Бактериялардың капсуласы және шырыш қабаты

Polysaccharide layer that lies outside the cell envelope in many bacteria

The bacterial capsule is a large structure common to many bacteria. It is a polysaccharide layer that lies outside the cell envelope, and is thus deemed part of the outer envelope of a bacterial cell. It is a well organized layer, not easily washed off, and it can be the cause of various diseases. The capsule—which can be found in both gram negative and gram positive bacteria—is different from the second lipid membrane – bacterial outer membrane, which contains lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins and is found only in gram negative bacteria. When the amorphous viscid secretion (that makes up the capsule) diffuses into the surrounding medium and remains as a loose undemarcated secretion, it is known as a slime layer. Capsule and slime layer are sometimes summarized under the term glycocalyx.

Most bacterial capsules are composed of polysaccharide, but some species use other materials, such as poly D glutamic acid in Bacillus anthracis. Because most capsules are so tightly packed, they are difficult to stain because most standard stains cannot penetrate the capsule. To visualize encapsulated bacteria using a microscope, a sample is treated with a dark stain, such as India ink. The structure of the capsule prevents the stain from penetrating the cell. When viewed, bacterial capsules appear as a bright halo around the cell on a dark background.

The bacterial capsule serves as a shield, giving protection from toxins, and from drying out. Capsules allow adhesion to surfaces and help enable the bacteria to evade the host immune system. The water content in the capsule gives the protection against drying out. The capsule is considered a virulence factor because it enhances the ability of bacteria to cause disease (e. g. prevents phagocytosis). The capsule can protect cells from engulfment by eukaryotic cells, such as macrophages. A capsule specific antibody may be required for phagocytosis to occur. They also exclude bacterial viruses and most hydrophobic toxic materials such as detergents. Immunity to one capsule type does not result in immunity to the other types. Capsules also help cells adhere to surfaces. As a group where the capsule is present they are known as polysaccharide encapsulated bacteria or encapsulated bacteria.

India ink staining: the capsule appears as a clear halo around the bacterium as the ink can't penetrate the capsule. Maneval's capsule stain: the capsule appears as a clear halo between the pink stained bacterium and the bluish grey stained background. The background stain is the acidic stain Congo red (which changes color to bluish grey due to the pH), and the pink stain is fuchsine. Serological methods: Capsular material is antigenic and can be demonstrated by mixing it with a specific anticapsular serum. When examined under the microscope, the capsule appears 'swollen' due to an increase in its refractivity. This phenomenon is the basis of quellung reaction.

Vaccination using capsular material is effective against some organisms (e. g., H. influenzae type b, S. pneumoniae, and N. meningitidis). However, polysaccharides are not highly antigenic, especially in children, so many capsular vaccines contain polysaccharides conjugated with protein carriers, such as the tetanus toxoid or diphtheria toxoid. This stimulates a much more robust immune response.