Ағылшыншамен салыстырыңыз: абзацты басыңыз — түпнұсқа терезеде ашылады. Абзац астындағы EN түймесі оны мәтін ішінде көрсетеді.
Мазмұны
Кіріспе
20 мм Гатлинг типті айналмалы пулемет
20 mm Gatling type rotary cannon
M61 Вулкан – гидравликалық, электрлік немесе пневматикалық жетекпен, алты стволды, ауамен салқындатылатын, электрлік оқ ату механизмі бар Гатлинг стиліндегі айналмалы пулемет, ол оқтарды өте жоғары жылдамдықпен (әдетте минутына 6000 оқ) атуға қабілетті. M61 және оның түйінділері 60 жылдан астам уақыт бойы АҚШ әскери авиациясының негізгі қаруы болып табылады. 1947 жылы Әуе күштері әскери қызметтің жеке тармағына айналды. Жаңа Әуе күштері жаңа ұшақ пулеметін сұрады. Екінші дүниежүзілік соғыстың әуе шайқастарынан алынған сабақ – неміс, итальян және жапон ұшақтары алыс қашықтықтан американдық ұшақтарға өздерінің пулеметтерімен шабуылдай алатындығы еді. P-51 және P-47 сияқты .50 калибрлі (12,7 мм) пулеметтері бар американдық ұшақтардың жау ұшақтарын соққыға түсіру және зақымдау үшін оларға жақын болуы қажет еді. P-38 және P-61 ұшақтарындағы Hispano пулеметтері, бұрынғы ұшақтарға қарсы тиімді болғанымен, реактивтік ұшақтар дәуірінде атыс жылдамдығы салыстырмалы түрде төмен болды, ал басқа пулеметтердің сенімділігі төмен еді. Осы талапқа жауап ретінде General Electric компаниясының қару-жарақ бөлімі көп стволды Гатлинг пулеметі сияқты ескі идеяны қайта жаңғыртты. Алғашқы Гатлинг пулеметі стволдарды айналдыру үшін сыртқы қуат көзіне мұқтаж болғандықтан қолданыстан шығып қалды, бірақ жаңа буын турбореактивтік ұшақтары пулеметті жұмыс істеу үшін жеткілікті электр қуатын ұсынды, ал электрлік жұмыс газбен жұмыс істейтінге қарағанда сенімдірек болды. Көп стволды конструкцияның арқасында, әрбір стволдың атыс жылдамдығы бір стволды пулеметтен төмен болуы мүмкін, бірақ жалқы атыс жылдамдығы жоғарырақ болады. Гатлинг пулеметін сыртқы электр қуатымен қамтамасыз ету идеясы Екінші дүниежүзілік соғыстың соңында жаңалық емес еді, өйткені Ричард Джордан Гатлинг 1893 жылы тіркелген патентында осылай жасаған болатын. Бірінші дүниежүзілік соғыс кезінде Германия империясы ұшаққа орнатылатын 12 стволды Fokker Leimberger айналмалы пулеметін, ұшақ қозғалтқышымен немесе электрмотормен қуаттандырылатын нұсқасын әзірлеген болатын. 1946 жылы армия General Electric компаниясымен "Вулкан жобасы" бойынша келісімшарт жасады, ол минутына 7200 оқ атуға қабілетті алты стволды қаруды жасауды көздеді. Еуропалық конструкторлар ұрыс тиімділігін арттыру үшін ауыр қаруларға көшуге ұмтылса да, АҚШ бастапқыда соғысқа дейінгі танкке қарсы мылтық үшін жасалған қуатты оққа назар аударды, оқтардың жоғары бастапқы жылдамдығы жоғары жылдамдықтағы нысаналарды соққыға түсіруге көмектеседі деп күтті. Lockheed F-104 Starfighter ұшағының сынақтары T171 Vulcan (кейіннен M61 деп аталды) оқтардың байланыс тізбегімен проблемаларға тап болғанын көрсетті, олар жиі кесіліп, тасталған тізбектер шетелдік заттардың зақымдану қаупін тудырды. Жаңартылған M61A1 үшін байланыссыз оқтармен жұмыс істейтін жүйе жасалды, ол кейіннен АҚШ ұшақтарының стандартты қаруына айналды. 1993 жылы General Electric өзінің аэроғарыш бөлімін, соның ішінде GE Armament Systems-ті, M61 және GE-нің басқа айналмалы пулеметтерінің жобалау және өндіріс құралдарын Martin Marietta компаниясына сатты. Martin компаниясы Lockheed компаниясымен біріккеннен кейін айналмалы пулеметтерге жауапкершілік Lockheed Martin Armament Systems компаниясына көшті. Кейін Lockheed Martin Armament Systems компаниясы General Dynamics компаниясымен сатып алынды, ол M61 және оның түрлерін өндіруді жалғастыруда.
The M61 Vulcan is a hydraulically, electrically, or pneumatically driven, six barrel, air cooled, electrically fired Gatling style rotary cannon which fires rounds at an extremely high rate (typically 6,000 rounds per minute). The M61 and its derivatives have been the principal cannon armament of United States military fixed wing aircraft for over sixty years. In 1947, the Air Force became a separate branch of the military. The new Air Force made a request for a new aircraft gun. A lesson of World War II air combat was that German, Italian, and Japanese fighters could attack American aircraft from long range with their cannon main armament. American fighters with .50 caliber (12.7 mm) main armament, such as the P 51 and P 47, had to be close to enemy aircraft in order to hit and damage them. The Hispano cannon carried by the P 38 and P 61, while formidable against propeller driven planes, had a relatively low rate of fire in the age of jets, while other cannons were notoriously unreliable. In response to this requirement, the Armament Division of General Electric resurrected an old idea: the multi barrel Gatling gun. The original Gatling gun had fallen out of favor because of the need for an external power source to rotate the barrel assembly, but the new generation of turbojet powered fighters offered sufficient electric power to operate the gun, and electric operation was more reliable than gas operated reloading. With multiple barrels, the rate of fire per barrel could be lower than a single barrel revolver cannon while providing a greater overall rate of fire. The idea of powering a Gatling gun from an external electric power source was not a novel idea at the end of World War II, as Richard Jordan Gatling himself had done just that with a patent he filed in 1893. During World War I, a similar 12 barreled Fokker Leimberger aircraft rotary machine gun, powered by either the aircraft engine or an electric motor, had been under development by the German Empire. In 1946, the Army issued General Electric a contract for "Project Vulcan", a six barrel weapon capable of firing 7,200 rounds per minute (rpm). Although European designers were moving towards heavier weapons for better hitting power, the U. S. initially concentrated on a powerful cartridge designed for a pre war anti tank rifle, expecting that the cartridge's high muzzle velocity would be beneficial for improving hit ratios on high speed targets. The development of the Lockheed F 104 Starfighter revealed that the T171 Vulcan (later redesignated M61) suffered problems with its linked ammunition, being prone to misfeed and presenting a foreign object damage hazard with discarded links. A linkless ammunition feed system was developed for the upgraded M61A1, which subsequently became the standard cannon armament of U. S. fighters. In 1993, General Electric sold its aerospace division, including GE Armament Systems along with the design and production tooling for the M61 and GE's other rotary cannon, to Martin Marietta. After Martin's merger with Lockheed, the rotary cannon became the responsibility of Lockheed Martin Armament Systems. Lockheed Martin Armament Systems was later acquired by General Dynamics, which produces the M61 and its variants .
