Қант диабеті терминдерінің сөздігі

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The following is a glossary of diabetes which explains terms connected with diabetes. NOTOC

term= C. D. E. 1= See: #Certified diabetes educator. term= C peptide 1= A substance the pancreas releases into the bloodstream in equal amounts to insulin. While being stored in pancreatic beta cells, proinsulin includes both insulin and C peptide, which is freed before insulin secretion into the blood. Currently, since pharmaceutical insulin does not contain C peptide, a C peptide level test will show how much insulin the body is making. Insulin is prepared as two insulin molecules linked by a c peptide. When insulin is secreted, C peptide is released as well. It has in recent years been shown to have hormone properties, so far chiefly in connection with arterial vessel muscle tone. It has been shown to ameliorate some diabetic complications, such as neuropathy and microvascular damage. C peptide varies much more between animal species than does insulin itself. term= Calcium channel blocker 1= Calcium ions are used in many cells, including beta cells, as a signaling mechanism. Since it does not ordinarily pass through cell membranes, protein pores in cell membranes are used to provide a channel through which it can be 'pumped' – an activity which requires energy if done against a concentration gradient. A Ca+ channel blocker is a drug which interferes with the operation of (some?) such channels. They have widespread effects, since Ca+ is used for many purposes in assorted tissues. term= Callus 1= A small area of skin, usually on the foot, that has become thick and hard from rubbing or pressure as a result of increased production of surface skin (i. e., the topmost living cell layer); the callus itself is the result of this overgrowth and is itself a thickened 'dead cell surface layer'. Podiatry defines a callus as a skin lesion, and if it becomes cracked or internally separates, infection can follow, often with no warning signs. Calluses may lead to other problems such as serious infection. Shoes that fit well aid in reducing callus formation as they reduce localized rubbing and friction. Calluses are important risk factors for diabetics, in part because of changes in skin or vasculature characteristic of feet and lower legs in diabetics. See also: Foot care. term= Calorie 1= a measure of the chemical energy in a specific amount of material. The food Calorie (resulting from combustion with oxygen from the atmosphere) is 1000x the calorie used in heat studies (i. e., in physics). Not all calories in food are actually usable. For instance, sawdust is largely cellulose (i. e., glucoses stuck together in long chains), and can be burned in a calorimeter (a common method of determining calorie content), but the human body contains no mechanism to convert it to its component glucoses for use as fuel. Calories relevant to diet (and so to diabetics) come only from those substances in food which can actually be used by the body. Thus, protein is not normally used for fuel, and so should not be counted as a food calorie in normal situations; nevertheless, it is usually taken into account. In a calorimeter (and in most diet references) all protein and carbohydrate is worth 4 calories/gram, while fat/oils are worth 9 calories/gram, and various alcohols and other (largely artificial) chemicals are worth fewer. A gram is about 1/25 of an ounce for those more familiar with English measures. The amount of usable calories in food is less than the amount measured in a calorimeter, and requires more care to determine. For instance, starch in plant foods is not readily available to be processed in digestion. Cooked starch (especially when cooked in the presence of moisture) is far more available digestively than raw starch (perhaps 60% vs nearly 100%). term= Capillary 1= a very small blood vessel. At one end of a capillary is a connection to the body's arteries and at the other end of a capillary is a connection to the body's veins. It is in the capillaries that most gas exchange takes place (oxygen out of the blood into the tissues, and carbon dioxide into the blood). The reverse exchange happens in the capillaries of the lungs. Capillaries are controlled by very small muscles which, together, affect blood pressure very substantially. Those muscles are in turn controlled by, among other things, the presence or absence of insulin (and probably C peptide) in the blood. term= Capsaicin 1= a substance found in some plant products, especially hot peppers, which causes human nerves to report a hot sensation. term= Carbohydrate 1= Any compound containing carbon, hydrogen, sometimes oxygen. There is considerable variety in these compounds and only some of them are available to humans as a fuel source. Cellulose, for instance, is a carbohydrate, but humans and