1995 жылғы Луис дауылы: Атлант мұхитының күшті кайырмасы

Category 4 Atlantic hurricane in 1995

Hurricane Luis was a long lived and powerful Category 4 hurricane. It was the strongest hurricane to make landfall and the third most intense hurricane recorded during the 1995 Atlantic hurricane season. The storm, along with Humberto, Iris, and Karen, was one of four simultaneous tropical systems in the Atlantic basin. The system formed from a tropical wave, south of Cape Verde islands west of Africa, on August 27, and attained tropical storm status on August 29. The storm reached hurricane status on August 31 and later developed into a Category 4 hurricane. As it tracked north northwestward, Hurricane Luis continued to strengthen, and became a Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson scale on September 2. As it turned further westward, the cyclone maintained a rectilinear slow motion, and the intensity was confirmed by a reconnaissance flight on September 3. At the time of the flight, Luis was located approximately 540 mile (869 km) east of the Lesser Antilles. The storm began to accelerate slightly as it moved along a subtropical ridge, due to the absorption of Tropical Storm Karen by the stronger Iris. On September 9, the center of the storm passed 200 mile (322 km) to the west of Bermuda, causing minor damage. On the afternoon of September 10, Luis began to undergo an extratropical transition as it rapidly approached the Canadian coastline. Due to the rapid movement of the storm, significant weakening did not occur until Luis was at an unusually high latitude. The NHC reported that the central pressure of the storm decreased to , and sustained winds did not exceed
Luis maintained this intensity until September 11, when it reached the Avalon Peninsula in eastern Newfoundland, where cold, dry air became entrenched in its circulation, and the system began to merge with the approaching trough. The NHC issued their final advisory on Hurricane Luis at 0900 UTC on September 11, 1995. The hurricane sped at nearly to the northeast before transitioning into an extratropical cyclone. The extratropical remains persisted for 30 more hours over the North Atlantic Ocean before being absorbed by the trough near the southern coast of Greenland late on September 12.

Luis caused some damage as it passed near 65 mile (105 km) north of Guadeloupe, predominantly to Grande Terre. Hurricane force conditions resulted in moderate damage to homes and roofs, uprooted trees, and severe beach erosion. The Basse Terre region, meanwhile, received minor damage, except to banana crops that were damaged at nearly 90%, and sugar cane crops on the north at nearly 20%. Overall, of rain were recorded in the islands, while the mountain regions recorded up to The highest rainfall within the 48 hour period was in La Grande Soufrière, where of rain damaged the west coast roads and washed away houses. The meteorological office in Raizet recorded sustained winds of , with gusts that reached near The office also reported a fall in minimal pressure to between 3 and 4am on September 5, and a total of of rain across the whole period. Only Desirade, the easternmost island, recorded hurricane force winds of , and a sustained gust at between 3 and 4am on September 5,

The islands suffered extensive damages from winds as the hurricane passed at least 20 mile (32 km) north of Saint Barthelemy. The main weather station recorded wind gust at before the anemometer broke, while other stations suggest wind speeds of and gusts of up to .

The eyewall of Luis passed northeast of the island of St. Martin, causing extensive and catastrophic damage to 60% of the area, particularly on the Dutch side. A total of of rain was recorded on the island's territory over a period of 48 hours, and the storm spawned several F3 tornadoes.

In Grand Case Bay, rough sea conditions and strong winds were responsible for the damage or destruction of 90% of homes. Other towns, such as the French Quarter and Marigot, also reported extensive damage to homes and vegetation. At least 50% of houses in the Collectivity of Saint Martin were damaged, leaving between 950 and 2,000 residents homeless. The meteorological office at the Grand Case Espérance Airport estimated some wind gusts of over , while an unofficial anemometer in the port of Marigot recorded wind gusts at before the instrument was toppled. One person was reported dead, and, due to lack of insurances, the preliminary cost of Luis on the French Collectivity was 2 billion francs (€300 million, or US$350 million) worth of damage.

The southern part of the island, the Dutch owned Sint Maarten, received more catastrophic damage than the northern French end. The strongest winds came onshore on the Dutch side, and the capital city of Philipsburg was at least 70% decimated by the storm. Flooding from Luis affected the Great Salt Pond, which deluged several streets. Of the 70% of residences that were damaged in the storm, nearly 15% became uninhabitable, including businesses, churches, the main airport terminal, some schools, and four hotels. Over 5,000 Haitians living in the Dutch quarter were left homeless, while some towns on the island spent nearly three months without water and power. Of the 1,500 boats sheltered in Simpson Bay Lagoon, nearly 1,300—or 85%—were sunken or run aground. The official death toll in Sint Maarten was eight, with the possibility of more deaths by drowning in the lagoon. Princess Juliana Airport recorded sustained winds of , with maximum gusts of up to The barometric pressure fell, at its lowest, between Tropical storm force winds brushed the island for approximately 21 hours, while hurricane force sustained winds lasted up to eight hours as the hurricane passed with minimal forward speed between Total damages on the Dutch side were catastrophic, totaling around US$1.8 billion, and Luis was the most devastating hurricane to hit the islands since Hurricane Donna in 1960.

