Тидор аралдарының тарихы мен мәдениеті

Tidore (, lit. "City of Tidore Islands") is a city, island, and archipelago in the Maluku Islands of eastern Indonesia, west of the larger island of Halmahera. Part of North Maluku Province, the city includes the island of Tidore (with three smaller outlying islands) together with a large part of Halmahera Island to its east. In the pre colonial era, the Sultanate of Tidore was a major regional political and economic power, and a fierce rival of nearby Ternate, just to the north.

Tidore Island consists of a large stratovolcano which rises from the seafloor to an elevation of above sea level at the conical Mount Kie Matubu on the south end of the island. The northern side of the island contains a caldera, Sabale, with two smaller volcanic cones within it. Soasio is Tidore's capital. It has its own port, Goto, and it lies on the eastern edge of the island. It has a mini bus terminal and a market. The sultan's palace was rebuilt with completion in 2010.

Tidore was the center of a spice funded sultanate that arose in the 15th century. It spent much of its history in the shadow of Ternate, another sultanate with which it had a dualistic relationship. Islam spread to Tidore around the late 15th century but Islamic influence in the area can be traced further back to the late 14th century. The sultans of Tidore ruled most of southern Halmahera, and, at times, controlled Buru, East Ceram and many of the islands off the coast of New Guinea. Tidore established an alliance with the Spanish in the sixteenth century, and Spain had several forts on the island. There was mutual distrust between the Tidorese and the Spanish but for the Tidorese the Spanish presence was helpful in resisting the incursions of the Ternateans and their ally the Dutch, who had a fort on Ternate. For the Spanish, backing the Tidore state helped check the expansion of Dutch power that threatened their nearby Asia Pacific interests, provided a useful base right next to the centre of Dutch power in the region and was a source of spices for trade. Although nominally part of the Spanish East Indies in the later sixteenth century and well into the seventeenth century, the Tidore sultanate established itself as one of the strongest and most independent states in the region. After the Spanish left in 1663, it continued to resist direct control by the Dutch East India Company (the VOC). Particularly under Sultan Saifuddin (r. 1657–1687), the Tidore court was skilled at using Dutch payment for spices for gifts to strengthen traditional ties with Tidore's traditional peripheral territories. As a result, he was widely respected by many local populations, and had little need to call on foreign military help for governing the kingdom, unlike Ternate which frequently relied upon Dutch military assistance. Tidore long remained an independent state, albeit with growing Dutch interference, until the late eighteenth century. Like Ternate, Tidore allowed the Dutch spice eradication program (extirpatie) to proceed in its territories. This program, intended to strengthen the Dutch spice monopoly by limiting production to a few places, impoverished Tidore and weakened its control over its periphery. In 1780 Tidore was forced to sign a treaty that reduced it to a Dutch vassal. The discontented Prince Nuku left Tidore and declared himself Sultan of the Papuan Islands. This was the beginning of a guerilla war which lasted for many years. The Papuans, south east Halmaherans and east Ceramese sided with the rebellious Prince Nuku. The British sponsored Nuku as part of their campaign against the Dutch in the Moluccas. Captain Thomas Forrest was intimately connected with Nuku and represented the British as ambassador. Nuku could finally take Tidore in 1797 and helped the British to conquer Ternate in 1801. However, his successor Zainal Abidin was expelled by Dutch forces in 1806 and Tidore was firmly brought under colonial rule. The sultanate was abolished in the Sukarno era and re established in 1999 with the 36th sultan. the 2020 Census produced a total of 114,480 and the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 118,613 (comprising 60,041 males and 58,572 females). It is divided into eight districts (kecamatan), of which four constitute the island of Tidore (including the three small islands) and the other four constitute the Oba area on the 'mainland' of Halmahera. These are tabulated below with their areas (in sq km) and their populations at the 2010 Census and the 2020 Census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023. The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, the number of administrative villages in each district (totaling 49 rural desa and 40 urban kelurahan), and its post code. Kode Wilayah Name ofDistrict(kecamatan) English name Areain km2 Pop'nCensus2010 Pop'nCensus2020 Pop'nEstimatemid 2023 AdmincentreNo. ofkelurahanNo. ofdesaPostcode 82.72.01 Tidore (a) (Tidore town, or Soasio) 36.0818,47722,97522,602Tomagoba13 97811 97813 82.72.04 Tidore Selatan (b) South Tidore 42.4013,12914,67115,190Gurabati6297821 82.72.05 Tidore Utara (c) North Tidore 37.6414,57317,29417,895Rum10497823 82.72.08 Tidore Timur East Tidore 34.007,6579,6089,772Tosa7 97822 (totals onTidore Island) 150.1253,83664,54865,459 366 82.72.02 Oba Utara (d) North Oba 376.0013,33119,55221,210Sofifi2 (e) 1197827 82.72.06 Oba Tengah Central Oba 424.007,65910,09610,681Akelamo11397826 82.72.03 Oba Oba 403.6710,33713,62814,349Payahe11297824 82.72.07 Oba Selatan South Oba 196.584,8926,6566,914Lifofa 797825 (totals onHalmahera Island) 1,400.2536,21949,93253,154 443

Notes: (a) including Filonga Island to the northeast of Tidore Island. (b) including Mare Island (with an area of 11 km2), to the south of Tidore. (c) including Maitara island, to the northwest of Tidore (and between Tidore and Ternate), with an area of 2 km2 and about 3,600 inhabitants. (d) including the town of Sofifi, which since 2010 has been the provincial capital of North Maluku. (e) Sofifi and Guraping.