Сипаттама
Қарудың алты ұңғысының әрқайсысы ұңғылар жиынтығының әрбір айналымы кезінде кезекпен бір рет атылады. Көптеген ұңғылар өте жоғары ату жылдамдығын – секундына шамамен 100 оқ – қамтамасыз етеді, сонымен қатар ұңғылардың тозуын және жылудың пайда болуын азайту арқылы қарудың қызмет ету мерзімін ұзартады. Бұзылулар мен істен шығулардың арасындағы орташа уақыт 10 000 оқтан асып түседі, бұл оны өте сенімді қаруға айналдырады. Вулкан жобасының және оның мұрагері, өте жоғары жылдамдықты Гатлинг пулеметінің табысы, осы конфигурациядағы пулеметтерді «Вулкан пулеметтері» деп атауға әкелді, бұл кейде осы тақырыптағы номенклатураны шатастырады. M61 ұшақтарының көпшілігі гидравликалық жетегімен және электрлік тұтандырғышымен жабдықталған. Қарудың роторы, ұңғылар жиынтығы және оқтарды беру жүйесі икемді жетегіш біліктері арқылы гидравликалық жетегіш мотормен айналады. Оқтар электрлік тұтандыру жүйесі арқылы атылады, онда әрбір оқ ату позициясына бұрылғанда, тұтандыру сымынан электр тогы тұтандыруға өтеді. GAU 4 (Армияда M130 деп аталады) газбен жұмыс істейді, алты ұңғының үшеуінен газды пайдаланып, газбен итермеленетін механизмді іске қосады. Өздігінен жұмыс істейтін Вулкан электрлік аналогынан салмағы ауыр, бірақ жұмыс істеу үшін сыртқы қуат көзі қажет емес, тек электрлік инерциялық стартер қаруды айналдыруды бастайды, бұл алғашқы оқтарды патрондық ұяға салуға және атуға мүмкіндік береді. Оқтарды беру жүйесі әрбір қолданысқа арналған, толық қару жиынтығын құрайтын арнайы түрде жасалуы тиіс. Көптеген ұшақтарға орнатылатын жүйелер екі жақты болып келеді, себебі бос патрондарды шығару реактивтік қозғалтқыштарға сыртқы заттардың зақымдану қаупін тудырады, ал пайдаланылған корпустарды сақтау ұшақтың ауырлық орталығын сақтауға көмектеседі. M61A1 ұшағын алғаш рет 1959 жылы F104 C үлгісімен тасымалданды. F 22 Raptor ұшағында пайдалану үшін жасалған Vulcan-ның жеңілдетілген нұсқасы, M61A2 деп аталады, механикалық жағынан M61A1-мен бірдей, бірақ жалпы салмақты азайту үшін жіңішке ұңғылармен жабдықталған. Ротор және корпус та жұмыс істеу үшін мүлдем қажет емес металл бөлшектерін алып тастау үшін өзгертілген, ал кейбір металл компоненттері жеңіл материалдармен ауыстырылған. F/A 18E/F Super Hornet ұшағы да осы нұсқаны пайдаланады. Vulcan-ның ату жылдамдығы әдетте минутына 6000 оқ, бірақ кейбір нұсқалары (мысалы, AMX және F 106 Delta Dart) төменгі жылдамдықпен шектеледі, ал басқалары (A 7 Corsair, F 15 Eagle) минутына 4000 немесе 6000 оқ ату жылдамдығын таңдауға мүмкіндік береді. M61A2-нің жеңіл ұңғылары минутына 6600 оққа дейін ату жылдамдығын арттыруға мүмкіндік береді.
Each of the cannon's six barrels fires once in turn during each revolution of the barrel cluster. The multiple barrels provide both a very high rate of fire – around 100 rounds per second—and contribute to prolonged weapon life by minimizing barrel erosion and heat generation. The average time between jams or failures is in excess of 10,000 rounds, making it an extremely reliable weapon. The success of the Vulcan Project and its progeny, the very high speed Gatling gun, has led to guns of the same configuration being referred to as "Vulcan cannons", which can sometimes confuse nomenclature on the subject. Most aircraft versions of the M61 are hydraulically driven and electrically primed. The gun rotor, barrel assembly and ammunition feed system are rotated by a hydraulic drive motor through a system of flexible drive shafts. The round is fired by an electric priming system where an electric current from a firing lead passes through the firing pin to the primer as each round is rotated into the firing position. The self powered version, the GAU 4 (called M130 in Army service), is gas operated, tapping gun gas from three of the six barrels to operate the gun gas driven mechanism. The self powered Vulcan weighs about more than its electric counterpart, but requires no external power source to operate, except for an electric inertia starter to initiate gun rotation, allowing the first rounds to be chambered and fired. The feed system must be custom designed for each application, adding to the complete weapon. Most aircraft installations are double ended, because the ejection of empty cartridges can cause a foreign object damage hazard for jet engines and because the retention of spent cases assists in maintaining the center of gravity of the aircraft. The first aircraft to carry the M61A1 was the C model of the F 104, starting in 1959. A lighter version of the Vulcan developed for use on the F 22 Raptor, designated M61A2, is mechanically the same as the M61A1, but with thinner barrels to reduce overall weight to The rotor and housing have also been modified to remove any piece of metal not absolutely needed for operation and replaces some metal components with lighter weight materials. The F/A 18E/F Super Hornet also uses this version. The Vulcan's rate of fire is typically 6,000 rounds per minute, although some versions (such as that of the AMX and the F 106 Delta Dart) are limited to a lower rate, and others (A 7 Corsair, F 15 Eagle) have a selectable rate of fire of either 4,000 or 6,000 rounds per minute. The M61A2's lighter barrels allow a somewhat higher rate of fire, up to 6,600 rounds per minute.
