Британдық Корольдік қоғамының Румфорд медалі

Award by Britain's Royal Society

The Rumford Medal is an award bestowed by Britain's Royal Society every alternating year for "an outstandingly important recent discovery in the field of thermal or optical properties of matter made by a scientist working in Europe". First awarded during 1800, it was created after a 1796 donation of $5000 by the scientist Benjamin Thompson, known as Count Rumford, and is accompanied by a gift of £1000. Since its inception, the award has been granted to 104 scientists, including Rumford himself during 1800. It has been awarded to citizens of the United Kingdom sixty one times, France fourteen times, Germany eight times, the Netherlands seven times, Sweden four times, the United States three times, Italy twice and once each to citizens of Australia, Hungary, Belgium, Luxembourg and New Zealand.

YearNameNationalityRationaleNotes1800British"For his various discoveries respecting Heat and Light"1802 ———1804 British "For his Experiments on Heat, published in his work, entitled, An Experimental Enquiry into the Nature and Propagation of Heat"—1806———1808 British "For his publication of the employment of Gas from Coal, for the purpose of illumination"—1810 French "For the discovery of certain new properties of Reflected Light, published in the second volume of the Memoires dArcueil"1812 ———1814 British "For his Essay on Dew, published in the course of the preceding (1815) year"1816 British "For his Papers on Combustion and Flame, published in the last volume of the Philosophical Transactions"1818 ———1820 ———1822 ———1824 French"For his Development of the Undulatory Theory as applied to the Phenomena of Polarized Light, and for his various important discoveries in Physical Optics"1826 ———1828 ———1830 ———1832 British"For his Paper, entitled, Further Experiments with a new Register Pyrometer, for measuring the expansion of Solids, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1831"1834 Italian "For his discoveries relevant to radiant heat"1836 ———1838 British "For his experiments on the polarization of heat, of which an account was published in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh"1840 French "For his researches in, and connected with, the circular polarization of light"1842 British"For his discoveries and improvements in photography"1844 ———1846 British "For his discovery of the optical phenomena developed by the action of magnets and electric currents in certain transparent media, the details of which are published in the nineteenth series of his experimental researches in electricity, inserted in the Philosophical Transactions for 1845 and in the Philosophical Magazine"1848 French "For his experiments to determine the laws and the numerical data which enter into the calculation of steam engines"1850 French "For his experimental investigations on polarized light, the concluding memoirs on which were communicated to the Academy of Sciences of Paris during the last two years"—1852 British "For his discovery of the change in the refrangibility of light"—1854 British "For the successful construction of the smokeless fire grate lately introduced by him, and for other valuable improvements in the application of heat to the warming and ventilation of apartments"—1856 French "For his discovery of the nature of racemic acid and its relations to polarized light, and for the researches to which he was led by that discovery"—1858 French "For his various experimental researches on light"—1860 British "For his researches on the composition of colours, and other optical papers"—1862 German "For his researches on the fixed lines of the solar spectrum, and on the inversion of the bright lines in the spectra of artificial light"—1864 British "For his researches on the absorption and radiation of heat by gases and vapours"—1866 French "For his optical researches, & especially for his investigations into the effect of heat on the refractive power of transparent bodies"—1868 British "For his researches on the qualitative as well as quantitative relation between the emissive and absorptive powers of bodies for heat and light, published originally in [1858 & 1859]"—1870 French "For his researches in mineralogical optics"—1872 Swedish "For his researches on spectral analysis"—1874 British "For his spectroscopic researches on the Sun and on the chemical elements"—1875 American "For his Researches on Radiant Energy"—1876 French "For his numerous & important researches in the radiation & absorption of light, carried on chiefly by means of the spectroscope"—1878 French"For his various optical researches, and especially for his recent redetermination of the velocity of the propagation of light"—1880 British "For his important researches in astronomical spectroscopy, and especially for his determination of the radial component of the proper motions of stars"—1882 British "For his photographic researches and his discovery of the method of photographing the less refrangible part of the spectrum, especially the infra red region; also for his researches on the absorption of various compound bodies in this part of the spectrum"—1884 Swedish "For his spectroscopic researches"—1886 American "For his researches on the spectrum by means of the Bolometer"—1888 Italian"For important and long continued investigations, which have largely advanced our knowledge of the physics of the Sun"—1890 German"For his work in electromagnetic radiation"—1892 Swedish"For his spectroscopic researches on stars" —1894 British "For his researches on the properties of matter at extremely low temperatures"—1896 and Wilhelm Röntgen German "For their investigations of the phenomena produced outside a highly exhausted tube through which an electrical discharge is taking place"—1898 British "For his researches in radiation and in the relations between matter and ether"—1900 French "For his discoveries in radiation from uranium"—1902 British "For his success in the application of the steam turbine to industrial purposes, and for its recent extension to navigation"1904 New Zealander "For his researches on radio activity, particularly for his discovery of the existence and properties of the gaseous emanations from radio active bodies"—1906 British"For his experimental work on heat"—1908 Dutch "On the ground of his investigations in optical and electrical science"—1910 German "On the ground of his researches on radiation, especially of long wave length"—1912 Dutch "On the ground of his researches at low temperatures"—1914 British "On the ground of his investigations in thermo dynamics and on radiation"—1916 British "On the ground of his researches in X ray radiation"—1918 and Alfred PerotFrench "On the ground of their contributions to optics"—1920 British "On the ground of his researches into the properties of gases at high vacua"—1922 Dutch "For his researches in optics"—1924 British "For his invention of the gas calorimeter"—1926 British "For his services to physical science, especially in the subjects of optics and terrestrial magnetism"—1928 German"For his contributions to the knowledge of spectra"—1930 Dutch"For his work relating to specific heats and X ray spectroscopy"—1932 German "For the outstanding importance of his work in physical chemistry, especially in the application of thermodynamics to chemical reactions"—1934 Dutch "For his researches on the properties of bodies at low temperatures, and in particular, for his recent work on cooling by the use of adiabatic demagnetisation"—1936 British "For his researches on the use of polarized light for investigating directly the stresses in transparent models of engineering structures"—1938 American"In recognition of his distinguished work and discoveries in many branches of physical optics"—1940 Swedish"For his pioneer work in high precision X ray spectroscopy and its applications"—1942 British"In recognition of his outstanding work on the physics of the upper air and its application to meteorology"—1944 British"In recognition of his important contributions to research on the internal combustion engine, which have greatly influenced the development of the various types"—1946 British"In recognition of his leading part in the application of modern physical chemistry to many technological problems of pressing importance"—1948 German"For his outstanding contributions to the attainment of low temperatures and to the study of the properties of substances at temperatures near the absolute zero"1950 British"For his pioneering contributions to the jet propulsion of aircraft"1952 Dutch "In recognition of his outstanding work in the development of phase contrast microscopy"1954 British"For his distinguished contributions to the technique for the production of high vacua and to the development of the reflecting microscope"1956 Australian "In recognition of his distinguished work on the nature of friction"1958 British"In recognition of his distinguished researches in spectroscopy and optics"1960 British "In recognition of his distinguished work in the field of molecular spectroscopy and particularly its application to the study of flame phenomena"—1962 British"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to chemical engineering"1964 Dutch "In recognition of his distinguished work on the scattering processes in the interplanetary medium and his prediction of the 21 cm spectral line from interstellar neutral hydrogen"—1966 British "In recognition of his distingsuihed [sic] and paramount personal contribution to the establishment of economic nuclear energy in Great Britain"1968 Hungarian"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to optics, especially by establishing the principles of holography"1970 British "In recognition of his outstanding contributions to engineering and of his leadership of engineering design teams in the chemical and atomic energy industries and in electricity generation"1972 British"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to meteorology, particularly the physics of clouds"1974 British"In recognition of his contributions to physical metallurgy and particularly extending knowledge of the role of dislocation in the fracture of metals"—1976 Belgian "In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the theory of irreversible thermodynamics"—1978 British "In recognition of his distinguished studies of very fast chemical reactions by flash photolysis"1980 British "In recognition