all non cud chewing animals (except termites and some microorganisms) can make no use of it. Only a few of the simple sugars (mono saccharides) and even fewer of the di saccharides (e. g., lactose) in food are available to humans. Others, if they contribute to human nutrition, do so after processing by intestinal bacteria (some estimates are that, in humans, less than 10% of caloric benefit comes from fermentation in the large intestine, as contrasted to other primates in which the proportion is rather larger). Most carbohydrates that can be absorbed and used for fuel by humans (e. g., starch and glycogen—both chains of glucose molecules). are eventually broken down to glucose during digestion. They eventually are part of the primary metabolic control mechanism. Fructose, on the other hand, is a carbohydrate which is neither; it is absorbed, but in humans processed only in the liver and in sperm, the only tissues which have the required enzymes. Ingested carbohydrate calories in non glucose forms are, in a special sense, invisible to the body. There has been recent speculation that the increase in such carbohydrates since sucrose (table sugar—half glucose and half fructose) became available in quantity after about 1700 with the discovery of a practical source (sugar cane), accounts for some of the diseases of civilization, including diabetes. Fructose had been quite rare in human diet until that time. Dietary fructose also characteristically causes alterations in blood lipid profiles, probably by changing liver operations. term= Cardiologist 1= a physician with special training for treating heart and circulatory problems. term= Cardiovascular 1= pertaining to the heart and vascular system (blood vessels). term= Carpal tunnel syndrome 1= irritation and swelling of one or more of the nerves in the carpal tunnel in the wrist. Effects range from considerable pain to loss of strength or muscle control. The cause is thought to be mechanical, as in repetitive motion of the wrist joint as in typing while in inappropriate wrist positions. term= Cataract 1= clouding of the transparent protein in the lens of the eye. A certain amount of this clouding occurs naturally during life. The elderly do not, therefore see quite the same way as they used to since there is a slight yellowish cast in the clouded lens. Diabetics have an increased risk for cataract since high levels of glucose cause reactions with assorted proteins, including those in the lens; many of the reaction products are not optically clear, nor pack in the same way, thus altering the shape of the lens. There are both acute (changes more or less rapidly with changes in blood glucose), and chronic (longer term, slower changing) lens shape changes in diabetics, making eye examinations – for vision correction, for instance – somewhat tricky. term= Cerebrovascular disease 1= damage to the blood vessels in the brain, resulting in a stroke – either ischemic (a blocked blood vessel) or hemorrhagic (i. e., a leaking blood vessel). People with diabetes are at higher risk of cerebrovascular disease. 1= a health care professional who is qualified by the American Association of Diabetes Educators to teach people with diabetes how to manage their condition. In the US, the health care team for diabetes should ideally include a diabetes educator, preferably a C. D. E.
term= Charcot foot 1= a foot complication associated with diabetic neuropathy that results in destruction of joints and soft tissue. Also called "Charcot's joint", "neuropathic arthropathy", and "neuropathic joint disease". Named for a Parisian physician Jean Martin Charcot. term= Chemical diabetes 1= is a term that is no longer used. See: Impaired glucose tolerance. term= Chlorpropamide 1= a pill taken to lower the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood. Only people with Type 2 diabetes take these pills. They are inappropriate for Type 1 diabetics as they increase the beta cell output of insulin which is normally missing in Type 1 diabetics due to beta cell destruction; there is no insulin production to be increased. See also: Oral hypoglycemic agents. This is one of the sulfonylureas (Diabinese). term= Cholesterol 1= a waxy substance related to the steroid chemicals which serves as a substrate for many things including cell membrane construction. It is also involved in the transport of fat (i. e., lipids) in the blood. The transport mechanism (Low Density Cholesterol or High Density Cholesterol particles) varies, and not only in density. HDL is associated with the scavenging of plaque on arterial walls, while LDL is associated with deposition of such plaque. High cholesterol levels are statistically correlated with vessel disease and with heart attack in most, but not all, human populations. Cholesterol is manufactured in the body and is absorbed from food in the diet. Furthermore, some diet