launched by an adapted Ariane 5. Mini Space Station The MSS concept is an ATV evolution proposal for the construction of multiple ATVs with two docking ports, one at each end. The current version of the ATV is already prepared for a docking port at the back, with the main propulsion system arranged in a cylindrical fashion leaving room for a tunnel through the middle. This concept would allow Soyuz, Progress and other ATVs to dock to the back of the ATV, allowing a steady flow of Russian vehicles using the available docking ports whilst an ATV is docked for an average of around 6 months at a time. Cargo Ascent and Return Vehicle The CARV would deliver a redesigned capsule, capable of bringing back payload from orbit. It could be installed in place of the ATV pressurized cargo hold. In addition, it could be adapted to use a berth rather than a docking port at the US side of the station. Given the larger berthing ports there, it would be possible to transfer complete International Standard Payload Racks (ISPRs) from the ATV to the station, which is only possible with the H II Transfer Vehicle. Possibilities for launching of the ATV on other launchers than the Ariane 5 have also been investigated, in particular in the frame of Commercial Orbital Transportation Services. ESA and its member states will consider approval for further ATV development in the coming years. On 14 May 2008, aerospace company EADS Astrium and the German Aerospace Center (DLR), announced that they were actively pursuing a development project with the aim of adapting the ATV into a crew transportation system. In the envisioned configuration, the craft would be able to launch a 3 person crew beyond LEO via use of a modified version of the Ariane 5 rocket and would be more spacious than the Russian Soyuz. A mock up of the proposed craft was publicly displayed at the 2008 International Aerospace Exhibition in Berlin. If the project were to have been given ESA approval, development would have proceeded in two stages:
The first stage would have involved the development of an Advanced Reentry Vehicle (ARV) capable of transporting up to 1,500 kg of cargo from space to earth safely (see CARV above) by 2015. This capability would be available to ESA even if further development were to be halted. It would prove useful in the ISS program as well as the proposed Mars Sample Return Mission with NASA. ARV development would make use of work done on the Atmospheric Reentry Demonstrator, Crew Return Vehicle and related projects. The budget for this stage of the ATV overhaul would reportedly be €300 million. The second stage would adapt the then existing capsule to be able to transport people safely as well as upgrade the propulsion and other systems in the service module and would last 4 to 5 years at a cost of "a couple of billion [euro]" according to a senior Astrium representative. In November 2008, ESA ministers budgeted for a feasibility study into developing a re entry capsule for the ATV, a requirement for developing either a cargo return capacity or a crew version of the ATV. On 7 July 2009, the ESA signed a €21 million study contract with EADS Astrium. The ARV effort was ultimately discontinued after completing the B1 stage due to fiscal constraints resulting from the late 2000s financial crisis.
Первый этап включал бы разработку Advanced Reentry Vehicle (ARV), способного безопасно доставлять до 1500 кг груза из космоса на Землю к 2015 году (см. CARV выше). Эта возможность была бы доступна ESA даже в случае прекращения дальнейшей разработки. Она была бы полезна в программе МКС, а также в предлагаемой миссии по возвращению образцов с Марса совместно с NASA. Разработка ARV использовала бы результаты работы над демонстратором атмосферного торможения, пилотируемым возвращаемым аппаратом и связанными с ними проектами. Бюджет на этот этап модернизации ATV, по сообщениям, составил бы 300 миллионов евро.
