Лондонның Ламбет ауданы: Тарихы мен қазіргі жағдайы

the London borough

Lambeth was part of the large ancient parish of Lambeth St Mary, the site of the archiepiscopal Lambeth Palace, in the hundred of Brixton in the county of Surrey. It was an elongated north–south parish with 2 mile (3 km) of River Thames frontage opposite the cities of London and Westminster. Lambeth became part of the Metropolitan Police District in 1829. It remained a parish for Poor Law purposes after the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834, and was governed by a vestry after the introduction of the Metropolitan Board of Works in 1855.

In 1979, the administration of Edward ("Red Ted") Knight organised the borough's first public demonstration against the Thatcher government. In 1985 Knight's Labour administration was subjected to rate capping, with its budget restricted by the government. Knight and most of the Labour councillors protested by refusing to propose budgets. As a result of the protest, 32 councillors were ordered to repay interest lost by the council due to budgeting delays and were disqualified from office for five years. Twelves' deputy leader at this time was John Harrison. From 1978 to 2002 the council comprised 64 members, elected from 20 three member and two two member wards. Before this, the council had 60 members elected from 20 three member wards. Just before the 2010 election, its political balance was 37 Labour members, 18 Liberal Democrats, seven Conservatives and one Green, giving Labour an eleven member majority. In the 2010 Lambeth Council election, Labour gained seats and the Liberal Democrats, Conservatives and Greens lost seats. In 2014 the Liberal Democrats lost their seats, Conservatives were reduced to three and the Greens to one. Labour, gaining seats from the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats, had 59 seats. The 2018 Lambeth London Borough Council election saw the Greens win 5 seats and the Conservatives 1 seat. In the 2022 Lambeth London Borough Council election the Greens won 2 seats, down 3 from 2018 and the Conservatives lost their seat, exiting the Council for the first time since foundation, the Liberal Democrats won 3 seats to re enter the Council after 8 years absence whilst also gaining Official Opposition status from the Greens. In the 2016 European Union referendum, Lambeth had the highest share of Remain votes in the United Kingdom at 78.62%, second to overseas territory Gibraltar's 95.9%.

Lambeth is a long, thin borough, about 3 mile (5 km) wide and 7 mile (11 km) long. Brixton is its civic centre, and there are other town centres. The largest shopping areas are (in order of size) Streatham, Brixton, Vauxhall, Clapham and West Norwood. In the northern part of the borough are the central London districts of the South Bank, Vauxhall and Lambeth; in the south are the suburbs of Gipsy Hill, Streatham, West Dulwich and West Norwood. In between are the developed and inner city districts of Brixton, Brixton Hill, Streatham Hill, Clapham, Clapham Park, Herne Hill, Stockwell, Tulse Hill and Kennington, each at different stages of gentrification with suburban and urban elements. Vauxhall and South Lambeth are central districts in the process of redevelopment with high density business and residential property. Streatham lies between suburban London and inner city Brixton, with the suburban and developed areas of Streatham, Streatham Hill and Streatham Vale. The London Borough of Southwark lies to the east of the Borough of Lambeth. To the west is the London Borough of Wandsworth; to the south west is the London Borough of Merton; and to the south is the London Borough of Croydon.

Lambeth's open spaces include Brockwell Park and Lido, Streatham Common, half of Clapham Common, West Norwood Cemetery, Archbishop's Park, Norbury Park, Vauxhall Pleasure Gardens and Ruskin Larkhall and Kennington Parks.

Ethnic GroupYear1966 estimations1981 estimations1991200120112021Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%White: Total–93.3%187,99877%170,75569.7%166,05862.39%173,02557.09%174,77855% White: British–––––– 131,939 49.57% 118,250 39.02%119,39537.6% White: Irish–––––– 8,689 3.26% 7,456 2.46%6,8282.1% White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller–––––– – – 195 0.06%1460.0%White: Roma––––––––––1,5370.5% White: Other–––––– 25,430 9.55% 47,124 15.55%46,87214.8% Asian or Asian British: Total ––––14,9376.1% 15,526 5.83%20,938 6.91%23,0517.3% Asian or Asian British: Indian––––5,208 2.1% 5,316 2.00% 4,983 1.64%6,0541.9% Asian or Asian British: Pakistani––––1,997 0.8% 2,634 0.99% 3,072 1.01%3,8681.2% Asian or Asian British: Bangladeshi––––1,658 0.7% 2,169 0.81% 2,221 0.73%2,5020.8% Asian or Asian British: Chinese––––3,086 1.3% 3,362 1.26% 4,573 1.51%4,9861.6% Asian or Asian British: Other Asian ––––2,988 1.2% 2,045 0.77% 6,089 2.01%5,6411.8% Black or Black British: Total ––––53,43221.8% 68,554 25.76%78,542 25.91%76,14524% Black or Black British: African––––16,021 6.5% 30,836 11.59% 35,187 11.61%37,35911.8% Black or Black British: Caribbean––––30,789 12.6% 32,139 12.07% 28,886 9.53%28,9919.1% Black or Black British: Other Black––––6,622 2.7% 5,579 2.10% 14,469 4.77%9,7953.1% Mixed or British Mixed: Total –––––– 12,854 4.83%23,160 7.64%25,6308% Mixed: White and Black Caribbean –––––– 5,322 2.00% 8,302 2.74%8,3482.6% Mixed: White and Black African –––––– 2,159 0.81% 4,301 1.42%4,0061.3% Mixed: White and Asian –––––– 2,100 0.79% 3,574 1.18%4,5411.4% Mixed: Other Mixed –––––– 3,273 1.23% 6,983 2.30%8,7352.7% Other: Total ––––5,7102.3% 3,177 1.19%7,421 2.45%18,0465.6% Other: Arab –––––– – – 1,728 0.57%2,6490.8% Other: Any other ethnic group ––––5,7102.3% 3,177 1.19% 5,693 1.88%15,3974.8% Ethnic minority: Total –6.7%56,15523%74,07930.2% 100,111 37.61%130,061 42.91%142,87245% Total –100%244,153100%244,834100% 266,169 100.00%303,086 100.00%317,650100%