elements seem to be connected with higher body production of cholesterol (e. g., saturated fat). term= Chronic 1= present over a long period of time. Diabetes and arthritis are examples of chronic diseases as there is yet no cure for either. term= Circulation 1= the structures and control mechanisms which manage blood circulation. It includes the heart, lungs, arteries, veins, and capillaries, as well as several physical mechanisms (e. g., the Starling's law response of heart muscle) and hormone mechanism (e. g., the renin to angiotension linkage between the kidneys, lungs, heart, and blood pressure). term= Clinical trial 1= a study carried out in humans (generally using volunteers) to answer a question such as whether a new treatment (or drug or exercise technique) is effective or safe as treatment. In the US, studies are broken into Phase I, Phase II, and Phase III trials. A properly designed study is carefully controlled and designed to produce reliable information. A poorly designed study does not produce reliable information, though its 'results' are often widely cited for various reasons (including commercial ones). Distinguishing between these is difficult or impossible for the non specialist, and even for many specialists. For diabetes, industry organizations (e. g., the American Diabetes Association) maintain review committees which evaluate the results of many studies relevant to diabetes. term= Coma 1= unconsciousness. For a diabetic, coma can be caused by hypoglycemia or by diabetic ketoacidosis. term= Comatose 1= in a coma; not conscious. term= Complications of diabetes 1= harmful effects that may happen when a person has diabetes. Some acute effects, such as hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia, can happen any time and usually can be resolved quickly. Others develop when a person has had diabetes for a time (often years, or even decades). These include damage to the retina of the eye (retinopathy), blood vessels (angiopathy), the nervous system (neuropathy), or the kidneys (nephropathy). Multiple studies very clearly show that keeping blood glucose levels as close to the normal, nondiabetic range as possible does very significantly help prevent, slow, or delay the long term complications of diabetes (e. g., eye, kidney, blood vessel, and nerve damage). term= Congenital defect 1= problems or conditions that are present at birth. term= Congestive heart failure 1= heart failure caused by loss of pumping power by the heart, resulting in fluids collecting in the body. If in the lungs, it is often called Chronic Pulmonary Edema. 1= See: Insulin pump. term= Contraindication 1= A condition that makes a treatment not helpful or even harmful. term= Controlled disease 1= taking care of oneself so that a disease has a reduced adverse effect on the body. People with diabetes can "control" the disease by staying on their diets, by exercising, by taking medicine if it is prescribed, by regular exercise, and by monitoring their blood glucose. This care will help keep the glucose (sugar) level in the blood from becoming either too high or too low, reducing or eliminating acute problems, and if sustained over a long time, reduce the chance of chronic problems as well. term= Conventional therapy 1= a system of diabetes management practiced by most people with diabetes who are treated by medically qualified personnel; the system consists of one or more insulin injections each day, daily self monitoring of blood glucose, and a standard (or prescribed) program of nutrition and exercise. The main objective in this form of treatment is to avoid very high and very low blood glucose (sugar). Contrast w/ close control or intensive therapy. Also called: "Standard Therapy." See complications of diabetes. term= Coronary disease 1= interference with the heart's blood supply, typically by clogging of coronary, or other, arteries. Ischemia means lack of oxygen which necessarily follows from one or more blocked arteries. term= Coxsackie B4 virus 1= a virus which can trigger an auto immune reaction which eventually results in a (mistaken) auto immune attack on the beta cells. It is one of several such triggers, including other viruses. Some chemicals preferentially and directly attack the beta cells, and do not trigger the auto immune attack (for instance a commercially used rat poison). If they are destroyed, the person becomes a Type I diabetic, no longer producing insulin internally. term= Creatinine 1= a chemical normally found in the body. Its clearance rate by the kidney is a measure of renal function. term= Cyclamate 1= a man made chemical used instead of sugar in low calorie foods and drinks. Banned in the US (due to concerns about cancer risk increase in heavy users), not banned in Canada, Japan and the EU, even so. There are disagreements about the meaning of the clinical studies which caused concern.