Қолданбалар және алғашқы жауынгерлік қолдану
Вулкан алғаш рет 1965 жылғы 4 сәуірде әуе шайқасында қолданылды, сол кезде Солтүстік Вьетнамның төрт МиГ-17 ұшағы Солтүстік Американың F 100 Super Sabre ұшақтарынан құралған күшке шабуыл жасады (екісі ауа райын бақылау міндеттерімен тағайындалған), 48 қаруланған және "бомбамен толтырылған" F 105 Thunderchief ұшағын сүйреп, екеуін атып түсірді. МиГ жетекшісі және төрт МиГ-тен аман қалған жалғыз пилот, капитан Тран Хан, АҚШ ұшақтары оларды қуғандарын және F 105 ұшақтары оның үш ұшағын атып түсіріп, лейтенанттар Фам Гиай, Ле Мин Хуан және Тран Нгуен Намды өлтіргенін хабарлады. F 100 ұшағын ұшқан капитан Дональд Килгус төрт M39 20 мм пулеметімен ресми түрде атып түсіргені расталды; алайда, басқа ешбір АҚШ пилоты шайқас кезінде МиГ-терді жойғанын хабарламады, бұл кем дегенде екі МиГ-17 өздерінің зениттік артиллериясымен атылып түсірілуі мүмкін деген мүмкіндікті қалдырды. Вулканың алғашқы расталған атылымы 1966 жылғы 29 маусымда болды, майор Фред Трейси 421-ші TFS эскадрильясымен F 105 ұшағында ұшып келе жатып, 23 мм снаряды оның кабинасының бір жағынан кіріп, екінші жағынан шыққан МиГ-17 ұшағына 20 мм калибрлі 200 оқ атты. МиГ ұшағы оның алдынан ұшқанда Трейси оқ ашты. Қару LTV A 7 Corsair II ұшағының A 7D нұсқасына орнатылды, ол АҚШ Әскери-теңіз күштерінің A 7 Colt Mk 12 пушкасын алмастырды және Әскери-теңіз күштері A 7C және A 7E нұсқаларында қабылдады. Ол сондай-ақ жаңа F 4E Phantom II нұсқасына енгізілді. F 4 бастапқыда пушкасыз жасалған, себебі зымырандар пушканы ескірген деп есептелген. Вьетнамдағы жауынгерлік тәжірибе көрсеткендей, қару көптеген жағдайларда басқарылатын зымырандардан тиімдірек, ал сыртқы пушка ішкі пушкадан тиімсіз. SUU 16 сияқты бірінші буын пушкалар ұрысшының көзқарасымен үйлестірілмеген. Жақсартылған пушкалар өздігінен жұмыс істейтін және көзқарасқа дұрыс синхрондалған, ал F-4 Әуе күштерінің нұсқалары соғыс аяқталуына дейін мұрынның астындағы ерекше бөлікшеде ішкі M61 пушкаларымен жабдықталды (Әскери-теңіз күштерінің Phantom ұшақтары пушка алмады, әуеден әуеге зымырандарға ғана сүйенді). Вьетнам соғысынан кейін құрастырылған ұшақтардың келесі буыны M61 пушкасын ішкі құрамына енгізді.
The Vulcan was first used in aerial combat on 4 April 1965, when four North Vietnamese Vietnam People's Air Force (VPAF) MiG 17s) attacked a force of 10 North American F 100 Super Sabres (two of which were assigned weather reconnaissance duties) escorting 48 Vulcan armed and "bomb laden" F 105 Thunderchiefs, shooting down two of the latter. The MiG leader and only survivor from the four MiGs, Captain Tran Hanh, reported that U. S. jets had pursued them and that F 105s had shot down three of his aircraft, killing lieutenants Pham Giay, Le Minh Huan and Tran Nguyen Nam. Captain Donald Kilgus, piloting an F 100, received an official probable kill with his four M39 20 mm cannons during the engagement; however no other US pilot reported destroying any MiGs during the battle, leaving open the possibility that at least two of the MiG 17s may have been downed by their own anti aircraft fire. The first confirmed Vulcan gun kill occurred on 29 June 1966 when Major Fred Tracy, flying his F 105 with the 421st TFS, fired 200 rounds of 20 mm into a MiG 17 that had just fired a 23 mm shell which entered one side of his cockpit and exited the other. When the VPAF MiG flew in front of him after making its pass, Tracy opened fire on it. The gun was installed in the Air Force's A 7D version of the LTV A 7 Corsair II where it replaced the earlier United States Navy A 7's Colt Mk 12 cannon and was adopted by the Navy on the A 7C and A 7E. It was integrated into the newer F 4E Phantom II variants. The F 4 was originally designed without a cannon as it was believed that missiles had made guns obsolete. Combat experience in Vietnam showed that a gun could be more effective than guided missiles in many combat situations and that an externally carried gun pod was less effective than an internal gun; the first generation of gun pods such as the SUU 16 were not oriented with the sights of the fighter. The improved pods were self powered and properly synchronized to the sights, while the USAF versions of the F 4 were hastily fitted with internal M61 cannons in a prominent fairing under the nose, well before the war ended (Navy Phantoms never received cannons, continuing to rely on air to air missiles alone). The next generation of fighters built post Vietnam incorporated the M61 gun internally. + Combat kills using the M61 Vulcan in the Vietnam War 1966–72 Date/year Firing aircraft M61 Vulcan variant Aircraft downed USAF unit/comments29 June 1966F 105D ThunderchiefM61A1MiG 17421st Tactical Fighter Squadron18 August 1966F 105DM61A1MiG 1734th TFS21 September 1966F 105DM61A1MiG 17333rd TFS21 September 1966F 105DM61A1MiG 17431st TFS4 December 1966F 105DM61A1MiG 17469th TFS1967F 105D/F 105FM61A1(5) MiG 17s333rd TFS1967F 105DM61A1(8) MiG 