In addition to its principal role as a one way uncrewed cargo transfer vehicle, from the onset of work on the project, the ESA had viewed the ATV as having the potential for being the starting point for a whole family of automated space vehicles. The potential commercialisation of the ATV was also the subject of a formal study conducted by the ESA, during which the prospects of using the spacecraft as a dedicated tug for satellites, as well as the use of alternative launch systems, were examined. Following the decision by NASA to retire the Space Shuttle in 2011, the ESA decided to launch a further series of studies to determine the potential for evolutions and adaptations of the ATV. As a result of these studies, the cargo return version (CARV) was identified as a particularly promising candidate for further development. The goal of this variant is to provide ESA with the capability to transport scientific data and cargo from the ISS to Earth. Beyond this, CARV could be enhanced to become a crew vehicle which would be launched by an adapted Ariane 5. Mini Space Station The MSS concept is an ATV evolution proposal for the construction of multiple ATVs with two docking ports, one at each end. The current version of the ATV is already prepared for a docking port at the back, with the main propulsion system arranged in a cylindrical fashion leaving room for a tunnel through the middle. This concept would allow Soyuz, Progress and other ATVs to dock to the back of the ATV, allowing a steady flow of Russian vehicles using the available docking ports whilst an ATV is docked for an average of around 6 months at a time. Cargo Ascent and Return Vehicle The CARV would deliver a redesigned capsule, capable of bringing back payload from orbit. It could be installed in place of the ATV pressurized cargo hold. In addition, it could be adapted to use a berth rather than a docking port at the US side of the station. Given the larger berthing ports there, it would be possible to transfer complete International Standard Payload Racks (ISPRs) from the ATV to the station, which is only possible with the H II Transfer Vehicle. Possibilities for launching of the ATV on other launchers than the Ariane 5 have also been investigated, in particular in the frame of Commercial Orbital Transportation Services. ESA and its member states will consider approval for further ATV development in the coming years. On 14 May 2008, aerospace company EADS Astrium and the German Aerospace Center (DLR), announced that they were actively pursuing a development project with the aim of adapting the ATV into a crew transportation system. In the envisioned configuration, the craft would be able to launch a 3 person crew beyond LEO via use of a modified version of the Ariane 5 rocket and would be more spacious than the Russian Soyuz. A mock up of the proposed craft was publicly displayed at the 2008 International Aerospace Exhibition in Berlin. If the project were to have been given ESA approval, development would have proceeded in two stages:
The first stage would have involved the development of an Advanced Reentry Vehicle (ARV) capable of transporting up to 1,500 kg of cargo from space to earth safely (see CARV above) by 2015. This capability would be available to ESA even if further development were to be halted. It would prove useful in the ISS program as well as the proposed Mars Sample Return Mission with NASA. ARV development would make use of work done on the Atmospheric Reentry Demonstrator, Crew Return Vehicle and related projects. The budget for this stage of the ATV overhaul would reportedly be €300 million. The second stage would adapt the then existing capsule to be able to transport people safely as well as upgrade the propulsion and other systems in the service module and would last 4 to 5 years at a cost of "a couple of billion [euro]" according to a senior Astrium representative. In November 2008, ESA ministers budgeted for a feasibility study into developing a re entry capsule for the ATV, a requirement for developing either a cargo return capacity or a crew version of the ATV. On 7 July 2009, the ESA signed a €21 million study contract with EADS Astrium. The ARV effort was ultimately discontinued after completing the B1 stage due to fiscal constraints resulting from the late 2000s financial crisis.
Второй этап предусматривал бы адаптацию существующей капсулы для безопасной транспортировки людей, а также модернизацию двигательной установки и других систем в служебном модуле. Этот этап занял бы от 4 до 5 лет и, по словам старшего представителя Astrium, стоил бы "несколько миллиардов евро".
In addition to its principal role as a one way uncrewed cargo transfer vehicle, from the onset of work on the project, the ESA had viewed the ATV as having the potential for being the starting point for a whole family of automated space vehicles. The potential commercialisation of the ATV was also the subject of a formal study conducted by the ESA, during which the prospects of using the spacecraft as a dedicated tug for satellites, as well as the use of alternative launch systems, were examined. Following the decision by NASA to retire the Space Shuttle in 2011, the ESA decided to launch a further series of studies to determine the potential for evolutions and adaptations of the ATV. As a result of these studies, the cargo return version (CARV) was identified as a particularly promising candidate for further development. The goal of this variant is to provide ESA with the capability to transport scientific data and cargo from the ISS to Earth. Beyond this, CARV could be enhanced to become a crew vehicle which would be launched by an adapted Ariane 5. Mini Space Station The MSS concept is an ATV evolution proposal for the construction of multiple ATVs with two docking ports, one at each end. The current version of the ATV is already prepared for a docking port at the back, with the main propulsion system arranged in a cylindrical fashion leaving room for a tunnel through the middle. This concept would allow Soyuz, Progress and other ATVs to dock to the back of the ATV, allowing a steady flow of Russian vehicles using the available docking ports whilst an ATV is docked for an average of around 6 months at a time. Cargo Ascent and Return Vehicle The CARV would deliver a redesigned capsule, capable of bringing back payload from orbit. It could be installed in place of the ATV pressurized cargo hold. In addition, it could be adapted to use a berth rather than a docking port at the US side of the station. Given the larger berthing ports there, it would be possible to transfer complete International Standard Payload Racks (ISPRs) from the ATV to the station, which is only possible with the H II Transfer Vehicle. Possibilities for launching of the ATV on other launchers than the Ariane 5 have also been investigated, in particular in the frame of Commercial Orbital Transportation Services. ESA and its member states will consider approval for further ATV development in the coming years. On 14 May 2008, aerospace company EADS Astrium and the German Aerospace Center (DLR), announced that they were actively pursuing a development project with the aim of adapting the ATV into a crew transportation system. In the envisioned configuration, the craft would be able to launch a 3 person crew beyond LEO via use of a modified version of the Ariane 5 rocket and would be more spacious than the Russian Soyuz. A mock up of the proposed craft was publicly displayed at the 2008 International Aerospace Exhibition in Berlin. If the project were to have been given ESA approval, development would have proceeded in two stages:
The first stage would have involved the development of an Advanced Reentry Vehicle (ARV) capable of transporting up to 1,500 kg of cargo from space to earth safely (see CARV above) by 2015. This capability would be available to ESA even if further development were to be halted. It would prove useful in the ISS program as well as the proposed Mars Sample Return Mission with NASA. ARV development would make use of work done on the Atmospheric Reentry Demonstrator, Crew Return Vehicle and related projects. The budget for this stage of the ATV overhaul would reportedly be €300 million. The second stage would adapt the then existing capsule to be able to transport people safely as well as upgrade the propulsion and other systems in the service module and would last 4 to 5 years at a cost of "a couple of billion [euro]" according to a senior Astrium representative. In November 2008, ESA ministers budgeted for a feasibility study into developing a re entry capsule for the ATV, a requirement for developing either a cargo return capacity or a crew version of the ATV. On 7 July 2009, the ESA signed a €21 million study contract with EADS Astrium. The ARV effort was ultimately discontinued after completing the B1 stage due to fiscal constraints resulting from the late 2000s financial crisis.