term= Edema 1= collection of fluid in the tissues of a part of the body. Diabetics often have edemic feet due to the impaired circulation in them. term= Electromyography EMG 1= Test used to diagnose neuropathy and check for nerve damage. It uses electrodes to measure speed of nerve signal transmission. Damaged nerves have characteristic changes in transmission. term= Endocrine glands 1= several glands and tissues which secrete signaling chemicals (almost always in very very small quantities) which control the function of other tissues. Insulin is produced by the endocrine part of the pancreas (i. e., beta cells) and is the primary hormone controlling metabolism. term= Endocrinologist 1= a physician with special training in the operation and diseases of the endocrine system (i. e., the endocrine glands and tissues). term= Endogenous 1= Grown or made inside the body. Insulin made by a person's own pancreas is endogenous insulin. Insulin that is supplied from outside the body (i. e., injected or otherwise supplied) is exogenous. 1= The final phase of many kidney diseases; treated by dialysis or kidney transplantation. See also: Dialysis; nephropathy. term= Enzymes 1= proteins which have the effect of greatly increasing the reaction rate of specific chemical reactions. Reaction rates are controlled by activation energies specific to particular reactions, and enzymes have the effect of lowering the activation energy. In general enzymes are chemicals which are not consumed by the reaction. In that sense, they are catalysts. term= Epidemiology 1= the study of the transmission of diseases. One of the first epidemiological investigations was that of Snow in 19th century London, who traced the spread of cholera to contaminated water supplies. Epidemiological studies can often provide a considerable insight into the nature of disease. For instance, the epidemiology of diabetes shows that it is not spread by infection; except in a very unusual sense, in the case of Type 1 diabetes. term= Epinephrine 1= a "neurotransmitter" at sympathetic nerve endings. And a hormone which has effects throughout the body. Produced in the adrenal glands, among others. term= Etiology 1= the origin and development of a condition. The etiology of Type 1 diabetes is somewhat understood (an externally triggered auto immune disease) while the etiology of Type 2 diabetes is currently unknown, though its epidemiology has established a strong genetic component. term= Euglycemia 1= A normal level of glucose (sugar) in the blood. term= Exchange lists 1= A grouping of foods by type to provide a rough way to help people on special diets keep to the diet. Each group lists food in serving sizes. A person can exchange, trade, or substitute a food serving in one group for another food serving in the same group as they have approximately equivalent amounts of a particular nutrient. The usual lists classify foods in six groups: (1) starch/bread, (2) meat, (3) vegetables, (4) fruit, (5) milk, and (6) fats. Within a food group, each serving has about the same amount of carbohydrate, protein, fat, and calories. term= Exogenous 1= Grown or made outside the body; for instance, insulin made from pork or beef pancreas is exogenous insulin for people. Contrast endogenous.

term= Fasting blood glucose test 1= A method for finding out how much glucose (sugar) is in the blood, at a time when recent food intake does not affect glucose levels. The test can aid in diagnosis; a single reading of 126 mg/dL (7 mmol/L) is diagnostic except in newborns or pregnant women or in some unusual other conditions. A blood sample is often taken in a lab or doctor's office. The test is often done in the morning before the person has first eaten. The normal, nondiabetic range for fasting blood glucose is between 70 and 110 mg/dL (5 – 7 mmol/L), depending on the person (there is some variations between individuals), whether the blood is from a vein or a capillary, and depending on how the measurement is made (e. g., on whole blood or just the plasma). It can also be done by anyone with a blood glucose meter, proper supplies, and an understanding of how to test using them. term= Fats 1= food substances which are the chief energy storage mechanism in organisms such as plants and animals. Fat molecules are composed of fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol backbone, usually in threes. Fats vary in the details of just which fatty acid variants are attached. Possibilities include saturated (the usual case in animal source fats), mono or poly unsaturated (from many plant oils, have one (mono) or more (poly) double carbon bonds in the fatty acid chain), and in where the double bond is (at the omega carbon in the 3 position, or the 6 position or ). Some fats are required in the human diet, they are the 'essential oils'. All other fats humans need can be made, at the cost of some energy, from those fats, or from other chemicals. Transfats are a class of fats which are very rare in nature, but very common in industrially processed oils as a consequence of "hydrogenation". It is becoming increasingly clear that ingestion of more than small quantities of transfats distorts some aspects of human biochemistry in ways which increase artery disease and heart disease, and so increase death rates. Saturated fats have a much smaller deleterious health effect. term= Fatty acids 1= chains of carbon atoms with attached side groups. They are found in living tissues, typically in the form of triglycerides (three fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol backbone). term= Fiber 1= usually carbohydrate which cannot be digested. It passes through the human digestive system without being digested or absorbed. Soluble fiber absorbs water in the intestines, insoluble does so much less. Fiber has effects on intestinal operations, and by extension, on other tissues. For instance, adequate fiber intake seems to have an effect on vascular health. The mechanisms by which these effects happen are largely speculative at present. One effect of dietary fiber, apparently especially soluble fiber, has is to increase stool size and softness. Dietary fibers, when eaten together with carbohydrates, delay the uptake of the carbohydrates. term= Fluorescein angiography 1= A method of taking a picture of the flow of blood in the vessels of the eye by tracing the progress of an injected dye. term= Food exchange 1= See: Exchange lists. term= Foot care 1= Especially important for diabetics. This involves taking special steps to avoid foot problems such as sores, cuts, bunions, and calluses. Good care includes daily examination of the feet, toes, and toenails for problems of possible problems, and choosing shoes and socks (or stockings) that fit well and so do not cause pressure points, binding, or pinching. People with diabetes have to take special care of their feet because nerve damage and altered blood flow mean they will have less feeling in their feet than normal, and poorer healing than usual. They may not notice cuts and other problems as soon as they should. They will also heal less well than others. term= Fractional urine 1= Urine that a person collects for a certain period of time during 24 hours; usually from breakfast to lunch, from lunch to dinner, from dinner to bedtime, and from bedtime to rising. Also called "block urine." term= Fructose 1= a simple sugar (often found in fruit) which does not participate in the glucose metabolism control system. In the human diet, fructose is largely found in some fruit, but in the past few decades, it has been used as a sweetener in any foods in the form of high fructose corn syrup. It is also half of the common sugar molecule (i. e., sucrose); the other half is glucose. It has a parallel metabolic pathway to glucose but is handled only by the liver. It is also implicated in characteristic blood triglyceride profile changes. There is suspicion that prolonged high levels of fructose ingestion are a cause of obesity, and perhaps of diabetes. term= Fundus of the eye 1= The central portion of the retina on back or deepest part of the eye. Damage to the fundus, even if the rest of the eye is in good condition, will have severe problems. For instance reading may become impossible. term= Funduscopy 1= A test to look at the back area of the eye to see if there is any damage to the vessels that bring blood to the retina. The doctor uses a device called an ophthalmoscope to check the eye. There is also a special type of camera which takes photos of the eye (with dilated pupils) to record retinal conditions for future comparison.