The eye of the hurricane passed over the northeastern tip of Anguilla. Although its geographic placement means that the island likely would have sustained worse damage than St. Martin, the total scale of damage is still unknown. Luis was the worst hurricane the island suffered since Hurricane Donna in 1960.

The eye of Luis passed nearly 50 mile (80 km) northeast of Saint Kitts and Nevis, causing severe beach erosion, moderate damage to residences, and leaving at least 2,000 residents homeless. The storm further damaged local vegetation and some of the road infrastructure, with problems essentially arising from the poor water system on the islands. Total damage ultimately reached $197 million.

Tropical storm force winds of roughly affected Dominica from the morning to afternoon of September 5. The lowest pressure recorded was between As the eye of Luis passed nearly 125 mile (201 km) north, the majority of the damage experienced in Dominica was inflicted upon banana crops that had already been damaged from the earlier hit by Iris. While overall damages were fairly minor, beach erosion was common, and Luis disrupted several beach hotels and coastal roads. Property damage from Luis alone was estimated at $47 million, while the combined effects of Luis, Iris, and Hurricane Marilyn, which struck ten days later, totaled $184 million.

Luis passed at 120 mile (193 km) northeast of Puerto Rico, causing minor damages in the east. Two deaths were additionally reported on the island as a consequence of rushing to prepare for the arrival of the storm. High waves, in combination with high tide, caused significant beach erosion and coastal flooding. On September 7, rip currents produced by Luis caused the death of one person near Corncake Inlet, North Carolina. In Brunswick County, North Carolina, eight homes were washed away by waves, and 40 feet (12 m) of the beach was lost. In nearby Hyde, Carteret, and Onslow counties, waves of up to 17 feet (5 m) washed out 33 feet (10 m) of the Triple S Pier in Atlantic Beach, effectively destroying it. Total losses in North Carolina amounted to $1.9 million. In New York, rough seas undermined and destroyed one home, and led to the death of one person who was swimming in the high waves.

On September 11, a rogue wave triggered by Luis slammed the Queen Elizabeth 2 ocean liner when it was about south of eastern Newfoundland. A nearby Canadian buoy recorded a 98 feet (30 m) at roughly the same time. Throughout eastern Newfoundland, the system dropped of rain at its landfall as a Category 1. Northwesterly winds there gusted to One storm related death was reported in Canada. The Government of the Bahamas provided $50,000 to affected areas, while the Government of Canada donated $149,253 to the Pan American Health Organization and $44,760 to the impacted region. They were joined by a $150,000 donation from the Government of Japan and $15,873 from the Government of Spain. Antigua and Barbuda received $37,593 from the Government of Australia, $200,000 from the Government of France, and $32,942 from the Government of New Zealand. The Government of Germany provided $52,817 in emergency funds to St. Kitts and Nevis, while the Government of the Netherlands contributed $15.2 million in emergency and recovery funds to the Netherlands Antilles. The Government of Norway provided $50,000 in cash assistance to Antigua and Barbuda and St. Kitts and Nevis. The storm left up to 2,000 citizens homeless, and rendered the island largely without electricity, running water, or telephone service. When transportation resumed, tourists scrambled for a charter flight out of Princess Juliana International Airport. Both the Netherlands and France sent soldiers and police officers to their respective sides of the island, but eyewitnesses and residents reported that the authorities did little to intercede in the widespread looting that followed the hurricane. Aside from high winds and seeds, Saint Martin was affected by a substantial difference in wind speed forecasts measured at the sea level airport, and those measured in homes throughout the island hillsides. Sea level readings showed sustained winds and gusts of up to ,

On August 29, Tropical Storm Luis marked the earliest date on which the twelfth named storm of the season formed, surpassing the previous record set by Tropical Storm Twelve on August 31, 1933. This record has since been broken by Hurricane Laura, which intensified into a tropical storm on August 20, 2020. Shortly before becoming extratropical, Hurricane Luis was moving at , becoming one of the fastest moving Atlantic hurricanes in recorded history. With a hurricane force wind field expanding over 130 mile (209 km) from the center, Luis had the largest radius of hurricane force winds measured for an Atlantic hurricane until Lorenzo in 2019. It was also one of the most intense extratropical cyclones by wind speed. While extratropical cyclones usually only have wind speeds ranging from , Luis achieved major hurricane force winds south of Newfoundland. This would not occur again until Hurricane Fiona in 2022. On September 11, a 98 feet (30 m) wave struck an ocean liner as a result of Luis. This wave is the largest ever officially recorded, although Hurricane Ivan may have produced a wave of up to 130 feet (40 m) high off the coast of Mexico in 2004. Since 1950, there have been very few Atlantic hurricanes that have had an Accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) index of over 50. By spending nearly fourteen days as a named storm, including seven consecutive days as a major hurricane, Luis achieved an ACE value of 53.73, the highest since Hurricane Inez in 1966. It retained this record until 2003, when Hurricane Isabel recorded an ACE of 63.3. Due to the severe damage and loss of life caused by the storm in the Leeward Islands, the name "Luis" was retired in the spring of 1996 by the World Meteorological Organization, and will never be used for another Atlantic tropical cyclone. It was replaced with "Lorenzo" for the 2001 Atlantic hurricane season.