17s354th TFS1967F 105D/F 105FM61A1(4) MiG 17s357th TFS1967F 4C Phantom IISUU 16 gunpod(2) MiG 17s480th TFS13 May 1967F 105DM61A1MiG 1744th TFS3 June 1967F 105DM61A1MiG 1713th TFS: Captain Ralph Kuster23 August 1967F 105DM61A1MiG 1734th TFS24 October 1967F 4DSUU 23 gunpodMiG 21433rd TFS1967F 4DSUU 23(3) MiG 17s435th TFS3 January 1968F 4DSUU 23MiG 17433rd TFS; pilot, Major B J Bogoslofski, WSO, Captain Richard L Huskey14 February 1968F 4DSUU 23MiG 17555th TFS1972F 4EM61A1(3) MiG 21s35th TFS; the F4E was the first Phantom II to enter the war with an internal Vulcan gun.2 June 1972F 4EM61A1MiG 1958th TFS; first kill at supersonic speed (Mach 1.2); Major Phil Handley/WSO 1LT J. J. Smallwood9 September 1972F 4EM61A1MiG 21555th TFS15 October 1972F 4EM61A1MiG 21307th TFSTotal MiG 17s32Total MiG 19s1Total MiG 21s6Total39
The Vulcan was later fitted into the weapons bay of some Convair F 106 Delta Dart and General Dynamics F 111 Aardvark models. It was also adopted as standard in the "teen" series air superiority fighters, the Grumman F 14 Tomcat, the McDonnell Douglas F 15 Eagle, General Dynamics F 16 Fighting Falcon and McDonnell Douglas F/A 18 Hornet. Other aircraft include the Italian/Brazilian AMX International AMX (on Italian aircraft only), and the F 22 Raptor. It was fitted in a side firing installation on the Fairchild AC 119 and some marks of the Lockheed AC 130 gunships, and was used in the tail turrets of both the Convair B 58 Hustler and Boeing B 52H Stratofortress bombers. The B 52 Vulcans were removed in 1991. Japan's Mitsubishi F 1 carried one internally mounted JM61A1 Vulcan with 750 rounds. The subsequent SUU 23/A uses the GAU 4/A self powered Vulcan, with an electric inertia starter to bring it up to speed. Both pods ejected empty cases and unfired rounds rather than retaining them. Both pods contained 1,200 rounds of ammunition, with a loaded weight of respectively. During service in the Vietnam War, the pods proved to be relatively inaccurate: the pylon mounting was not rigid enough to prevent deflection when firing, and repeated use would misalign the pod on its pylon, making matters worse. A variant with much shorter barrels, designated the M195, was also developed for use on the M35 Armament Subsystem as used on the AH 1G Cobra helicopter. This variant fed from ammunition boxes fitted to the landing skid and was developed to provide the AH 1 helicopter with a longer range suppressive fire system before the adoption of the M97 universal turret mounting the M197 cannon. The M61 is also the basis of the US Navy Mk 15 Phalanx close in weapon system and the M163 VADS Vulcan Air Defense System, using the M168 variant.
The Vulcan was first used in aerial combat on 4 April 1965, when four North Vietnamese Vietnam People's Air Force (VPAF) MiG 17s) attacked a force of 10 North American F 100 Super Sabres (two of which were assigned weather reconnaissance duties) escorting 48 Vulcan armed and "bomb laden" F 105 Thunderchiefs, shooting down two of the latter. The MiG leader and only survivor from the four MiGs, Captain Tran Hanh, reported that U. S. jets had pursued them and that F 105s had shot down three of his aircraft, killing lieutenants Pham Giay, Le Minh Huan and Tran Nguyen Nam. Captain Donald Kilgus, piloting an F 100, received an official probable kill with his four M39 20 mm cannons during the engagement; however no other US pilot reported destroying any MiGs during the battle, leaving open the possibility that at least two of the MiG 17s may have been downed by their own anti aircraft fire. The first confirmed Vulcan gun kill occurred on 29 June 1966 when Major Fred Tracy, flying his F 105 with the 421st TFS, fired 200 rounds of 20 mm into a MiG 17 that had just fired a 23 mm shell which entered one side of his cockpit and exited the other. When the VPAF MiG flew in front of him after making its pass, Tracy opened fire on it. The gun was installed in the Air Force's A 7D version of the LTV A 7 Corsair II where it replaced the earlier United States Navy A 7's Colt Mk 12 cannon and was adopted by the Navy on the A 7C and A 7E. It was integrated into the newer F 4E Phantom II variants. The F 4 was originally designed without a cannon as it was believed that missiles had made guns obsolete. Combat experience in Vietnam showed that a gun could be more effective than guided missiles in many combat situations and that an externally carried gun pod was less effective than an internal gun; the first generation of gun pods such as the SUU 16 were not oriented with the sights of the fighter. The improved pods were self powered and properly synchronized to the sights, while the USAF versions of the F 4 were hastily fitted with internal M61 cannons in a prominent fairing under the nose, well before the war ended (Navy Phantoms never received cannons, continuing to rely on air to air missiles alone). The next generation of fighters built