term= HCF diet 1= A high carbohydrate, high fiber diet. term= Hemochromatosis 1= A condition in which excess iron levels are deposited in body tissues, damaging them. Characteristically, it causes diabetes among its other effects. It can be caused too much iron intake (the normal body conserves iron very well, and has few routes for discarded excess iron). In an inherited form, it is the most common genetic diseases in those of Northern European ancestry. It is less common in other populations. See: Bronze diabetes. term= Hemodialysis 1= A mechanical method of cleaning the blood for people who have kidney disease. See also: Dialysis. 1= Hemoglobin is the substance in red blood cells that carries oxygen to the cells. Hemoglobin reacts with blood glucose in various ways; the HbA1c sub type reacts irreversibly. Since blood cells live about 90 days or so, the amount of HbA1c present at any time is a record of how much glucose has been in the blood during that period. It is, therefore, a record of the average blood glucose level over that period, though it is biased toward more recent conditions during that period. term= Heredity 1= inheritance of various traits. One's heredity is the "sum" of one's genes, and their expression, passed on by one's parents. An additional, and poorly understood, source of inherited traits is exogenetic inheritance in which alterations to genetic material during life (e. g., from chemical exposures) changes the expression of genes which are passed to offspring. term= High 1= The state of having high blood sugar. term= High blood pressure 1= The pressure of blood in the arteries has normal values in a population. Blood pressure in an individual which is characteristically higher than that value is called high blood pressure. Exercise, psychological state (including the mere presence of medical folk in some cases), disease, and so on all affect blood pressure, so the determination is a statistical one. Higher than normal blood pressure is associated with, and perhaps even casual for some, assorted pathologies. Diabetics have higher rates of cardiovascular disease and higher rates of high blood pressure. term= Hives 1= a skin condition caused, in most cases, by an allergic reaction to some substance or substances. term= HLA antigens 1= Proteins on the outer part of body cells that are (effectively) unique to that person. HLA types are inherited, and some of them are connected with Type I diabetes in that their presence is a marker (or a cause?) of the susceptibility to an external trigger for the auto immune reaction which attacks beta cells. term= Home blood glucose monitoring 1= A way a person can test how much glucose (sugar) is in the blood. Also called self monitoring of blood glucose. See also: Blood glucose monitoring. term= Homeostasis 1= the operation of body systems which has the effect of keeping assorted conditions in an effectively constant state. Thus, increased water intake leads to increased urine production. Increased salt intake results in increased salt excretion. Lowered environmental temperature eventually starts chills and shivers, thus producing more heat by muscular activity. First explicitly noted in the 19th century by Claude Bernard who named it. term= Hormone 1= a chemical released by one of the endocrine glands or tissues, and which has effects on other tissues. Insulin is a hormone as are glucagon, adrenaline, and angiotensin II. term= Human insulin 1= Man made insulins that is identical to the insulin produced by your own body. It is produced by bacteria which have had insulin genes installed into them. Human insulin has been available since October 1982. Genentech developed the first production mechanism. term= Hyperglycemia 1= a condition in which glucose levels are higher than usual. term= Hyperinsulinism 1= Too high a level of insulin in the blood. This often involves a condition in which the body produces too much insulin. Researchers believe that this condition may play a role in the development of noninsulin dependent diabetes (or perhaps its side effects) and in hypertension. See also: Syndrome X.
term= Hyperlipemia 1= See: Hyperlipidemia. term= Hyperlipidemia 1= Too high a level of fats (lipids) in the blood. See also: Syndrome X.
term= Hyperosmolar coma 1= A coma (loss of consciousness) related to high levels of glucose (sugar) in the blood and requiring emergency treatment. A person with this condition is usually older and weak from loss of body fluids and weight. The person may or may not have a previous history of diabetes. Ketones (acids) are not typically present in the urine. term= Hypertension 1= a condition in which blood pressure is higher than normal. See high blood pressure. term= Hypoglycemia 1= a condition in which blood glucose levels are lower than normal. This can be caused by an overdose of insulin (too much or wrong type) relative to the amount and type of food and/or exercise. term= Hypotension 1= Low blood pressure or a sudden drop in blood pressure. A person rising quickly from a sitting or reclining position may have a sudden fall in blood pressure, causing dizziness or fainting. See autonomic neuropathy.

term= Jet injector 1= A device that uses high pressure to propel insulin through the skin and into the body. term= Juvenile onset diabetes 1= Former term for insulin dependent or type I diabetes. See: Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus.

