Кеокук: Саук тайпасының басшысы

Sauk leader

Keokuk (circa 1780–June 1848) was a leader of the Sauk tribe in central North America, and for decades was one of the most recognized Native American leaders and noted for his accommodation with the U. S. government. Keokuk moved his tribe several times and always acted as an ardent friend of the Americans. His policies were contrary to fellow Sauk leader Black Hawk, who led part of their band to defeat in the Black Hawk War, was later returned by U. S. forces to Keokuk's custody, and who died a decade before Keokuk.

Keokuk was born around 1780 on the Rock River in what soon became Illinois Territory to a Sauk warrior of the Fox clan and his wife of mixed lineage. He lived in a village near what became Peoria, Illinois on the Illinois River, and although not of the traditional ruling elite, was elected to the tribal council as a young man. He had a wife, who may be buried in Schuyler County, Missouri.

During the War of 1812, Keokuk convinced fellow tribal members not to leave their principal village, Saukenuk, and also not to fight for the British and war chief Black Hawk. However, many warriors had already left to do so, so Keokuk was also elected a war chief and successfully protected his village through oratory. and the following year Caleb Atwater met him:

Keokuk, the principal warrior of the Sauks, is a shrewd politic man as well as a brave one and he possesses great weight of character in their national councils. He is a high minded, honorable man and never begs of the whites. While ascending the Mississippi to join us at the head of his brave troops, he met, arrested, and brought along with him to Fort Crawford two United States soldiers who were deserting from the garrison when he met them. I informed him that for this act he was entitled to a bounty in money, to which he proudly replied that he acted from motives of friendship towards the United States and would accept no money for it. In July 1830, Keokuk was one of several native leaders who entered into the Fourth Treaty of Prairie du Chien with Indian Agent William Clark. This ceded territory including Saukenuk (Black Hawk's home village) to the United States (and white settlers). When Black Hawk returned from a foray (or attempted settlement in Iowa) and found white settlers in his ancestral village, he took up arms, and solicited general co operation from his tribe. In August 1833, U. S. authorities formally delivered Black Hawk (who had been taken as a captive to Washington, D. C., and eastern cities), to the custody of Keokuk, who had been officially recognized as the principal chief of the Sauks and Foxes in that treaty. and he soon negotiated the sale of the tribe's land across the river in Iowa (his friend Chief Wapello having died in March). Thus, in 1845, despite the land reservation in the 1832 treaty, Keokuk's band was moved further west into Kansas.

Keokuk and his people arrived at their new reservation near Ottawa, Kansas in 1845, and Keokuk there died in June 1848. Alternate sources describe the cause of his death as dysentery, Pursuant to the efforts of Iowa judge Caleb Davis, a collector of Native American relics, Chief Keokuk was reburied in Keokuk in 1883, although modern forensics have determined that the remains thus interred were of a much younger man. In May 1832 Scottish traveller William Richard Grahame, facilitated by his acquaintance with Governor Coles of Illinois whom he had met on board a steamer, was able to observe two conferences between Governor Clark and Keokuk in St. Louis and records his impressions in his diary: "Keokuk, the fine looking man , whom I spoke of yesterday, was the principal speaker They all spoke without embarrassment, and fluently, but I thought Keokuk was an orator. His countenance was really noble, intellectual and firm, occasionally relaxing with grace, and altogether commanding. He was five feet eleven, erect and stout, with a stately step and free. His voice was manly and full volumed as he spoke, and his utterance peculiarly distinct and rapid. His eyes and whole face were calm as he spoke, inspiring respect." Last evening Keokuk went up the river in a steamboat. (he) had a long weapon a spear he vociferated His gestures and the tones of his voice were those of defiance and menace: to me it was a splendid piece of pantomime and rhapsody, but to his companions it appeared from the cheers to be a splendid piece of eloquence. I have been told that (Keokuk said that the Americans have been helpful and friendly to the Indians) and that by deeds as well as words he and his tribe would prove their gratitude to the Americans (The) interpreter tells me that Keokuk's speeches are more easily translated than those of any other of his tribe that he is not rash, but is willing to take advice and consults In the last war he took the part of the British and killed four Americans with his own hand Keokuk is not a head chief having rank by inheritance, but a warrior chief which rank is attained by prowess. He has three sisters for wives and I was told he has a fourth from a different family. He is a prudent fellow and came over to the Americans before the war ended, when he saw the British losing ground."