События 1812–1814 годов: Войны, открытия и рождение новых государств

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October 2 – The Philomathean Society of the University of Pennsylvania is founded (the oldest continuously existing literary society in the United States). October 5 – War of 1812 –Battle of the Thames in Upper Canada: William Henry Harrison defeats the British, and native leader Tecumseh is killed in battle. October 14 – After a ceremony in Caracas, Venezuela, the municipality gives Simón Bolívar the title of El Libertador. October 16–19 – Napoleonic Wars – Battle of Leipzig: Napoleon is defeated by the forces of the Sixth Coalition. More than 600,000 troops are in the field, with well over 10% killed, wounded or missing. Many of the German states forming the Confederation of the Rhine defect from Napoleon to the Coalition, as a result of the battle. October 24–November 5 – Persia and Russia sign the Treaty of Gulistan at the end of the Russo Persian War, by which Persia loses modern day Georgia, Dagestan and most of Azerbaijan to Russia. October 26 – War of 1812 – Battle of the Chateauguay: Charles de Salaberry defeats an American invasion. November 11 – War of 1812 – Battle of Crysler's Farm: An outnumbered British–Canadian force repels an American attack, forcing the Americans to give up their attempt to capture Montreal. November 21 – An independent government is restored in the Netherlands. December 8 – Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony No. 7, together with his Wellington's Victory, are premiered in Vienna under the composer's baton, in a benefit concert for Austrian and Bavarian soldiers wounded at the Battle of Hanau. December 18–19 – War of 1812: British soldiers and native allies invade the United States, and are successful in the Capture of Fort Niagara, and attack Lewiston, New York. December 29 – War of 1812: British soldiers burn Buffalo, New York.

Mathieu Orfila publishes his groundbreaking Traité des poisons, formalizing the field of toxicology. Charles Waterton begins the process of turning his estate at Walton Hall, West Yorkshire, England into what is, in effect, the world's first nature reserve. Following the death of his father Wossen Seged, Sahle Selassie arrives at the capital Qundi before his other brothers, and is made Meridazmach of Shewa. The Supreme Council for the Northern Jurisdiction of the United States of America is founded. Probable date – George E. Clymer invents the Columbian press, used to print newspapers worldwide.

January 19 – Sir Henry Bessemer, English inventor (d. 1898)
January 21 – John C. Frémont, American soldier, explorer (d. 1890)
January 26 – Juan Pablo Duarte, founder of the Dominican Republic (d. 1876)
February 8 – José Manuel Pareja, Spanish admiral (d. 1865)
February 11 – Otto Ludwig, German writer (d. 1865)
February 12 – James Dwight Dana, American geologist, mineralogist (d. 1895)
February 15 – Frederick Holbrook, Vermont governor (d. 1909)
March 14 – Joseph P. Bradley, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1892)
March 15 – John Snow, English doctor, pioneer of epidemiology (d. 1858)
March 16 – Gaëtan de Rochebouët, Prime Minister of France (d. 1899)
March 18 – Christian Friedrich Hebbel, German poet, playwright (d. 1863)
March 19 – David Livingstone, Scottish missionary explorer (d. 1873)
March 21 – James Strang, Mormon splinter group leader (d. 1856)
March 23 – Mary Elizabeth Lee, American writer (d. 1849)
March 27 – Nathaniel Currier, American illustrator (d. 1888)
April 1 – Karl Friedrich August Rammelsberg, German mineralogist (d. 1899)
April 8 – Leah Fox, American hoax medium (d. 1890)
April 17 – Mary Peters, née Bowley, English hymn writer (d. 1856)
April 19 – David Settle Reid, American politician (d. 1891)
April 23 – Stephen A. Douglas, American Senator from Illinois, presidential candidate (d. 1861)
May 5 – Søren Kierkegaard, Danish philosopher (d. 1855)
May 15 – Stephen Heller, Hungarian composer (d. 1888)
May 21 – Robert Murray M'Cheyne, Scottish clergyman (d. 1843)
May 22 – Richard Wagner, German composer (d. 1883)
June 2 – Daniel Pollen, 9th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1896)
June 8 – David Dixon Porter, American admiral (d. 1891)
June 8 – Maximilian Piotrowski, Polish painter, Kunstakademie Königsberg professor (d. 1875)
June 24 – Henry Ward Beecher, American clergyman, reformer (d. 1887)

Juan Diéguez Olaverri, Guatemalan writer (d. 1866)
John Miley, American Methodist theologian (d. 1895)
John Thomas, English Victorian sculptor (d. 1862)
José María Díaz, Spanish romanticist playwright and journalist (d. 1888)

Josefa Joaquina Sánchez, Venezuelan embroiderer and independence heroine (b. 1765)
Nikolaos Koutouzis – Greek painter, poet and priest (b. 1741)