Порт Альберни: История и География Британской Колумбии

Port Alberni (/æ//l/'/b//ɜr//n//i/) is a city located on Vancouver Island in the province of British Columbia, Canada. The city lies within the Alberni Valley at the head of the Alberni Inlet, Vancouver Island's longest inlet. It is the location of the head offices of the Alberni Clayoquot Regional District. Port Alberni currently has a total population of 18,259. Port Alberni is served by the coast spanning Island Highway system, the Island Rail Corridor, and a local airport.

Port Alberni was named for Captain Don Pedro de Alberní, a Spanish officer, who commanded Fort San Miguel at Nootka Sound on Vancouver Island's west coast from 1790 to 1792. Port Alberni and the West Coast of Vancouver Island were historically populated by people of the Tseshaht First Nation, Hupacasath First Nation, and Nuu chah nulth people. Many place names in Port Alberni have a Nuu chah nulth origin, such as Somass (washing), Kitsuksis (log across mouth of creek), Pacheena (foamy), and Nootka (go around). Ancient petroglyph carvings can be found at Sproat Lake. In March 1787, Captain Charles William Barkley of the Imperial Eagle, explored Barkley Sound, which now bears his name. Barkley travelled with his 17 year old bride, Frances Barkley, the first European woman to visit what is now British Columbia. Frances Barkley is also the name of one of the two vessels that makes trips down the Alberni Inlet from Port Alberni to Bamfield and Ucluelet. The other, since retired, was the MV Lady Rose. In 1856, Adam Horne, a Scottish fur trader employed by the Hudson's Bay Company, was directed to locate a land route across Vancouver Island. There were stories that the natives used a trail starting at Qualicum. Adam Horne found this trail leading to the Alberni Valley and it became known as the Horne Lake Trail. Many other settlers used this trail to get to the Alberni Valley. In 1860, the Anderson company, a sawmilling company from London, England, took the advice of their Victoria agent Captain Edward Stamp and set up a sawmill operation. At the time, the American Civil War prevented the importation of timber from the southern United States. Gilbert Sproat and Edward Stamp transported men and machinery to Alberni. They received land grants from Governor James Douglas and started running the Anderson sawmill at the mouth of the Somass River in August 1861. The first mill in B. C. was built to export lumber. The original mill failed, but several others were established in the 1880s. Sproat Lake was named after Gilbert Sproat and Stamp Falls and Stamp River were named after Edward Stamp. Rogers Creek, which flows through the centre of Port Alberni, was named after A. B. Rogers, the discoverer of Rogers Pass, when he surveyed in the Alberni Valley for the Canadian Pacific Railway in the late 19th century. In 1862, small scale placer gold mining took place on China Creek; in the 1890s more gold mining took place along the Alberni Inlet at China Creek and Mineral Creek. Several gold veins were found. Exploration for gold continued over the years with peaks in the 1930s and 1960s. Port Alberni Mill opened as a kraft pulp mill in 1946, followed by two paper machines in 1957. Today, the town is a hub for local, regional, and provincial government, and its West Coast General Hospital provides services to west coast communities like Bamfield, Tofino, and Ucluelet. Currently, the natural resources of the area are taking centre stage again, but in a different way. Port Alberni is in the process of "re developing" itself as a tourism destination. The area's amenities, such as the natural environment of the area, the opportunities for fishing (both marine and freshwater), its convenience as a jumping off point for new outdoor recreation and ecotourism activities such as hiking, kayaking, and mountain biking, lend themselves to these activities very well. The 1946 Vancouver Island earthquake was a 7.3 magnitude earthquake that struck at 10:15 a. m. on Sunday, June 23, 1946. The main shock epicentre occurred in the Forbidden Plateau area north of Port Alberni. While most of the large earthquakes in the Vancouver area occur at tectonic plate boundaries, the 1946 Vancouver Island earthquake was a crustal event. Shaking was felt from Portland, Oregon to Prince Rupert, British Columbia. The earthquake is remembered as one of the most damaging earthquakes in the history of British Columbia. From 1920 to 1973 the Alberni Residential School was in operation. The Canadian Federal government now says that this was a big blot on race relations in Canada. The residential school system run by the United Church forcibly separated children from their families and communities. The residential school was closed in the late 1970s and in 2009 was demolished. In 1955, the Alberni Athletics Senior A Men's Basketball Team had an outstanding year. The Alberni Athletics won the Canadian Senior Basketball Championships at home. A young Jim Robson honed his sports reporting skills doing the play by play on radio station CJAV. The Alberni Athletics were inducted into the BC Sports Hall of Fame in 2001. In 1964, Port Alberni was hit by a tsunami during the Good Friday earthquake. The water rose about one foot in a minute reaching ten feet above the high water mark. About 375 homes were damaged and 55 were washed away, however there were no injuries or fatalities. In 1967, the neighbouring towns of Alberni (on the north) and Port Alberni (on the south) amalgamated to form the city of Port Alberni. The Alberni Valley has a museum and many ancillary attractions, including Sproat Lake, which is located just outside Port Alberni.

