Усилитель слабого сигнала с низким уровнем шума.

Signal amplifier that doesn't significantly degrade the signal noise ratio

A low noise amplifier (LNA) is an electronic component that amplifies a very low power signal without significantly degrading its signal to noise ratio (SNR). Any electronic amplifier will increase the power of both the signal and the noise present at its input, but the amplifier will also introduce some additional noise. LNAs are designed to minimize that additional noise, by choosing special components, operating points, and circuit topologies. Minimizing additional noise must balance with other design goals such as power gain and impedance matching. LNAs are found in radio communications systems, medical instruments and electronic test equipment. A typical LNA may supply a power gain of 100 (20 decibels (dB)) while decreasing the SNR by less than a factor of two (a 3 dB noise figure (NF)). Although LNAs are primarily concerned with weak signals that are just above the noise floor, they must also consider the presence of larger signals that cause intermodulation distortion.

Antennas are a common source of weak signals. An outdoor antenna is often connected to its receiver by a transmission line called a feed line. Losses in the feed line lower the received signal to noise ratio: a feed line loss of 3 degrades the receiver signal to noise ratio (SNR) by 3. An example is a feed line made from of RG 174 coaxial cable and used with a global positioning system (GPS) receiver. The loss in that feed line is 3.2 at 1; approximately 5 at the GPS frequency (1.57542). This feed line loss can be avoided by placing an LNA at the antenna, which supplies enough gain to offset the loss. An LNA is a key component at the front end of a radio receiver circuit to help reduce unwanted noise in particular. Friis' formulas for noise models the noise in a multi stage signal collection circuit. In most receivers, the overall NF is dominated by the first few stages of the RF front end. By using an LNA close to the signal source, the effect of noise from subsequent stages of the receive chain in the circuit is reduced by the signal gain created by the LNA, while the noise created by the LNA itself is injected directly into the received signal. The LNA boosts the desired signals' power while adding as little noise and distortion as possible. The work done by the LNA enables optimum retrieval of the desired signal in the later stages of the system.

Amplifiers need a device to provide gain. In the 1940s, that device was a vacuum tube, but now it is usually a transistor. The transistor may be one of many varieties of bipolar transistors or field effect transistors. Other devices producing gain, such as tunnel diodes, may be used. Broadly speaking, two categories of transistor models are used in LNA design: Small signal models use quasi linear models of noise and large signal models consider non linear mixing. The amount of gain applied is often a compromise. On one hand, high gain makes weak signals strong. On the other hand, high gain means higher level signals, and such high level signals with high gain may exceed the amplifier's dynamic range or cause other types of noise such as harmonic distortion or nonlinear mixing.

The noise figure helps determine the efficiency of a particular LNA. LNA suitability for a particular application is typically based on its noise figure. In general, a low noise figure results in better signal reception.

The circuit topology affects input and output impedance. In general, the source impedance is matched to the input impedance because that will maximize the power transfer from the source to the device. If the source impedance is low, then a common base or common gate circuit topology may be appropriate. For a medium source impedance, a common emitter or common source topology may be used. With a high source resistance, a common collector or common drain topology may be appropriate. An input impedance match may not produce the lowest noise figure.

Another design issue is the noise introduced by biasing networks.

LNAs are used in communications receivers such as in radio telescopes, cellular telephones, GPS receivers, wireless LANs (WiFi), and satellite communications. In a satellite communications system, the ground station receiving antenna uses an LNA because the received signal is weak since satellites have limited power and therefore use low power transmitters. The satellites are also distant and suffer path loss: low Earth orbit satellites might be 120 mile (193 km) away; a geosynchronous satellite is away. The LNA boosts the antenna signal to overcome feed line losses between the antenna and the receiver. LNAs can enhance the performance of software defined radio (SDR) receiver systems. SDRs are typically designed to be general purpose and therefore the noise figure is not optimized for any one particular application. With an LNA and appropriate filter, performance is improved over a range of frequencies.