Мауи аралындағы Ма‘алаеа ауылының тарихы мен географиясы

Mā'alaea is a census designated place (CDP) in Maui County, Hawaii, United States. The population was 310 at the 2020 census. Mā‘alaea sits on the southern coast of the isthmus separating West Maui from the island’s Central Valley. Like other ahupua‘a (Hawaiian land divisions), it widens as it descends from mountain slopes into the sea, occupying 5.4 square miles of land and 2.3 miles of ocean. For more than a millennium, Mā‘alaea has been a crossroads, a landing place for Hawaiian kings and armies, and in time, whalers and sailing ships. Highways follow the ancient trails that once branched north to Wailuku (today Maui County’s governmental seat), west to Lahaina, and south to what are now the towns of Kīhei and Wailea. The name Mā‘alaea comes from the Hawaiian word ‘alae, the iron oxide from volcanic eruptions that gives the region its iron rich red earth.

Mā‘alaea is located at (20.809336, 156.490729). According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which is land and , or 29.99%, is water.

The site of a 15th century fishing village, Mā‘alaea was home to a massive heiau (ceremonial site), petroglyphs, kauhale (dwellings) and ko‘a (fishing shrines), some of which remain on the hillsides above. For the region’s earliest inhabitants, Kapoli Spring, near the present day harbor, was the main source of fresh water in this sometimes arid land. On January 20, 1778, Captain James Cook and the crew of H. M. S. Endeavor became the first westerners to set foot in Hawai‘i. The decades that followed saw an ever increasing population of missionaries, seafarers, adventurers, merchants and tradesmen from around the globe. By the late 1800s, Mā‘alaea had become a major destination for travelers to Maui. A detailed 1883 map of Mā‘alaea Bay shows a wharf, a hotel and cafe, a boathouse and more. After the 1893 overthrow of Hawai‘i’s last queen, Liliuokalani, westerners turned former kingdom lands into vast sugar and pineapple plantations. Many of the Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese and other immigrants they recruited to work in the fields remained in the islands after finishing their contracts, contributing to Hawai‘i’s multicultural society. A small fishing village sprang up in Mā‘alaea; the 1910 census showed it populated mostly by Japanese (32 individuals) and 7 Hawaiians. That same year, the Maui Dry Goods Company opened a general store in Mā‘alaea, and by 1918, a local Japanese named Yosabaru Tsuboi had acquired the business, expanding it to include a popular fish market that featured the wares of the local fishing fleet. The majority of crews on Hawai‘i’s fishing boats were of Japanese ancestry; in Mā‘alaea, they carved the likeness of the Shinto god Ebisu Sama, the protective deity of fishermen. The  statue and shrine remain in the village to this day. So does the Mā‘alaea General Store, a Maui landmark that is still open today—and listed on the National Historic Register. In 1929, a World War I Navy pilot named Stanley C. Kennedy constructed Maui’s first airport: a 1,500 foot long landing field in Mā‘alaea for his newly formed Inter Island Airways. That year, two Sikorsky amphibian planes, holding eight passengers each, flew from Honolulu to Maui in 59 minutes. With flights between Maui and O‘ahu, Lāna‘i and Moloka‘i, Mā‘alaea was once again a crossroads for travelers. The years leading up to World War II brought surfers to Mā‘alaea Bay, enticed by its irresistible waves. Among them is the “Mā‘alaea Freight Train.” It’s considered one of the world’s fastest rideable waves, but only occurs under the right conditions. A dozen years later, as World War II raged in Europe, the U. S. Navy sailed 130 ships into Hawaiian waters, and in the months following the Imperial Japanese Navy’s attack on Pearl Harbor, sent thousands of Marines to Maui. The Fourth Marine Division set up training areas along the island’s leeward coast and put Mā‘alaea’s mudflats to use for live fire exercises and a demolition training camp for underwater teams, preparing them for the conditions they would find on Iwo Jima, Saipan and Tinian. The Marines who had trained at Mā‘alaea went on to defeat the Japanese Army’s 43rd Infantry Division on Saipan. Relics from the Marines’ training exercises still lie submerged off Mā‘alaea Bay. During the war, thousands of Japanese living in America, many of them citizens, were sent to internment camps on the U. S. mainland. In the predominantly Japanese village of Mā‘alaea, Keizo Ban, manager of Kīhei General Store, was the first to be arrested. Another was Reverend Masao Arine, who held services at Mā‘alaea’s Ebisoku Jinsha shrine. In the 1950s, Hawai‘i’s economy began a decades long shift from sugar and pineapple to tourism. The Hale Kini O Maalaea Polynesian Motel opened in 1956, five years after the Territory’s Department of Public Works completed the Lahaina Pali (cliff) Tunnel above Mā‘alaea Village, linking Maui’s Central Valley with Lahaina. As the island’s fledgling visitor industry emerged, so did Mā‘alaea small boat harbor as a launching place for recreational vessels and commercial fishing boats. In 1968, the Coast Guard started stationing its cutter Cape Newagen there. A year later, Hollywood’s Mirisch Productions came to Mā‘alaea to film The Hawaiians. Based on the James Michener book, the movie starred Charlton Heston and Geraldine Chaplin. By the 1980s, big ideas were in the air for the village and its environs: a national marine sanctuary for humpback whales, a much debated harbor expansion, and commercial centers. These and many more proposed projects led to the creation of the Ma‘alaea Community Association in 1988. In its twenty eight years, the MCA’s long list of initiatives and projects left a lasting legacy in the community. More changes came to Mā‘alaea in the 1990s. The establishment of the Maui Ocean Center, the Pacific Whale Foundation’s headquarters and Mā‘alaea Village Shops would transform the quaint village into a must see visitor attraction. In 1992, President George W. Bush signed into law the Oceans Act that established the Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary. A second refuge opened at Mā‘alaea’s Keālia Pond, protecting the endangered Hawaiian stilt, Hawaiian coot, Hawaiian monk seal, and two species of Hawaiian sea turtles. In 1994, the state’s new trails program, Nā Ala Hele, began restoring the serpentine Lahaina Pali Trail, connecting Lahaina and Mā‘alaea along slopes containing 18 historic sites, including ancient rock walls and petroglyphs. The MCA ceased activities in 2016, and was replaced the next year by the newly incorporated Mā‘alaea Village Association, whose purpose, in part, is to protect the region’s environment, from its upland watershed to its coastal waters.

As of the census of 2010, there were 352 people, 196 households, and 81 families residing in the CDP. The population density is The racial makeup of the CDP was 78.1% White, 2% African American, 0.3% Native American, 9.7% Asian, 5.4% Pacific Islander, 1.1% from other races, and 3.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.7% of the population. There were 196 households, out of which 3.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.2% were married couples living together, 2.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 58.7% were non families. 51% of all households were single individuals and 42.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.56 and the average family size was 2.15. The ancestry was 18.8% English, 17% German, 9.4% Irish, 5.4% French, 3.6% Polish, 3.1% Italian, 3.1% Scottish, and 1.8% Norwegian. The median age was 63 years old. 43.5% of the population were 65 or older, with 28.7% between the ages of 65 to 74, 13.5% between the ages of 75 to 84, and 1.3% 85 or older. 12.1% of the population were veterans. The median household income was $91,250, with families having $138,125, married couples having $140,625, and non families having $61,563. 6.3% of the population were in poverty.