post Vietnam incorporated the M61 gun internally. + Combat kills using the M61 Vulcan in the Vietnam War 1966–72 Date/year Firing aircraft M61 Vulcan variant Aircraft downed USAF unit/comments29 June 1966F 105D ThunderchiefM61A1MiG 17421st Tactical Fighter Squadron18 August 1966F 105DM61A1MiG 1734th TFS21 September 1966F 105DM61A1MiG 17333rd TFS21 September 1966F 105DM61A1MiG 17431st TFS4 December 1966F 105DM61A1MiG 17469th TFS1967F 105D/F 105FM61A1(5) MiG 17s333rd TFS1967F 105DM61A1(8) MiG 17s354th TFS1967F 105D/F 105FM61A1(4) MiG 17s357th TFS1967F 4C Phantom IISUU 16 gunpod(2) MiG 17s480th TFS13 May 1967F 105DM61A1MiG 1744th TFS3 June 1967F 105DM61A1MiG 1713th TFS: Captain Ralph Kuster23 August 1967F 105DM61A1MiG 1734th TFS24 October 1967F 4DSUU 23 gunpodMiG 21433rd TFS1967F 4DSUU 23(3) MiG 17s435th TFS3 January 1968F 4DSUU 23MiG 17433rd TFS; pilot, Major B J Bogoslofski, WSO, Captain Richard L Huskey14 February 1968F 4DSUU 23MiG 17555th TFS1972F 4EM61A1(3) MiG 21s35th TFS; the F4E was the first Phantom II to enter the war with an internal Vulcan gun.2 June 1972F 4EM61A1MiG 1958th TFS; first kill at supersonic speed (Mach 1.2); Major Phil Handley/WSO 1LT J. J. Smallwood9 September 1972F 4EM61A1MiG 21555th TFS15 October 1972F 4EM61A1MiG 21307th TFSTotal MiG 17s32Total MiG 19s1Total MiG 21s6Total39
The Vulcan was later fitted into the weapons bay of some Convair F 106 Delta Dart and General Dynamics F 111 Aardvark models. It was also adopted as standard in the "teen" series air superiority fighters, the Grumman F 14 Tomcat, the McDonnell Douglas F 15 Eagle, General Dynamics F 16 Fighting Falcon and McDonnell Douglas F/A 18 Hornet. Other aircraft include the Italian/Brazilian AMX International AMX (on Italian aircraft only), and the F 22 Raptor. It was fitted in a side firing installation on the Fairchild AC 119 and some marks of the Lockheed AC 130 gunships, and was used in the tail turrets of both the Convair B 58 Hustler and Boeing B 52H Stratofortress bombers. The B 52 Vulcans were removed in 1991. Japan's Mitsubishi F 1 carried one internally mounted JM61A1 Vulcan with 750 rounds. The subsequent SUU 23/A uses the GAU 4/A self powered Vulcan, with an electric inertia starter to bring it up to speed. Both pods ejected empty cases and unfired rounds rather than retaining them. Both pods contained 1,200 rounds of ammunition, with a loaded weight of respectively. During service in the Vietnam War, the pods proved to be relatively inaccurate: the pylon mounting was not rigid enough to prevent deflection when firing, and repeated use would misalign the pod on its pylon, making matters worse. A variant with much shorter barrels, designated the M195, was also developed for use on the M35 Armament Subsystem as used on the AH 1G Cobra helicopter. This variant fed from ammunition boxes fitted to the landing skid and was developed to provide the AH 1 helicopter with a longer range suppressive fire system before the adoption of the M97 universal turret mounting the M197 cannon. The M61 is also the basis of the US Navy Mk 15 Phalanx close in weapon system and the M163 VADS Vulcan Air Defense System, using the M168 variant.
Күні/жылы Атушы ұшақ M61 Vulcan нұсқасы Атылған ұшақ Әскери бөлімше/ескертулер
29 маусым 1966 F 105D Thunderchief M61A1 МиГ-17 421-ші Тактикалық ұрыс эскадрильясы
18 тамыз 1966 F 105D M61A1 МиГ-17 34-ші TFS
21 қыркүйек 1966 F 105D M61A1 МиГ-17 333-ші TFS
21 қыркүйек 1966 F 105D M61A1 МиГ-17 431-ші TFS
4 желтоқсан 1966 F 105D M61A1 МиГ-17 469-шы TFS
1967 F 105D/F 105F M61A1 (5) МиГ-17 333-ші TFS
1967 F 105D M61A1 (8) МиГ-17 354-ші TFS
1967 F 105D/F 105F M61A1 (4) МиГ-17 357-ші TFS
1967 F 4C Phantom II SUU 16 пушкасы (2) МиГ-17 480-ші TFS
13 мамыр 1967 F 105D M61A1 МиГ-17 44-ші TFS
3 маусым 1967 F 105D M61A1 МиГ-17 13-ші TFS: Капитан Ральф Кустер
23 тамыз 1967 F 105D M61A1 МиГ-17 34-ші TFS
24 қазан 1967 F 4D SUU 23 пушкасы МиГ-21 433-ші TFS
1967 F 4D SUU 23 (3) МиГ-17 435-ші TFS
3 қаңтар 1968 F 4D SUU 23 МиГ-17 433-ші TFS; пилот, майор Б.Дж. Богослофски, оператор, капитан Ричард Л. Хаски
14 ақпан 1968 F 4D SUU 23 МиГ-17 555-ші TFS
1972 F 4E M61A1 (3) МиГ-21 35-ші TFS; F4E – соғысқа ішкі Vulcan пушкасымен келген алғашқы Phantom II
2 маусым 1972 F 4E M61A1 МиГ-19 58-ші TFS; дыбыс жылдамдығынан асып түскен алғашқы атылым (Mach 1.2); майор Фил Хэндли/оператор 1LT J.J. Смоллвуд
9 қыркүйек 1972 F 4E M61A1 МиГ-21 555-ші TFS
15 қазан 1972 F 4E M61A1 МиГ-21 307-ші TFS