term= Ketoacidosis 1= A kind of acidosis characteristic of uncontrolled diabetes. It is not uncommon among diabetics, especially type 1 diabetics. See acidosis
term= Ketone bodies 1= commonly called ketones—Three chemicals produced during ketosis (i. e., fat metabolism) and which are released in large quantities during abnormal fat processing. They are, together, quite acidic and if prolonged may lead to acidosis. Oddly, they are not all ketones chemically. The name is a historical leftover, but the chemical smell characteristic of ketoacidosis is an acetone (i. e., ketone) smell. term= Ketonuria 1= Having ketone bodies in the urine; a warning sign of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Ketone test strips can be used to detect them. term= Ketosis 1= fat metabolism. It is characteristic of ordinary metabolism, when glucose is not available, but can become abnormal, leading to ketoacidosis under some conditions. It is not uncommon among diabetics, especially type 1 diabetics. term= Kidney disease 1= Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. term= Kidneys 1= organs which produce urine by excreting blood plasma and then resorbing important chemicals. Glucose and proteins are especially well resorbed, such that the presence of either is evidence of serious problems. Possibly including diabetes. The remainder is urine. term= Kidney threshold 1= The point at which the blood is holding too much of a substance such as glucose (sugar) and the kidneys "spill" the excess sugar into the urine. In most people, the renal threshold for glucose is about twice the normal blood glucose level. See also: Renal threshold. term= Kussmaul breathing 1= The rapid, deep, and labored breathing of people who have ketoacidosis or who are in a diabetic coma. Kussmaul breathing is named for Adolph Kussmaul, the 19th century German doctor who first noted it. Also called "air hunger."

term= Labile diabetes 1= When a person's blood glucose (sugar) level swings quickly from high to low and from low to high. Also called brittle diabetes. term= Lactic acidosis 1= A buildup of lactic acid in the body due to anaerobic use of glucose as a fuel. It is normal when exercising beyond your aerobic capacity and recovery is rapid and complete, as the lactic acid is oxidized as fuel when oxygen becomes available (generally after a period of deep breathing). term= Lactose 1= a disacchararide characteristic of milk, and the only carbohydrate with a beta attachment (characteristic of cellulose) for which humans ever have an enzyme which can break the bond. It is not very sweet to the human taste. In humans, it requires a special enzyme (lactase) for disassembly during digestion. Most humans lose this enzyme in adulthood and milk consumed by those deficient in it encounter problems (e. g., gas, pain, ) when it becomes available to intestinal bacteria. Some populations do retain the enzyme and can consume milk in adulthood without trouble. Many milk products have already been processed in such a way as to remove or modify lactose: cheeses, most yogurts, cottage cheese, etc. And milk treated with lactase is also safe for the lactose intolerant. term= Lancet 1= A fine, sharp pointed blade or needle for pricking the skin. term= Laser treatment 1= Using a special strong beam of light of one color (laser) to heal a damaged area. A person with diabetes might be treated with a laser beam to heal blood vessels in the eye. See also: Photocoagulation. term= Latent diabetes 1= Former term for impaired glucose tolerance. See also: Impaired glucose tolerance. term= Lente insulin 1= A type of insulin that is intermediate acting, between NPH insulin and ultra lente insulin. term= Limited joint mobility 1= A form of arthritis involving the hand; it causes the fingers to curve inward and the skin on the palm to tighten and thicken. This condition mainly affects people with Type 1 diabetes. term= Lipid 1= Fat / oil. Usually, used in reference to fat in the human body. term= Lipoatrophy 1= Small dents in the skin that form when a person keeps injecting the needle in the same spot. See also: Lipodystrophy. term= Lipodystrophy 1= Lumps or small dents in the skin that form when a person keeps injecting the needle in the same spot. term= Low 1= The state of having low blood sugar.