В ноябре 2008 года министры ESA выделили бюджет на исследование целесообразности разработки капсулы для возврата грузов на Землю, что является необходимым условием для разработки версии ATV, предназначенной для возврата грузов или для перевозки экипажа. 7 июля 2009 года ESA подписала с EADS Astrium контракт на проведение исследования стоимостью 21 миллион евро.
In addition to its principal role as a one way uncrewed cargo transfer vehicle, from the onset of work on the project, the ESA had viewed the ATV as having the potential for being the starting point for a whole family of automated space vehicles. The potential commercialisation of the ATV was also the subject of a formal study conducted by the ESA, during which the prospects of using the spacecraft as a dedicated tug for satellites, as well as the use of alternative launch systems, were examined. Following the decision by NASA to retire the Space Shuttle in 2011, the ESA decided to launch a further series of studies to determine the potential for evolutions and adaptations of the ATV. As a result of these studies, the cargo return version (CARV) was identified as a particularly promising candidate for further development. The goal of this variant is to provide ESA with the capability to transport scientific data and cargo from the ISS to Earth. Beyond this, CARV could be enhanced to become a crew vehicle which would be launched by an adapted Ariane 5. Mini Space Station The MSS concept is an ATV evolution proposal for the construction of multiple ATVs with two docking ports, one at each end. The current version of the ATV is already prepared for a docking port at the back, with the main propulsion system arranged in a cylindrical fashion leaving room for a tunnel through the middle. This concept would allow Soyuz, Progress and other ATVs to dock to the back of the ATV, allowing a steady flow of Russian vehicles using the available docking ports whilst an ATV is docked for an average of around 6 months at a time. Cargo Ascent and Return Vehicle The CARV would deliver a redesigned capsule, capable of bringing back payload from orbit. It could be installed in place of the ATV pressurized cargo hold. In addition, it could be adapted to use a berth rather than a docking port at the US side of the station. Given the larger berthing ports there, it would be possible to transfer complete International Standard Payload Racks (ISPRs) from the ATV to the station, which is only possible with the H II Transfer Vehicle. Possibilities for launching of the ATV on other launchers than the Ariane 5 have also been investigated, in particular in the frame of Commercial Orbital Transportation Services. ESA and its member states will consider approval for further ATV development in the coming years. On 14 May 2008, aerospace company EADS Astrium and the German Aerospace Center (DLR), announced that they were actively pursuing a development project with the aim of adapting the ATV into a crew transportation system. In the envisioned configuration, the craft would be able to launch a 3 person crew beyond LEO via use of a modified version of the Ariane 5 rocket and would be more spacious than the Russian Soyuz. A mock up of the proposed craft was publicly displayed at the 2008 International Aerospace Exhibition in Berlin. If the project were to have been given ESA approval, development would have proceeded in two stages:
The first stage would have involved the development of an Advanced Reentry Vehicle (ARV) capable of transporting up to 1,500 kg of cargo from space to earth safely (see CARV above) by 2015. This capability would be available to ESA even if further development were to be halted. It would prove useful in the ISS program as well as the proposed Mars Sample Return Mission with NASA. ARV development would make use of work done on the Atmospheric Reentry Demonstrator, Crew Return Vehicle and related projects. The budget for this stage of the ATV overhaul would reportedly be €300 million. The second stage would adapt the then existing capsule to be able to transport people safely as well as upgrade the propulsion and other systems in the service module and would last 4 to 5 years at a cost of "a couple of billion [euro]" according to a senior Astrium representative. In November 2008, ESA ministers budgeted for a feasibility study into developing a re entry capsule for the ATV, a requirement for developing either a cargo return capacity or a crew version of the ATV. On 7 July 2009, the ESA signed a €21 million study contract with EADS Astrium. The ARV effort was ultimately discontinued after completing the B1 stage due to fiscal constraints resulting from the late 2000s financial crisis.