The Vulcan was first used in aerial combat on 4 April 1965, when four North Vietnamese Vietnam People's Air Force (VPAF) MiG 17s) attacked a force of 10 North American F 100 Super Sabres (two of which were assigned weather reconnaissance duties) escorting 48 Vulcan armed and "bomb laden" F 105 Thunderchiefs, shooting down two of the latter. The MiG leader and only survivor from the four MiGs, Captain Tran Hanh, reported that U. S. jets had pursued them and that F 105s had shot down three of his aircraft, killing lieutenants Pham Giay, Le Minh Huan and Tran Nguyen Nam. Captain Donald Kilgus, piloting an F 100, received an official probable kill with his four M39 20 mm cannons during the engagement; however no other US pilot reported destroying any MiGs during the battle, leaving open the possibility that at least two of the MiG 17s may have been downed by their own anti aircraft fire. The first confirmed Vulcan gun kill occurred on 29 June 1966 when Major Fred Tracy, flying his F 105 with the 421st TFS, fired 200 rounds of 20 mm into a MiG 17 that had just fired a 23 mm shell which entered one side of his cockpit and exited the other. When the VPAF MiG flew in front of him after making its pass, Tracy opened fire on it. The gun was installed in the Air Force's A 7D version of the LTV A 7 Corsair II where it replaced the earlier United States Navy A 7's Colt Mk 12 cannon and was adopted by the Navy on the A 7C and A 7E. It was integrated into the newer F 4E Phantom II variants. The F 4 was originally designed without a cannon as it was believed that missiles had made guns obsolete. Combat experience in Vietnam showed that a gun could be more effective than guided missiles in many combat situations and that an externally carried gun pod was less effective than an internal gun; the first generation of gun pods such as the SUU 16 were not oriented with the sights of the fighter. The improved pods were self powered and properly synchronized to the sights, while the USAF versions of the F 4 were hastily fitted with internal M61 cannons in a prominent fairing under the nose, well before the war ended (Navy Phantoms never received cannons, continuing to rely on air to air missiles alone). The next generation of fighters built post Vietnam incorporated the M61 gun internally. + Combat kills using the M61 Vulcan in the Vietnam War 1966–72 Date/year Firing aircraft M61 Vulcan variant Aircraft downed USAF unit/comments29 June 1966F 105D ThunderchiefM61A1MiG 17421st Tactical Fighter Squadron18 August 1966F 105DM61A1MiG 1734th TFS21 September 1966F 105DM61A1MiG 17333rd TFS21 September 1966F 105DM61A1MiG 17431st TFS4 December 1966F 105DM61A1MiG 17469th TFS1967F 105D/F 105FM61A1(5) MiG 17s333rd TFS1967F 105DM61A1(8) MiG 17s354th TFS1967F 105D/F 105FM61A1(4) MiG 17s357th TFS1967F 4C Phantom IISUU 16 gunpod(2) MiG 17s480th TFS13 May 1967F 105DM61A1MiG 1744th TFS3 June 1967F 105DM61A1MiG 1713th TFS: Captain Ralph Kuster23 August 1967F 105DM61A1MiG 1734th TFS24 October 1967F 4DSUU 23 gunpodMiG 21433rd TFS1967F 4DSUU 23(3) MiG 17s435th TFS3 January 1968F 4DSUU 23MiG 17433rd TFS; pilot, Major B J Bogoslofski, WSO, Captain Richard L Huskey14 February 1968F 4DSUU 23MiG 17555th TFS1972F 4EM61A1(3) MiG 21s35th TFS; the F4E was the first Phantom II to enter the war with an internal Vulcan gun.2 June 1972F 4EM61A1MiG 1958th TFS; first kill at supersonic speed (Mach 1.2); Major Phil Handley/WSO 1LT J. J. Smallwood9 September 1972F 4EM61A1MiG 21555th TFS15 October 1972F 4EM61A1MiG 21307th TFSTotal MiG 17s32Total MiG 19s1Total MiG 21s6Total39
The Vulcan was later fitted into the weapons bay of some Convair F 106 Delta Dart and General Dynamics F 111 Aardvark models. It was also adopted as standard in the "teen" series air superiority fighters, the Grumman F 14 Tomcat, the McDonnell Douglas F 15 Eagle, General Dynamics F 16 Fighting Falcon and McDonnell Douglas F/A 18 Hornet. Other aircraft include the Italian/Brazilian AMX International AMX (on Italian aircraft only), and the F 22 Raptor. It was fitted in a side firing installation on the Fairchild AC 119 and some marks of the Lockheed AC 130 gunships, and was used in the tail turrets of both the Convair B 58 Hustler and Boeing B 52H Stratofortress bombers. The B 52 Vulcans were removed in 1991. Japan's Mitsubishi F 1 carried one internally mounted JM61A1 Vulcan with 750 rounds. The subsequent SUU 23/A uses the GAU 4/A self powered Vulcan, with an electric inertia starter to bring it up to speed. Both pods ejected empty cases and unfired rounds rather than retaining them. Both pods contained 1,200 rounds of ammunition, with a loaded weight of respectively. During service in the Vietnam War, the pods proved to be relatively inaccurate: the pylon mounting was not rigid enough to prevent deflection when firing, and repeated use would misalign the pod on its pylon, making matters worse. A variant with much shorter barrels, designated the M195, was also developed for use on the M35 Armament Subsystem as used on the AH 1G Cobra helicopter. This variant fed from ammunition boxes fitted to the landing skid and was developed to provide the AH 1 helicopter with a longer range suppressive fire system before the adoption of the M97 universal turret mounting the M197 cannon. The M61 is also the basis of the US Navy Mk 15 Phalanx close in weapon system and the M163 VADS Vulcan Air Defense System, using the M168 variant.
