Попокатепетль: Мексикалық жанартау және оның тарихы

Stratovolcano in Puebla, Mexico
Popocatépetl (/UK/,/p//ɒ//p//ə/'/k//æ//t//ə//p//ɛ//t//əl//, /,/p//ɒ//p//ə//k//æ//t//ə/'/p//ɛ//t//əl/ POPəKATəpetəl, katəPETəl, /US/,/p//oʊ//p// / POHP , popokaˈtepetl; ) is an active stratovolcano located in the states of Puebla, Morelos, and Mexico in central Mexico. It lies in the eastern half of the Trans Mexican volcanic belt. At it is the second highest peak in Mexico, after Citlaltépetl (Pico de Orizaba) at
It is linked to the twin volcano of Iztaccihuatl to the north by the high saddle known as the "Paso de Cortés". Izta Popo Zoquiapan National Park, wherein the two volcanoes are located, is named after them. Popocatépetl is southeast of Mexico City, from where it can be seen regularly, depending on atmospheric conditions. Until recently, the volcano was one of three tall peaks in Mexico to contain glaciers, the others being Iztaccihuatl and Pico de Orizaba. In the 1990s, the glaciers such as Glaciar Norte (North Glacier) greatly decreased in size, partly due to warmer temperatures but largely due to increased volcanic activity. By early 2001, Popocatépetl's glaciers were gone; ice remained on the volcano, but no longer displayed the characteristic features of glaciers such as crevasses. Lava erupting from Popocatépetl has historically been predominantly andesitic, but it has also erupted large volumes of dacite. Magma produced in the current cycle of activity tends to be a mixture of the two with the andesites being rich in magnesium.

The name Popocatépetl comes from the Nahuatl words popōca "it smokes" and tepētl "mountain", meaning Smoking Mountain. The volcano is also referred to by Mexicans as El Popo affectionately, or to shorten the full name. The alternate nickname Don Goyo comes from the mountain's association in the lore of the region with San Gregorio, "Goyo" being a nickname like short form of Gregorio. The name was extended by those who lived in Santiago Xalitzina, a small community from the volcano. Legend says that many years ago, a villager met an old man on the slopes of the mountain, who introduced himself as Gregorio Chino Popocatépetl. Gregorio was a personification of the spirit of the volcano, and communicates with the locals to warn them if an eruption is about to happen. Thus, every March 12, the day of San Gregorio, the locals bring flowers and food to the volcano to celebrate the saint.

The stratovolcano contains a steep walled, wide crater. The generally symmetrical volcano is modified by the sharp peaked Ventorrillo on the NW, a remnant of an earlier volcano. At least three previous major cones were destroyed by gravitational failure during the Pleistocene, producing massive debris avalanche deposits covering broad areas south of the volcano. The modern volcano was constructed to the south of the late Pleistocene to Holocene El Fraile cone. Three Plinian eruptions are known to have taken place: 3,000 years ago (3195–2830 BC), 2,150 years ago (800–215 BC), and 1,100 years ago (likely 823 AD). The first recorded European ascent of the volcano was made by an expedition led by Diego de Ordaz in 1519. The early 16th century monasteries on the slopes of the mountain are a World Heritage Site.

Popocatépetl is one of the most active volcanoes in Mexico and the most famous, having had more than 15 major eruptions since the arrival of the Spanish in 1519.

In the poem Romance ("Chimborazo, Cotopaxi Popocatapetl") by Walter J. Turner (1916), Cotopaxi is one of the romantic locations that has stolen the poet's heart. Popocatépetl and Iztaccíhuatl feature prominently in Malcolm Lowry’s 1947 novel Under the Volcano as well as the 1984 feature film of the same name an adaptation of the novel directed by John Huston. The legend of the two volcanos feature as the central story in Duncan Tonatiuh's children's book The Princess and the Warrior: A Tale of Two Volcanoes. In visual arts, Popocatépetl is the subject of Marsden Hartley’s 1932 painting Popocatepetl, Spirited Morning Mexico, now at the Smithsonian American Art Museum in Washington, D. C.

Several works by Dr. Atl feature Popocatépetl, among them his 1928 Self Portrait with Popocatépetl, now in the Philadelphia Museum of Art and his 1942 The Shadow of Popo, now in the Museo Nacional de Arte in Mexico City. Popocatépetl also features prominently in the Juan Manuel Martinez Caltenco mural on the upper floor Municipal Palace of Atlixco, Puebla. The murals cover much of the palace’s interior and represent an important Poblano contribution to the Mexican muralism movement. Jesús Helguera’s 1940 masterpiece La Leyenda de los Volcanes in Chicago’s National Museum of Mexican Art depicts the myth of Popocatépetl and Iztaccíhuatl. The 1966 Warner Brothers cartoon Snow Excuse is set above the snow line on Popocatépetl. The band Pop a Cat a Petal (later Ultrasound) were named after a mondegreen of Popocatépetl.