Джордж Хортон: Американдық дипломат және «Азияның құрты» авторы

American diplomat (1859–1942)

George Horton (October 11, 1859 – June 5, 1942) was a member of the United States diplomatic corps who held several consular offices in Greece and the Ottoman Empire between 1893 and 1924. During two periods he was the U. S. Consul or Consul General at Smyrna (known as Izmir, Turkey, today), 1911–1917 and 1919–1922. The first ended when the U. S. entered World War I and diplomatic relations with the Ottoman Empire were terminated. The second covered Greek administration of the city during the Greco Turkish War. The Greek administration of Smyrna was appointed by the Allied Powers following Turkey's defeat in World War I and the seizure of Smyrna. Today Horton is best remembered for The Blight of Asia, his 1926 book about the events, notably the systematic ethnic cleansing of the Christian population, leading up to and during the Great Fire of Smyrna. He briefly summarizes events from 1822 to 1909 and covers in more detail, with eye witness accounts, events from 1909 to 1922. The title refers to what he considered the abominable behavior of the Ottoman Turks. Horton, in his book records his personal memoirs from life in modern day Turkey, while the events he describes are focused on that particular region, and that particular time. The book has been criticised as anti Turkish by a number of scholars and Horton himself accused of bias against Turks and Muslims.

Horton was a literary person. He was a scholar of both Greek and Latin. He translated Sappho, wrote a guide for the interpretation of Scripture, and published several novels. He was also a renowned journalist in Chicago, a party in the so called Chicago Renaissance.

Horton started his career as a literary journalist, first as literary editor of the Chicago Times Herald (1899–1901), then as editor of the literary supplement of the Chicago American (1901–1903).

Horton was also both a professional diplomat and a lover of Greece or Philhellene. He became U. S. Consul in Athens in 1893, where he actively promoted the revival of the Olympic Games and inspired the U. S. team's participation. He wrote a lyrical visitor's guide to Athens and composed a reflective description of his stay in Argolis. Horton served as U. S. Consul in Athens 1893 1898 and 1905–1906. He was US Consul General in Saloniki 1910–1911. He then served as U. S. Consul in Smyrna 1911–1917, up to the termination of diplomatic relations with the Ottoman Empire in World War I with the American entry into World War I. He served again after the war from 1919 until the Great Fire began on September 13, 1922, spending the last hours before his own evacuation signing passes for those entitled to American protection and transportation to Piraeus. He has said about his service in Smyrna during those years: "One of the keenest impressions which I brought away with me from Smyrna was a feeling of shame that I belonged to the human race."

Today Horton is most remembered for his 1926 book The Blight of Asia which centers on the destruction of Smyrna. The fire ravaged Smyrna starting on September 13, 1922; Horton departed his Consul General's post there on the evening of that day. The fire lasted for 4 days. Before publication Horton had resigned his diplomatic commission, and he wrote strictly in the capacity of a private citizen, drawing on his own observations and those of the people he quoted. His account remains as controversial as the fire itself. His account of the forced exodus of Christian inhabitants (Greek and Armenian), by Ottoman Turkish soldiers, chronicles the latter stages of the genocide of Asia Minor's native Christian population.

Horton quotes numerous contemporary communications including eyewitness accounts of the massacre of Phocaea in 1914, by a Frenchman, and the Armenian massacres of 1914/15, by an American citizen and by a German missionary. He also published letters that he received at the consulate from Americans living in Smyrna and radio messages that he received while traveling by ship from Smyrna to Athens, which recorded how many lives were being saved by the British Navy.

According to James L. Marketos, Horton wanted his book to make four main points. First, he wanted to illustrate that the catastrophic events in Smyrna were merely "the closing act in a consistent program of exterminating Christianity throughout the length and breadth of the old Byzantine Empire." Second, he wanted to establish that the Smyrna fire was started by regular Turkish army troops with, as he put it, "fixed purpose, with system, and with painstaking minute details." Third, he wanted to emphasize that the Allied Powers shamefully elevated their selfish political and economic interests over the plight of the beleaguered Christian populations of Asia Minor, thereby allowing the Smyrna catastrophe to unfold without any effective resistance and, as he said, "without even a word of protest by any civilized government." And fourth, he wanted to illustrate that pious western Christians were deluded in thinking they were making missionary headway in the Muslim world.

In 1909, Horton married Catherine Sakopoulos and they had one daughter, Nancy Horton.