Барлығы МиГ-17 32
Барлығы МиГ-19 1
Барлығы МиГ-21 6
Барлығы 39
The Vulcan was first used in aerial combat on 4 April 1965, when four North Vietnamese Vietnam People's Air Force (VPAF) MiG 17s) attacked a force of 10 North American F 100 Super Sabres (two of which were assigned weather reconnaissance duties) escorting 48 Vulcan armed and "bomb laden" F 105 Thunderchiefs, shooting down two of the latter. The MiG leader and only survivor from the four MiGs, Captain Tran Hanh, reported that U. S. jets had pursued them and that F 105s had shot down three of his aircraft, killing lieutenants Pham Giay, Le Minh Huan and Tran Nguyen Nam. Captain Donald Kilgus, piloting an F 100, received an official probable kill with his four M39 20 mm cannons during the engagement; however no other US pilot reported destroying any MiGs during the battle, leaving open the possibility that at least two of the MiG 17s may have been downed by their own anti aircraft fire. The first confirmed Vulcan gun kill occurred on 29 June 1966 when Major Fred Tracy, flying his F 105 with the 421st TFS, fired 200 rounds of 20 mm into a MiG 17 that had just fired a 23 mm shell which entered one side of his cockpit and exited the other. When the VPAF MiG flew in front of him after making its pass, Tracy opened fire on it. The gun was installed in the Air Force's A 7D version of the LTV A 7 Corsair II where it replaced the earlier United States Navy A 7's Colt Mk 12 cannon and was adopted by the Navy on the A 7C and A 7E. It was integrated into the newer F 4E Phantom II variants. The F 4 was originally designed without a cannon as it was believed that missiles had made guns obsolete. Combat experience in Vietnam showed that a gun could be more effective than guided missiles in many combat situations and that an externally carried gun pod was less effective than an internal gun; the first generation of gun pods such as the SUU 16 were not oriented with the sights of the fighter. The improved pods were self powered and properly synchronized to the sights, while the USAF versions of the F 4 were hastily fitted with internal M61 cannons in a prominent fairing under the nose, well before the war ended (Navy Phantoms never received cannons, continuing to rely on air to air missiles alone). The next generation of fighters built post Vietnam incorporated the M61 gun internally. + Combat kills using the M61 Vulcan in the Vietnam War 1966–72 Date/year Firing aircraft M61 Vulcan variant Aircraft downed USAF unit/comments29 June 1966F 105D ThunderchiefM61A1MiG 17421st Tactical Fighter Squadron18 August 1966F 105DM61A1MiG 1734th TFS21 September 1966F 105DM61A1MiG 17333rd TFS21 September 1966F 105DM61A1MiG 17431st TFS4 December 1966F 105DM61A1MiG 17469th TFS1967F 105D/F 105FM61A1(5) MiG 17s333rd TFS1967F 105DM61A1(8) MiG 17s354th TFS1967F 105D/F 105FM61A1(4) MiG 17s357th TFS1967F 4C Phantom IISUU 16 gunpod(2) MiG 17s480th TFS13 May 1967F 105DM61A1MiG 1744th TFS3 June 1967F 105DM61A1MiG 1713th TFS: Captain Ralph Kuster23 August 1967F 105DM61A1MiG 1734th TFS24 October 1967F 4DSUU 23 gunpodMiG 21433rd TFS1967F 4DSUU 23(3) MiG 17s435th TFS3 January 1968F 4DSUU 23MiG 17433rd TFS; pilot, Major B J Bogoslofski, WSO, Captain Richard L Huskey14 February 1968F 4DSUU 23MiG 17555th TFS1972F 4EM61A1(3) MiG 21s35th TFS; the F4E was the first Phantom II to enter the war with an internal Vulcan gun.2 June 1972F 4EM61A1MiG 1958th TFS; first kill at supersonic speed (Mach 1.2); Major Phil Handley/WSO 1LT J. J. Smallwood9 September 1972F 4EM61A1MiG 21555th TFS15 October 1972F 4EM61A1MiG 21307th TFSTotal MiG 17s32Total MiG 19s1Total MiG 21s6Total39
The Vulcan was later fitted into the weapons bay of some Convair F 106 Delta Dart and General Dynamics F 111 Aardvark models. It was also adopted as standard in the "teen" series air superiority fighters, the Grumman F 14 Tomcat, the McDonnell Douglas F 15 Eagle, General Dynamics F 16 Fighting Falcon and McDonnell Douglas F/A 18 Hornet. Other aircraft include the Italian/Brazilian AMX International AMX (on Italian aircraft only), and the F 22 Raptor. It was fitted in a side firing installation on the Fairchild AC 119 and some marks of the Lockheed AC 130 gunships, and was used in the tail turrets of both the Convair B 58 Hustler and Boeing B 52H Stratofortress bombers. The B 52 Vulcans were removed in 1991. Japan's Mitsubishi F 1 carried one internally mounted JM61A1 Vulcan with 750 rounds. The subsequent SUU 23/A uses the GAU 4/A self powered Vulcan, with an electric inertia starter to bring it up to speed. Both pods ejected empty cases and unfired rounds rather than retaining them. Both pods contained 1,200 rounds of ammunition, with a loaded weight of respectively. During service in the Vietnam War, the pods proved to be relatively inaccurate: the pylon mounting was not rigid enough to prevent deflection when firing, and repeated use would misalign the pod on its pylon, making matters worse. A variant with much shorter barrels, designated the M195, was also developed for use on the M35 Armament Subsystem as used on the AH 1G Cobra helicopter. This variant fed from ammunition boxes fitted to the landing skid and was developed to provide the AH 1 helicopter with a longer range suppressive fire system before the adoption of the M97 universal turret mounting the M197 cannon. The M61 is also the basis of the US Navy Mk 15 Phalanx close in weapon system and the M163 VADS Vulcan Air Defense System, using the M168 variant.
Вулкан сондай-ақ кейбір Convair F 106 Delta Dart және General Dynamics F 111 Aardvark модельдерінің қару сақтағыштарына орнатылды. Ол "teen" сериясындағы әуедегі басымдықты ұшақтарда стандарт ретінде қабылданды, Grumman F 14 Tomcat, McDonnell Douglas F 15 Eagle, General Dynamics F 16 Fighting Falcon және McDonnell Douglas F/A 18 Hornet. Басқа ұшақтардың арасында итальяндық/бразилиялық AMX International AMX (тек итальяндық ұшақтарда) және F 22 Raptor бар. Ол Fairchild AC 119 және Lockheed AC 130 ұшақтарының кейбір түрлерінде жанама оқ ату орнатылысына орнатылды және Convair B 58 Hustler және Boeing B 52H Stratofortress бомбалаушыларының құйрық мұнараларында қолданылды. B 52 Vulcan-дар 1991 жылы алынып тасталды. Жапонияның Mitsubishi F 1 ұшағында 750 патроны бар бір JM61A1 Vulcan ішкі орнатылған. Кейінгі SUU 23/A GAU 4/A өздігінен жұмыс істейтін Vulcan-ды қолданады, жылдамдыққа жеткізу үшін электрлік инерциялық стартері бар. Екі пушка да бос гильзаларды және атылмаған оқтарды сақтап қалмай, лақтырып жіберді. Екі пушканың да 1200 оқтан тұратын оқ-дәрісі бар, олардың салмағы тиісінше. Вьетнам соғысындағы қызмет кезінде пушкалар салыстырмалы түрде дәл емес екенін көрсетті: пилонның орнатылуы атыс кезінде бұрылуды болдырмау үшін жеткілікті қатаң болмады, ал көп рет пайдалану пушканы пилонға дұрыс бағыттамады, жағдайды нашарлатты. M35 қару-жарақ қосалқы жүйесінде пайдалану үшін әзірленген, M195 деп аталатын, көп қысқа баррельді нұсқасы да жасалды, ол AH 1G Cobra тікұшағында қолданылды. Бұл нұсқа қону шанасына орнатылған оқ-дәрі қораптарынан тамақтанды және AH 1 тікұшағын M97 универсалды мұнарасын M197 пушкасына орнатудан бұрын ұзын қашықтықтан атыс жүргізу жүйесімен қамтамасыз ету үшін әзірленді. M61 сонымен қатар АҚШ Әскери-теңіз күштерінің Mk 15 Phalanx жақыннан қорғаныс жүйесінің және M168 нұсқасын қолданатын M163 VADS Vulcan әуе қорғаныс жүйесінің негізі болып табылады.