term= Pancreas 1= an abdominal organ with multiple functions. It is a ducted organ which produces chemicals used in the intestines for digestion. It is also an endocrine gland producing several hormones in the islets of Langerhans. The most notable of these latter is insulin. term= Pancreas transplant 1= A surgical procedure that involves replacing the pancreas of a person who has diabetes with a healthy pancreas that can make insulin. term= Pancreatectomy 1= A procedure in which a surgeon takes out the pancreas. term= Pancreatitis 1= inflammation and irritation of the pancreas. Can be caused by several conditions. Infection is one, duct blockage is another. term= Peak action 1= The time period when the effect of something is as strong as it can be such as when insulin in having the most effect on lowering the glucose (sugar) in the blood. term= Periodontal disease 1= usually an infection or inflammation of the gums. term= Periodontist 1= A specialist in the treatment of diseases of the gums. term= Peripheral neuropathy 1= Nerve damage, usually affecting the feet and legs; causing pain, numbness, or a tingling feeling. Also called "somatic neuropathy" or "distal sensory polyneuropathy." term= Peripheral vascular disease 1= Disease in the large blood vessels of the arms, legs, and feet. People who have had diabetes for a long time may get this because major blood vessels in their arms, legs, and feet are blocked and these limbs do not receive enough blood. term= Peritoneal dialysis 1= A way to clean the blood of people who have kidney disease. See also: Dialysis. term= Pharmacist 1= practitioner of pharmacy. term= Photocoagulation 1= Using a special strong beam of light (laser) to seal off bleeding blood vessels such as in the eye. The laser can also burn away blood vessels that should not have grown in the eye. This is the main treatment for diabetic retinopathy. term= Pituitary gland 1= an endocrine gland at the base of the brain. It is usually called the master gland, for its signals control the operation of most of the other endocrine glands. term= Podiatrist 1= A doctor who treats and takes care of people's feet. term= Podiatry 1= The care and treatment of human feet in health and disease. term= Point system 1= A way to plan meals that uses points to rate food. The foods are placed in four classes: calories, carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Each food is given a point value within its class. A person with a planned diet for the day can choose foods in the same class that have the same point values for meals and snacks. term= Polydipsia 1= A great thirst that lasts for long periods of time; a sign of diabetes. term= Polyphagia 1= Great hunger; a sign of diabetes. People with this great hunger often lose weight. term= Polyunsaturated fats 1= A type of fat that usually comes from plants. See also: Fats. term= Polyuria 1= Having to urinate often; a common sign of diabetes. term= Postprandial blood glucose 1= Blood taken 1–2 hours after eating to see the amount of glucose (sugar) in the blood. term= Prediabetes 1= A precursor stage before diabetes mellitus in which not all of the symptoms required to diagnose diabetes are present, but blood sugar is abnormally high. Impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance are types of prediabetes. term= Preeclampsia 1= A condition that some women with diabetes have during the late stages of pregnancy. Two signs of this condition are high blood pressure and swelling because the body cells are holding extra water. term= Prevalence 1= rate of happening of something. Example: there is a high prevalence of sleeping amongst humans. term= Previous abnormality of glucose tolerance 1= People who have had above normal levels of blood glucose (sugar) when tested for diabetes in the past but who show as normal on a current test. PrevAGT used to be called either "latent diabetes" or "prediabetes." term= Prognosis 1= Telling a person now what is likely to happen in the future because of having a disease. term= Proinsulin 1= The substance made first in the pancreas that is then made into insulin. term= Proliferative retinopathy 1= damage to the retina caused by growth of small blood vessels. the proliferative variety is dangerous to sight. term= Prosthesis 1= a replacement for a body part. For instance, a foot or leg. term= Protein 1= a class of biochemicals made from amino acids in specific sequences. Proteins can be very large molecules with very specific shapes in folds and sheets, etc. They have three prominent functions in the body. Some varieties are, save for bone, the structural components of cells and so of the body. Other varieties are enzymes, which coordinate the chemical reactions which are required for life: metabolism, protein construction and degradation, reproduction, etc. A smaller third class of proteins are hormones. Insulin, central to diabetes mellitus, is a protein and is a very small one. term= Proteinuria 1= presence of protein in urine, and evidence of serious malfunction of the kidneys as protein is normally very carefully conserved. term= Pruritus 1= Itching skin; may be a symptom of diabetes. term= Purified insulins 1= Insulins with much less of the impure proinsulin. It is thought that the use of purified insulins may help avoid or reduce some of the problems of people with diabetes such as allergic reactions.

term= Xylitol 1= A sweetener found in plants and used as a substitute for sugar; it is called a nutritive sweetener because it provides calories, just like sugar.