Located at the head of the Alberni Inlet, Port Alberni lies adjacent to this natural harbour as well as the Somass River. The other end of the inlet is located on Barkley Sound, which includes the Broken Group Islands, considered to be one of the best areas for kayaking in the world. Sproat Lake is located west of the city, and the valley is guarded by the snow covered peaks of the Beaufort range, Mount Arrowsmith and Mount Klitsa, and surrounded by mountains on all sides. Kuth kah chulth, is the Nuu Chah Nulth name for Mount Arrowsmith. The city itself owes its unique layout to its former "twin city" status, due to its two official city centres, as well as the numerous creeks and ravines that bisect the townsite. The former city of Alberni is now dubbed "North Port", and is centred at Highway 4 and Gertrude Street. Visitors continuing onward to the west coast will pass this intersection, marked by the historic Alberni Post Office on the Southeast corner. Much of Port Alberni's recent development has occurred in the North Port area, especially "up the hill", east of the North Port downtown. The former City of Port Alberni (now referred to as "South Port" or "Uptown") can be found about South on 3rd and Argyle street. In 2004, the Capitol Theatre, a local landmark in South Port, underwent extensive renovations and emerged as a stately yet modern relic of past times. This theatre now often hosts live performances. South Port is anchored by the Harbour Quay, a waterfront collection of shops, art galleries, great food and parks. The Port Alberni railway station, farmers market on Saturdays, as well as the Maritime Discovery Centre can be found here. The city's West End is an eclectic mix of new suburban style homes, large acreages, and two First Nations reserves. Much of the residential growth over the past decade has occurred in the city's West End, where the Westporte neighbourhood has taken shape. The creeks and ravines that cut through the city create natural barriers; Kitsuksis Creek, Cherry Creek, Roger Creek and Dry Creek each flow through the city. The hiking trails in these creeks and ravines add tremendously to the quality of life in Port Alberni.

Port Alberni's dry July gives it a warm summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csb), although it is much wetter than most such places. Although the summer months do see a relatively small amount of precipitation, the vast majority of it comes during the winter months as cool, moist air flows from the Pacific Ocean over the much colder B. C. coast. Despite its location on the relatively drier east side of Vancouver Island, the resulting weak rain shadow is not enough to keep the city dry. Despite its generally wet climate, in summer, afternoon shade temperatures quite often exceed on average 15–30 days a year, making it one of the warmest places on Vancouver Island in the summer months. The highest temperature ever recorded in Port Alberni was on 28 June 2021. The coldest temperature ever recorded was on 14 January 1950.

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Port Alberni had a population of 18,259 living in 8,451 of its 8,919 total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of 17,678. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021. The median household income in 2005 for Port Alberni was $43,624. One major characteristic known is the twin city demographic, where previously there were the distinct Port Alberni and Alberni municipalities, the remnants remain with two distinct city centres.

+ Panethnic groups in the City of Port Alberni (1986−2021)Panethnicgroup2021201120062001199619911986Pop. (Population)% (percentage)Pop. (Population)% (percentage)Pop. (Population)% (percentage)Pop. (Population)% (percentage)Pop. (Population)% (percentage)Pop. (Population)% (percentage)Pop. (Population)% (percentage)Pop. (Population)% (percentage) European 13,975 77.81 13,290 76.73 14,400 82.81 14,295 82.51 14,320 81.67 15,235 83.48 14,875 81.42 15,175 83.72 Indigenous 2,860 15.92 3,030 17.49 2,205 12.68 2,050 11.83 2,320 13.23 1,410 7.73 1,920 10.51 1,465 8.08 South Asian 465 2.59 495 2.86 385 2.21 665 3.84 590 3.36 1,165 6.38 1,025 5.61 1,170 6.46 East Asian 230 1.28 285 1.65 205 1.18 155 0.89 190 1.08 275 1.51 295 1.61 280 1.54 Southeast Asian 140 0.78 90 0.52 70 0.40 30 0.17 35 0.20 45 0.25 45 0.25 15 0.08 African 115 0.64 55 0.32 60 0.35 45 0.26 50 0.29 65 0.36 40 0.22 0 0.00 Latin American 75 0.42 20 0.12 30 0.17 50 0.29 20 0.11 30 0.16 60 0.33 20 0.11 Middle Eastern 20 0.11 25 0.14 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 10 0.05 0 0.00 Other/Multiracial 80 0.45 35 0.20 30 0.17 35 0.20 10 0.06 25 0.14 Total responses 17,960 98.36 17,320 97.97 17,390 98.01 17,325 98.73 17,535 98.80 18,250 97.17 18,270 98.63 18,125 99.36 Total population 18,259 100.00 17,678 100.00 17,743 100.00 17,548 100.00 17,748 100.00 18,782 100.00 18,523 100.00 18,241 100.00

