Органикалық синтез жоспарлаудағы ретросинтездік талдау әдісі

Technique for solving problems in the planning of organic syntheses
Retrosynthetic analysis is a technique for solving problems in the planning of organic syntheses. This is achieved by transforming a target molecule into simpler precursor structures regardless of any potential reactivity/interaction with reagents. Each precursor material is examined using the same method. This procedure is repeated until simple or commercially available structures are reached. These simpler/commercially available compounds can be used to form a synthesis of the target molecule. E. J. Corey formalized this concept in his book The Logic of Chemical Synthesis. The power of retrosynthetic analysis becomes evident in the design of a synthesis. The goal of retrosynthetic analysis is a structural simplification. Often, a synthesis will have more than one possible synthetic route. Retrosynthesis is well suited for discovering different synthetic routes and comparing them in a logical and straightforward fashion. A database may be consulted at each stage of the analysis, to determine whether a component already exists in the literature. In that case, no further exploration of that compound would be required. If that compound exists, it can be a jumping point for further steps developed to reach a synthesis.

Disconnection A retrosynthetic step involving the breaking of a bond to form two (or more) synthons. Retron A minimal molecular substructure that enables certain transformations. Retrosynthetic tree A directed acyclic graph of several (or all) possible retrosyntheses of a single target. Synthon A fragment of a compound that assists in the formation of a synthesis, derived from that target molecule. A synthon and the corresponding commercially available synthetic equivalent are shown below:

Target The desired final compound. Transform The reverse of a synthetic reaction; the formation of starting materials from a single product.

Manipulation of functional groups can lead to significant reductions in molecular complexity.

Numerous chemical targets have distinct stereochemical demands. Stereochemical transformations (such as the Claisen rearrangement and Mitsunobu reaction) can remove or transfer the desired chirality thus simplifying the target.

Directing a synthesis toward a desirable intermediate can greatly narrow the focus of analysis. This allows bidirectional search techniques.

The application of transformations to retrosynthetic analysis can lead to powerful reductions in molecular complexity. Unfortunately, powerful transform based retrons are rarely present in complex molecules, and additional synthetic steps are often needed to establish their presence.

The identification of one or more key bond disconnections may lead to the identification of key substructures or difficult to identify rearrangement transformations in order to identify the key structures. Disconnections that preserve ring structures are encouraged. Disconnections that create rings larger than 7 members are discouraged. Disconnection involves creativity.