В конечном итоге, усилия по разработке ARV были прекращены после завершения этапа B1 из-за финансовых ограничений, вызванных финансовым кризисом конца 2000-х годов.
In addition to its principal role as a one way uncrewed cargo transfer vehicle, from the onset of work on the project, the ESA had viewed the ATV as having the potential for being the starting point for a whole family of automated space vehicles. The potential commercialisation of the ATV was also the subject of a formal study conducted by the ESA, during which the prospects of using the spacecraft as a dedicated tug for satellites, as well as the use of alternative launch systems, were examined. Following the decision by NASA to retire the Space Shuttle in 2011, the ESA decided to launch a further series of studies to determine the potential for evolutions and adaptations of the ATV. As a result of these studies, the cargo return version (CARV) was identified as a particularly promising candidate for further development. The goal of this variant is to provide ESA with the capability to transport scientific data and cargo from the ISS to Earth. Beyond this, CARV could be enhanced to become a crew vehicle which would be launched by an adapted Ariane 5. Mini Space Station The MSS concept is an ATV evolution proposal for the construction of multiple ATVs with two docking ports, one at each end. The current version of the ATV is already prepared for a docking port at the back, with the main propulsion system arranged in a cylindrical fashion leaving room for a tunnel through the middle. This concept would allow Soyuz, Progress and other ATVs to dock to the back of the ATV, allowing a steady flow of Russian vehicles using the available docking ports whilst an ATV is docked for an average of around 6 months at a time. Cargo Ascent and Return Vehicle The CARV would deliver a redesigned capsule, capable of bringing back payload from orbit. It could be installed in place of the ATV pressurized cargo hold. In addition, it could be adapted to use a berth rather than a docking port at the US side of the station. Given the larger berthing ports there, it would be possible to transfer complete International Standard Payload Racks (ISPRs) from the ATV to the station, which is only possible with the H II Transfer Vehicle. Possibilities for launching of the ATV on other launchers than the Ariane 5 have also been investigated, in particular in the frame of Commercial Orbital Transportation Services. ESA and its member states will consider approval for further ATV development in the coming years. On 14 May 2008, aerospace company EADS Astrium and the German Aerospace Center (DLR), announced that they were actively pursuing a development project with the aim of adapting the ATV into a crew transportation system. In the envisioned configuration, the craft would be able to launch a 3 person crew beyond LEO via use of a modified version of the Ariane 5 rocket and would be more spacious than the Russian Soyuz. A mock up of the proposed craft was publicly displayed at the 2008 International Aerospace Exhibition in Berlin. If the project were to have been given ESA approval, development would have proceeded in two stages:
The first stage would have involved the development of an Advanced Reentry Vehicle (ARV) capable of transporting up to 1,500 kg of cargo from space to earth safely (see CARV above) by 2015. This capability would be available to ESA even if further development were to be halted. It would prove useful in the ISS program as well as the proposed Mars Sample Return Mission with NASA. ARV development would make use of work done on the Atmospheric Reentry Demonstrator, Crew Return Vehicle and related projects. The budget for this stage of the ATV overhaul would reportedly be €300 million. The second stage would adapt the then existing capsule to be able to transport people safely as well as upgrade the propulsion and other systems in the service module and would last 4 to 5 years at a cost of "a couple of billion [euro]" according to a senior Astrium representative. In November 2008, ESA ministers budgeted for a feasibility study into developing a re entry capsule for the ATV, a requirement for developing either a cargo return capacity or a crew version of the ATV. On 7 July 2009, the ESA signed a €21 million study contract with EADS Astrium. The ARV effort was ultimately discontinued after completing the B1 stage due to fiscal constraints resulting from the late 2000s financial crisis.
Экзолинер
В течение 2010-х годов компания Lockheed Martin разработала предложение для Commercial Resupply Services 2, которое включало новый грузовой модуль для транспортировки грузов с определенным диаметром, названный Exoliner. Он был основан на конструкции ATV и должен был быть совместно разработан с Thales Alenia Space.
During the 2010s, Lockheed Martin put together a proposal for Commercial Resupply Services 2 that included a new diameter cargo transport module called Exoliner, which was based on the ATV and was to be jointly developed with Thales Alenia Space.