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County in Nevada, United States

White Pine County is a largely rural, mountain county along the central eastern boundary of the U. S. state of Nevada. As of the 2020 census, the population was 9,080. Its county seat is Ely. The name "(Rocky Mountain) white pine" is an old name for the limber pine (Pinus flexilis), a common tree in the county's mountains. The county boasts dark skies, clean air and millions of acres of unspoiled public land. It is the home of Great Basin National Park, one of America's most remote and least visited national parks. It is also home to no less than 14 federally designated wilderness areas, offering an abundance of terrain available to explore for hikers, backpackers, skiers, hunters and anglers. The Ely Shoshone Indian Reservation is located in the county, on the south side of the City of Ely. The reservation has a land area of and a 2000 census official resident population of 133 people.

European settlement in White Pine County began with mining exploration, activity generated by the Pony Express Trail (which passes through the county), and farming. The county was established by the Nevada legislature in 1869 from Lander County and named after the heavy growth of limber pine trees in the area, which were then called white pine. Hamilton was the first county seat from 1869 to 1887, when it was replaced by Ely after a fire.

According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 8897 square miles (23,043 km2), of which 8876 square miles (22,989 km2) is land and 21 square miles (54 km2) (0.2%) is water. Several sections of the Humboldt Toiyabe National Forest exist within the county, within the Snake Range, Egan Range, White Pine Range, Ruby Mountains, and Schell Creek Range. The county also contains Ward Charcoal Ovens State Historic Park and Cave Lake State Park. In the southeastern part of the county within Great Basin National Park lies 13,065 feet (3982 m) Wheeler Peak, the tallest independent mountain within Nevada and the second highest point within the state (the highest point being Boundary Peak). It is also the most topographically prominent peak in the county and the second most prominent peak in Nevada (after Mount Charleston).

As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 10,030 people, 3,707 households, and 2,344 families living in the county. The population density was There were 4,498 housing units at an average density of The racial makeup of the county was 85.5% white, 4.2% American Indian, 3.9% black or African American, 1.0% Asian, 0.1% Pacific islander, 2.8% from other races, and 2.5% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 13.2% of the population. Of the 3,707 households, 28.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.2% were married couples living together, 8.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 36.8% were non families, and 30.2% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.94. The median age was 40.8 years.

From the late 19th century until near the end of the 20th century, the major industry was mining the region's deposits of copper, silver, and gold. The most notable of these operations included a series of open pit copper mines near the town of Ruth, and a copper smelter in McGill, run by the Kennecott Utah Copper Corporation. The decline of mining has meant the loss of area jobs.

The entire county is served by the White Pine County School District.

Regional offices of the U. S. Bureau of Land Management and the U. S. Forest Service are located in Ely. Ely State Prison, the location of Nevada's death row for men and the state execution chamber, is located in the county.