+Main languages spoken by all Lambeth pupils (%)Language19922014 English 76.0% 49.6% Portuguese 1.5% 7.6% Spanish 0.9% 5.1% Somali 0.1% 4.5% French 1.0% 3.7% Yoruba 3.2% 3.4% Akan/TwiFante 1.5% 2.7% Polish 0.1% 2.6% Arabic 1.2% 2.5% Bengali1.9%1.6%

Religion2011 2021Number%Number% Christian 160,944 53.1 138,714 43.7 Buddhist 2,963 1.0 2,437 0.8 Hindu 3,119 1.0 3,179 1.0 Jewish 1,134 0.4 1,344 0.4 Muslim 21,500 7.1 25,871 8.1 Sikh 440 0.1 527 0.2 Other religion 1,682 0.6 2,351 0.7 No religion 84,803 28.0 119,123 37.5 Religion not stated 26,501 8.7% 24,110 7.6 Total 303,086 100.00 317,600 100.0

Lambeth is the local authority with the highest relative gay or lesbian population in the UK, at 5.5%, with the borough containing the gay village of Vauxhall and the area around Clapham Common.

Since 2002, Lambeth Borough Council has had 63 members elected in 21 three member wards by means of a plurality bloc voting system. The wards are Bishop's, Brixton Hill, Clapham Common, Clapham Town, Coldharbour, Ferndale, Gipsy Hill, Herne Hill, Knight's Hill, Larkhall, Oval, Prince's, St Leonard's, Stockwell, Streatham Hill, Streatham South, Streatham Wells, Thornton, Thurlow Park, Tulse Hill and Vassall. The independent Local Government Boundary Commission for England reviewed Lambeth's electoral arrangements. The commission's recommendations have now passed into law and take effect on Thursday 5 May 2022, when council elections take place across the borough. Most wards will have a new name, 12 wards will be represented by 2 councillors, 13 wards will be represented by 3 councillors and Lambeth's total number of councillors stays the same at 63.

The council is run by a leader and cabinet, chaired by council leader Claire Holland. All cabinet members are from the ruling Labour Party who hold 55 of the 63 seats on Lambeth Council. The Leader of the official Opposition is Donna Harris of the Liberal Democrats. From 1994 to 2014, the Mayor of Lambeth was elected unanimously by their fellow councillors, with each of the three political parties supplying a candidate in rotation. According to the borough's website, this underscored the mayor's apolitical role and enables him or her to represent all the borough's citizens. Since 2014, the predominance of the Labour Party has meant that all subsequent Mayors have been members of the Labour group.

The borough's coat of arms is that of the former Metropolitan Borough of Lambeth, with two gold stars (mullets) in the second and third quarters of the shield indicating the addition of the districts of Clapham and Streatham. Its motto is "Spectemur agendo" ("Let us be judged according to our conduct").

The borough has three Parliamentary constituencies: Dulwich and West Norwood (shared with Southwark), Streatham, and Vauxhall.

The former Metropolitan Borough of Lambeth and its successor have been twinned with the Vincennes district of Paris in France since 1955. Lambeth is also twinned with Bluefields, Nicaragua; Brooklyn, New York; and Spanish Town, Jamaica.

For elections to the Greater London Council, the borough formed the Lambeth electoral division, electing four members. In 1973 it was divided into the single member Lambeth Central, Norwood, Streatham and Vauxhall electoral divisions. The Greater London Council was abolished in 1986. Since 2000, for elections to the London Assembly, the borough forms part of the Lambeth and Southwark constituency.

The borough covers London Waterloo railway station, the Waterloo tube station network and (until 2007) the London terminus for Eurostar. National Rail service in Lambeth is provided by South Western Railway, Southeastern, Southern, Thameslink and London Overground.

In March 2011, the primary forms of transport borough residents used to travel to work were the London Underground, metro, light rail or tram (21.4 percent of residents aged 16–74); bus, minibus or coach (10 percent); train (10 percent); automobile (8.6 percent); bicycle (5.7 percent), or walking (5.4 percent). A small percentage (3.2 percent) worked mainly at—or from—home.