Жибутидегі АҚШ Әскери Базасы: «Лемонье» лагері

Djibouti base for United States Navy Expeditionary Forces

Camp Lemonnier is a United States Naval Expeditionary Base, situated next to Djibouti–Ambouli International Airport in Djibouti City, and home to the Combined Joint Task Force – Horn of Africa (CJTF HOA) of the U. S. Africa Command (USAFRICOM). It is the only permanent U. S. military base in Africa. The camp is operated by U. S. Navy Region Europe, Africa, Southwest Asia; CJTF HOA is the most notable tenant command located at the facility as of 2008. Camp Lemonnier was originally established as garrison for the French Foreign Legion. The base was leased by Djibouti to the United States in 2002, along with the right to use the neighboring airport and port facilities. The base supports Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa (OEF HOA) and is the centerpiece of a network of around six U. S. drone and surveillance bases stretching across the continent. The latter air bases are smaller and operate from remote hangars situated within local military bases or civilian airports. Due to its strategic location, Camp Lemonnier also serves as a hub for aerial operations in the Persian Gulf region. Unlike French troops, who are allowed to enter Djibouti city and interact with the locals, US troops may only leave Camp Lemonnier by special permission, and most of Djibouti City is off limits. However, in 2015 a US military investigation concluded that nineteen members of the U. S. National Guard, 775th Engineering Division, had sex with prostitutes at an off base residence in Djibouti. Sex trafficking in, and around, Djibouti has been a persistent problem.

Camp Lemonnier is located in the town of Ambouli on the southern side of the Djibouti–Ambouli International Airport, between the runway overflow areas and a French military munitions storage facility. After use by the French Foreign Legion, the facility was operated by the Djibouti Armed Forces. Lemonnier originally belonged to the French military, and was named after General Émile René Lemonnier. Commander of the 3rd Brigade of the Tonkin Division, led with fierce energy the resistance to the Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina. In 2009, after years of misspelling, the U. S. Navy officially changed the camp's name to properly reflect the spelling of General Lemonnier's name. Following the September 11, 2001 attacks, the U. S. decided to increase counter terrorism efforts. At first, this was limited to focused attacks, but in 2002 the U. S. government realized that to reduce extremism would require long term engagement with the local governments and populations. As a result, it established the Combined Joint Task Force Horn of Africa to conduct stability operations in the area. In November 2002, the CJTF HOA staff, a Marine based organization, arrived off the coast of Djibouti aboard Mount Whitney, a naval command ship. Djiboutian workers were instrumental in preparing the newly renovated camp for movement of the CJTF headquarters ashore. More than 1,200 local and third country national construction and support personnel currently work at the camp. KBR administers the contract for facilities and support operations for the camp. A Marine Corps FAST team was the initial force to occupy Camp Lemonier in June 2002, providing security while Army Special Forces Logistics specialists (SOT A) planned the development to receive more forces. Initial Command and Control was established under SOCCENT by a US Air Force Special Operations command element. The initial US combat forces started with Air Force MC 130s and MH 53s who redeployed from Jacobabab, Pakistan, followed shortly by 7th SFG soldiers and an Army Tank Support Battalion for base support. While the intent was to move ashore, the Camp Lemonnier facilities which had not been in use for several years were in a state of disrepair. Some buildings were concrete shells and had been stripped of interior fixtures, pipes and wiring, while the roofs of several structures had collapsed. Goats roamed the property and birds had taken roost in several of the abandoned structures. The former swimming pool had been used as a trash dump. Some buildings that were closer to the Djiboutian Air Force controlled side of the airport were in better shape and required minimal renovation. As a result, the CJTF HOA staff remained aboard the USS Mount Whitney as the U. S. Army (Bravo Company, 46th Engineer Battalion (CBT)(HVY)) began renovations. (Camp Physical Security was first established by Marines from 2D Fleet Anti Terrorism Security Team (FAST Co) and was handed over to the 551st Military Police Company, 101st Airborne Division.) This involved building new concrete pads, maintenance facilities and living areas. In May 2003, Camp Lemonnier was livable and CJTF HOA transitioned from the Mount Whitney to the camp. The pool was cleaned, refurbished, and opened in spring of 2003. Combined Joint Task Force Horn of Africa (CJTF HOA) began moving all headquarters personnel and equipment from its flagship, USS Mount Whitney, in the Gulf of Aden, into facilities at Camp Lemonnier on 6 May 2003. In early July 2006, the U. S. and Djiboutian governments also announced that a lease agreement had been signed to expand Camp Lemonnier from to nearly 500 acres (2 km2). The term of the lease was for five years, with options to renew. As part of the lease and expansion, physical improvements to the camp included fencing, additional billeting to replace existing tents, and compliance with various U. S. force protection standoff requirements. On 1 July 2006, the U. S. Marine Corps turned over responsibility for Camp Lemonnier to the U. S. Navy in a brief change of command ceremony. U. S. Navy Captain Robert Fahey assumed command of Camp Lemonnier from U. S. Marine Corps Colonel Gerard Fischer. In January 2007, it was announced Camp Lemonnier would be expanded from to nearly As part of the process of moving Lemonnier from an "expeditionary" base to a long term facility, the camp built a billeting area with rows of Containerized Living Units (CLUs) with concrete sidewalks and gravel roads. As the CLU area expanded, the camp population moved from tents into the more durable berthing facilities.