of his discovery of the quantum of circulation in superfluid helium and his development of new techniques for precise measurements within liquid helium"—1982 British"In recognition of his unique contribution to the design of optical instruments ranging from large telescopes to bubble chamber optics"—1984 British "In recognition of his many contributions to the theory and design of optical instruments, especially of a wide variety of important new medical instruments which have made a major contribution to clinical diagnosis and surgery"—1986 British "In recognition of his contributions to scientific developments in the gas industry"1988 British "In recognition of his pioneering work on optical diagnostics and electrical aspects of combustion and his fundamental studies of flame problems associated with jet engines and furnaces"1990 German "For discovering and applying techniques for depositing and characterising thin films of high quality amorphous silicon and for demonstrating that these can be doped to give useful electronic devices, such as cost effective solar cells and large arrays of thin film transistors, now used in commercial, flat panel, LCD colour TV screens"1992 British "In recognition of his wide ranging and imaginative contributions to applied mathematics and statistical physics, especially in the physical properties of liquids and the development of the Temperley Lieb algebra"—1994 British "In recognition of his contributions to polymer science, in particular his elucidation of the basis of polymeric crystallization, a fundamental ingredient in many materials, to methods of making strong fibres and to the understanding of polymer solutions which underlie this technology"1996 British "In recognition of his work on the 40Ar/39Ar method of dating developing this technique to a sophisticated level and one which is widely used for dating extraterrestrial and terrestrial rocks"1998 British "In recognition of his leading research in the development of polymer based electronics and optoelectronics leading to a very rapid growth of development activities aimed at plastic electronic displays, with advantages of very low cost, flexibility, and the option of curved or flat surfaces"2000 British "In recognition of his research on ultra short pulse laser science and technology. In his work on streak cameras, he first demonstrated the technique of sub picosecond chronoscopy whereby the cameras, by synchronous repetition, can function as oscilloscopes. He conducted pioneering work on coupled cavity modelocking, and his discovery of the technique of self modelocking led to the commercialisation of sub picosecond pulses over a wide tuning range. He also exploited diode pumped solid state lasers in nonlinear optics for frequency conversion by demonstrating the world's first all solid state optical parametric oscillator"2002 British "for his outstanding contributions to our fundamental understanding of the structure and dynamics of reaction processes on solid surfaces"2004 British "in recognition of his many contributions to molecular spectroscopy and to the dynamics of molecular photodissociation"2006 Luxembourger "for his pioneering work on molten salts and dense plasmas that has led the way to a quantitative understanding of the structure and dynamics of strongly correlated ionic liquids"2008 British "for his extensive and highly innovative work in ultra cold matter"2010 British "for his outstanding work into novel types of quantum matter using innovative instrumentation and techniques" 2012 British "for his outstanding contributions to tunable ultrafast lasers and nonlinear fibre optics, including fibre Raman, soliton and supercontinuum laser sources, which translated fundamental discoveries to practical technology" 2014 British "for his outstanding creativity in nanophotonics, investigating many ingenious nanostructures, both artificial and natural to support novel plasmonic phenomena relevant to Raman spectroscopy, solar cell performance and meta materials applications. "2016 German/British "for his pioneering work in active nano plasmonics and optical metamaterials with quantum gain. "2018 British "for pioneering work in the quantum control of light and matter on ultrashort timescales"2019 British "for world leading research on optical orbital momentum including an angular form of the Einstein Padolsky Rosen paradox"2020 British "for his development of optical atomic clocks of exquisite precision, of ultra stable lasers and of frequency standards for fundamental physics, quantum information processing, space science, satellite navigation and Earth observation. "2021 Mexican/British "for revealing via elaborate computer simulations, how small fluctuations in the early universe develop into today’s galaxies. "2022 American "for his wide ranging contributions to atmospheric physics, employing fundamental principles of physics to elucidate phenomena across the spectrum of planetary atmospheres. "2023 British "for pioneering contributions to fundamental physics and nonlinear optics, enabling the realisation of high capacity, broad bandwidth, multi wavelength, optical communication systems that have underpinned the information technology revolution."