The chief source of industry in Port Alberni is forestry, commercial fishing, and tourism. In the 1950s, 60's and 70's the forestry labour force in Port Alberni was one of the highest paid in the country. However, over the last fifteen years there has been a decline in the forestry industry and a consequent relative decline in the economy of the city and of its residents. There is also a lumber mill, Alberni Pacific Division, that also sits on the inlet. Several smaller sawmills exist throughout the valley. Farming is also practised in the valley. Port Alberni also serves as a hub for those travelling to the West Coast of Vancouver Island, including Ucluelet, Tofino and Pacific Rim National Park. As commodities tend to be much pricier in these remote areas, campers and travellers often do their shopping in Port Alberni before continuing their journey. This has resulted in development along the Johnston Road (Highway 4) corridor, including several big box retailers, grocery stores and strip mall developments. Previously, eco tourism companies have set up shop in the Alberni Valley, taking advantage of the city's location on the fringe of wilderness yet proximate location to Vancouver and Victoria. For example, there's a kayaking, ATV touring, a windsurfing and a glider company.

A team of salmon enhancement volunteers and the Department of Fisheries and Oceans have worked to improve salmon habitats throughout the Alberni Valley, adding a Coho hatchery at the McLean Mill National Historic Site, in addition to the successful Robertson Creek Hatchery on the Stamp River. Port Alberni was awarded the World Fishing Network's “Ultimate Fishing Town” designation in 2010.

Port Alberni sits beneath Mount Arrowsmith and is almost completely surrounded by mountains. These mountains provide hiking, walking, and mountain biking trails. It also provides an opportunity to view wildlife, including deer and black bears. The city is also known for its fishing. Its waters contain five different species of salmon and yearly runs of steelhead. Halibut can also be found in the saltwater inlets near the city. The state of the art Robertson Creek Fish Hatchery is the most successful hatchery on Vancouver Island, producing chinook salmon, coho salmon, and steelhead smolts. It is located a short drive west of Port Alberni. and is open to the public. Port Alberni is home to the McLean Mill National Historic Site which incorporates a steam railway from the downtown harbour to the saw mill up the valley. The historic mill offers demonstrations, including operating the old mill. The world's largest aerial firefighting flying boats, the Martin Mars Water Bombers, once made their home on nearby Sproat Lake. This lake is also a summer destination for local residents and cottagers from surrounding areas. The sole remaining Water Bomber is now owned by The Coulson Group, and has been renamed from the Martin Mars Water Bombers to the Coulson Flying Tankers. The provincial lake also provided petroglyphs carved First Nations many years ago. Besides the offers from nature, the city has two quays, Harbour Quay and Victoria Quay include shops, restaurants, and art galleries along the inlet. On some autumn evenings, when the inlet's tide is low, black bears can be spotted looking for fish on the other side of Victoria Quay. The Alberni Valley Multiplex in Port Alberni is home to the Alberni Valley Bulldogs, a Junior A hockey team in the BCHL. Della Falls, the 16th tallest waterfall in Canada , is accessible by boat from Great Central Lake or by helicopter. Helicopters are not allowed to land in Strathcona Provincial Park.

Port Alberni Airport (CBS8) is located north west of the city. The airport has a runway with another additional of taxiways and apron. The airport is home to a number of key tenants, including Coulson Aircrane, Canadian Aero Technologies, Alberni Valley Flying Club and Vancouver Island Helicopters. The main highway to Port Alberni is Highway 4, known locally as the Alberni Highway and the Pacific Rim Highway. It is the longest east–west main vehicle route on Vancouver Island, with a total length of The highway to Port Alberni was completed in 1942, and has been designated as Highway 4 since 1953. The highway starts at Qualicum Beach, then reaches Port Alberni from which it continues on to Tofino and Ucluelet. Port Alberni is served by the Island Rail Corridor branch line from Parksville known as the Port Alberni Subdivision.

The Port of Port Alberni regularly receives large oceangoing cargo vessels, such as the Hong Kong based OYSTER BAY and the Bergen based STAR LINDESNES, as well as tugs, fishing boats, and search and rescue vessels. The Port Alberni Port Authority was created in 1999. Under the Canada Marine Act, the Port Alberni Port Authority is responsible for the Alberni Inlet from the Somass River to Tzartus Island.