On 1 October 2008, responsibility for the task force was transferred from the United States Central Command (USCENTCOM) to United States Africa Command (USAFRICOM) as the latter assumed authority over the African theater of operations. Furthermore, Camp Lemmonier has been described by The Economist as "the most important base for drone operations outside the war zone of Afghanistan", with drones conducting missions in adjacent Yemen and Somalia. Neville wrote that " in a separate secure compound within the camp, much like the SOF enclave in Bagram, are an estimated 300 JSOC personnel. There personnel comprise special operators, imagery and intelligence analysts, and a dedicated UAV cell. The UAV cell is commanded by a JSOC Major and tasks a flight of eight MQ 1 Predators conducting operations over Somalia, Mali, and Yemen. The Predators [have] been carrying out strike and surveillance missions from Camp Lemonnier since late 2010." In October 2011, a squadron of USAF McDonnell Douglas F 15E Strike Eagles arrived at the base. They flew numerous combat missions into Yemen in support of both Yemeni government forces and unilateral strikes directed by JSOC and the CIA targeting cells. Along with the UAVs and F 15Es, surveillance flights were conducted by U. S. Air Force Special Operations Command U 28As, that were outfitted with sophisticated signals intercept equipment and optical sensors, which can provide real time intelligence for ground operators. Prior to that, both CIA and JSOC had used the base as a temporary forward location for Predator and Reaper sorties. On 25 January 2012, US officials confirmed that US Navy SEALs had rescued two foreign hostages in Somalia, an American woman and Danish man, taking them to Camp Lemonnier. Demining workers, the captives had been abducted on 25 October 2011 in the north central Galkayo area, allegedly by gunmen operating on behalf of a private source who threatened to sell them to Al Shabaab if their demands were not met. As of May 2013, the US had prepared plans for a $1.4 billion expansion of the base and to increase its special forces there to more than 1,000. In 2013, the Predators and Reapers operating from Camp Lemonnier were moved to "a remote desert airstrip" [later identified as Chabelley Airport]. The move increased operational security and allayed local fears after a UAV and its AGM 114 Hellfire missile crashed in a Djibouti suburb. In May 2014, U. S. President Obama and Djiboutian President Guelleh agreed on a 20 year extension of the American lease, at $63 million a year in rent – about double its previous rate. The US is in the process of expanding the base and plans to spend $1.4 billion upgrading the facility over the next two decades. In 2017, China opened a base nearby, the Chinese People's Liberation Army Support Base in Djibouti. In May 2018, the United States Air Force said military grade lasers had been aimed at the eyes of its pilots and the incidents had originated on the Chinese base. China denied that they were the source of the lasers, stating that they abide by international law.

Camp Lemonnier became the hub for black and white SOF operations into nations such as Somalia and Yemen. Also based there is the SOCCE HOA (Special Operations Command and Control Element Horn of Africa) – which commands all SOCOM units assigned to training or operational missions in the region including elements of JSOTF TS (Joint Special Operations Task Force Trans Sahara) and Naval Special Warfare Unit 10. It also supervises a rotational detachment of US Army Special Forces which conducts foreign Internal Defence training in counterinsurgency in Djibouti.