The Vulcan was first used in aerial combat on 4 April 1965, when four North Vietnamese Vietnam People's Air Force (VPAF) MiG 17s) attacked a force of 10 North American F 100 Super Sabres (two of which were assigned weather reconnaissance duties) escorting 48 Vulcan armed and "bomb laden" F 105 Thunderchiefs, shooting down two of the latter. The MiG leader and only survivor from the four MiGs, Captain Tran Hanh, reported that U. S. jets had pursued them and that F 105s had shot down three of his aircraft, killing lieutenants Pham Giay, Le Minh Huan and Tran Nguyen Nam. Captain Donald Kilgus, piloting an F 100, received an official probable kill with his four M39 20 mm cannons during the engagement; however no other US pilot reported destroying any MiGs during the battle, leaving open the possibility that at least two of the MiG 17s may have been downed by their own anti aircraft fire. The first confirmed Vulcan gun kill occurred on 29 June 1966 when Major Fred Tracy, flying his F 105 with the 421st TFS, fired 200 rounds of 20 mm into a MiG 17 that had just fired a 23 mm shell which entered one side of his cockpit and exited the other. When the VPAF MiG flew in front of him after making its pass, Tracy opened fire on it. The gun was installed in the Air Force's A 7D version of the LTV A 7 Corsair II where it replaced the earlier United States Navy A 7's Colt Mk 12 cannon and was adopted by the Navy on the A 7C and A 7E. It was integrated into the newer F 4E Phantom II variants. The F 4 was originally designed without a cannon as it was believed that missiles had made guns obsolete. Combat experience in Vietnam showed that a gun could be more effective than guided missiles in many combat situations and that an externally carried gun pod was less effective than an internal gun; the first generation of gun pods such as the SUU 16 were not oriented with the sights of the fighter. The improved pods were self powered and properly synchronized to the sights, while the USAF versions of the F 4 were hastily fitted with internal M61 cannons in a prominent fairing under the nose, well before the war ended (Navy Phantoms never received cannons, continuing to rely on air to air missiles alone). The next generation of fighters built post Vietnam incorporated the M61 gun internally. + Combat kills using the M61 Vulcan in the Vietnam War 1966–72 Date/year Firing aircraft M61 Vulcan variant Aircraft downed USAF unit/comments29 June 1966F 105D ThunderchiefM61A1MiG 17421st Tactical Fighter Squadron18 August 1966F 105DM61A1MiG 1734th TFS21 September 1966F 105DM61A1MiG 17333rd TFS21 September 1966F 105DM61A1MiG 17431st TFS4 December 1966F 105DM61A1MiG 17469th TFS1967F 105D/F 105FM61A1(5) MiG 17s333rd TFS1967F 105DM61A1(8) MiG 17s354th TFS1967F 105D/F 105FM61A1(4) MiG 17s357th TFS1967F 4C Phantom IISUU 16 gunpod(2) MiG 17s480th TFS13 May 1967F 105DM61A1MiG 1744th TFS3 June 1967F 105DM61A1MiG 1713th TFS: Captain Ralph Kuster23 August 1967F 105DM61A1MiG 1734th TFS24 October 1967F 4DSUU 23 gunpodMiG 21433rd TFS1967F 4DSUU 23(3) MiG 17s435th TFS3 January 1968F 4DSUU 23MiG 17433rd TFS; pilot, Major B J Bogoslofski, WSO, Captain Richard L Huskey14 February 1968F 4DSUU 23MiG 17555th TFS1972F 4EM61A1(3) MiG 21s35th TFS; the F4E was the first Phantom II to enter the war with an internal Vulcan gun.2 June 1972F 4EM61A1MiG 1958th TFS; first kill at supersonic speed (Mach 1.2); Major Phil Handley/WSO 1LT J. J. Smallwood9 September 1972F 4EM61A1MiG 21555th TFS15 October 1972F 4EM61A1MiG 21307th TFSTotal MiG 17s32Total MiG 19s1Total MiG 21s6Total39
The Vulcan was later fitted into the weapons bay of some Convair F 106 Delta Dart and General Dynamics F 111 Aardvark models. It was also adopted as standard in the "teen" series air superiority fighters, the Grumman F 14 Tomcat, the McDonnell Douglas F 15 Eagle, General Dynamics F 16 Fighting Falcon and McDonnell Douglas F/A 18 Hornet. Other aircraft include the Italian/Brazilian AMX International AMX (on Italian aircraft only), and the F 22 Raptor. It was fitted in a side firing installation on the Fairchild AC 119 and some marks of the Lockheed AC 130 gunships, and was used in the tail turrets of both the Convair B 58 Hustler and Boeing B 52H Stratofortress bombers. The B 52 Vulcans were removed in 1991. Japan's Mitsubishi F 1 carried one internally mounted JM61A1 Vulcan with 750 rounds. The subsequent SUU 23/A uses the GAU 4/A self powered Vulcan, with an electric inertia starter to bring it up to speed. Both pods ejected empty cases and unfired rounds rather than retaining them. Both pods contained 1,200 rounds of ammunition, with a loaded weight of respectively. During service in the Vietnam War, the pods proved to be relatively inaccurate: the pylon mounting was not rigid enough to prevent deflection when firing, and repeated use would misalign the pod on its pylon, making matters worse. A variant with much shorter barrels, designated the M195, was also developed for use on the M35 Armament Subsystem as used on the AH 1G Cobra helicopter. This variant fed from ammunition boxes fitted to the landing skid and was developed to provide the AH 1 helicopter with a longer range suppressive fire system before the adoption of the M97 universal turret mounting the M197 cannon. The M61 is also the basis of the US Navy Mk 15 Phalanx close in weapon system and the M163 VADS Vulcan Air Defense System, using the M168 variant.