Нью-Йорктегі Банк оф Америка мұражаты

Office skyscraper in Manhattan, New York

The Bank of America Tower, also known as 1 Bryant Park, is a 55 story skyscraper in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. It is located at 1111 Avenue of the Americas (Sixth Avenue) between 42nd and 43rd Streets, diagonally opposite Bryant Park. The building was designed by Cookfox and Adamson Associates, and it was developed by the Durst Organization for Bank of America. With a height of 1,200 feet (366 m), the Bank of America Tower is the eighth tallest building in New York City and the tenth tallest building in the United States as of 2022. The Bank of America Tower has of office space, much of which is occupied by Bank of America. The building consists of a seven story base that occupies the entire plot, above which rises the tower. Its facade is largely composed of a curtain wall made of insulated glass panels. The building's base incorporates the Stephen Sondheim Theatre, a New York City designated landmark, as well as several retail spaces and a pedestrian atrium. The Bank of America Tower received a Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Platinum green building certification upon its opening; however, because of its high energy use, the building was exceeding citywide emissions limits by the early 2020s. Seymour Durst had acquired land on the site starting in the 1960s, with plans to develop a large building there, though he was unable to do so because of the presence of other property owners. His son Douglas Durst proposed a large office skyscraper at the beginning of the 21st century and continued to acquire land through 2003. After Bank of America was signed as an anchor tenant, work on the building started in 2004. Despite several incidents during construction, the building was completed in 2009 at a cost of $1 billion. In addition to Bank of America, the tower's tenants have included Marathon Asset Management, Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld, and Roundabout Theatre Company.

The Bank of America Tower is on the western side of Sixth Avenue (officially Avenue of the Americas) between 42nd Street and 43rd Street, in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. While its legal address is 1111 Avenue of the Americas, The building's Bryant Park address arose because its namesake tenant Bank of America, which wanted the tower to be easily related with Bryant Park to the southeast. The government of New York City does not consider 1 Bryant Park to be a real address, as Bryant Park is not the name of a street, but Bank of America applied for 1 Bryant Park to be a "vanity address" under city planning law. The Bank of America Tower, as well as 4 Times Square to the west, comprise the entire city block. Other nearby locations include the Town Hall theater and the Lambs Club to the north, The Knickerbocker Hotel to the southwest, Bush Tower and 1095 Avenue of the Americas to the south, and Bryant Park to the southeast.

Historically, the area had been composed of hills and meadows, and a stream ran on the western boundary of the site. Prior to the Bank of America Tower's construction, the site was occupied by several structures. The neighborhood had been occupied by row houses with backyards in the late 19th century, which were demolished for commercial development in the early 20th century. A 20 or 22 story commercial building, the Remington Building, stood at 113 West 42nd Street. The Hotel Diplomat, a 13 story structure at 108 West 43rd Street that had operated since 1911, occupied the northern part of the site. The block also had a Masonic Temple, as well as the eight story Roger Baldwin Building at 132 West 43rd Street, once headquarters of the American Civil Liberties Union. The northern side of the Bank of America Tower incorporates the Stephen Sondheim Theatre (originally Henry Miller's Theatre), which was rebuilt when the tower was erected. which is served by the The entrance is designed to harmonize with the lobby adjacent to it. The subway entrance consists of a glass enclosure with a pair of staircases, which lead north and south from Sixth Avenue to the station's underground mezzanine. Because the Durst Organization did not want to pay for an underpass between the new shuttle platform and the Bank of America Tower's passageway, a parallel ramp between the two stations was built instead, leaving the Bank of America Tower's passageway unused.

The Bank of America Tower was developed by Douglas Durst of the Durst Organization and designed by Cookfox Architects for Bank of America. Adamson Associates served as the executive designer. Severud Associates was the structural engineer, Jaros, Baum & Bolles was the MEP engineer, and Tishman Realty & Construction was the general contractor. Numerous other consultants, engineers, and contractors were involved in the building's design and construction. The building contains of office space. It has three basements and has 55 above ground stories. efn|Some sources cite the building as having 54 stories. When only roof height is counted, the building rises to 944.5 feet (288 m) on the south end and 848 feet (258 m) on the north end. The Bank of America Tower was imitated worldwide as a model for sustainable architecture in skyscrapers. The energy efficiency features increased the building's construction cost by 6.5 percent, but they were projected to save $3 million a year in annual energy costs and increase productivity by another $7 million annually. When the building opened, the effectiveness of the environmental features was lessened by its high occupancy rates. Another consequence was that the building risked being penalized for excessive carbon emissions under a 2019 law. Bloomberg reported in 2022 that the building could exceed city emissions limits by an estimated 50 percent by 2024, resulting in an annual fine of $2.4 million.

The building contains a seven and eight story base that occupies the entire plot. Serge Appel of Cookfox said the tower's massing would conform with Bank of America's wish for "an iconic form" and would maximize views of other buildings. The building's three basement levels reach as deep as 55 feet (17 m) below grade. The upper stories are aligned diagonally to the street grid because of the sloped facades on upper stories.

The facade of the Bank of America Tower is, for the most part, composed of a glass curtain wall covering over The curtain wall includes vertical and sloped sections at the base, as well as double walls and screen walls in the upper stories. The glass panels at the base are set between horizontal and vertical mullions. The tops and bottoms of each panel are composed of fritted glass, but the middle of the panel is transparent to allow views of the surroundings. In total, 8,644 panels are used in the curtain wall. On upper stories, the mullions between windows appear to be vertical, but they run in a slight diagonal to accommodate the sloped facades. Inspiration was also derived from the Durst family's collection of crystals. The Bank of America Tower's curtain wall was specifically designed to meet LEED standards, allowing natural light into the lobby and offices during the daytime. which deflects sunlight during the summer. Above the main entrance, there is an oxidized bamboo canopy. Extending 25 feet (8 m) outward from the lobby, the entrance canopy continues indoors as the ceiling of the lobby. The facade was designed in the neo Georgian style by architects Paul R. Allen and Ingalls & Hoffman. The facade measures about 50 feet (15 m) tall, 86 feet (26 m) wide, and 4 feet (1 m) thick. Because of the theater's landmark status, the facade could not be damaged in any way, Furthermore, even though the theater was reconstructed as part of the Bank of America Tower's construction, the new theater could not be any taller than the old facade. The theater facade protrudes from the glass curtain wall that surrounds it on all sides. Above the theater facade is a billboard attached to the curtain wall. as of September 2010, the marquee displays the words "Stephen Sondheim", reflecting its rename from Henry Miller's Theatre. The five center openings are flanked by a pair of segmental arched gateways with wrought iron gates; paneled keystones above their centers; and wrought iron lanterns flanking each side. The rest of the landmark theater facade is made of red brick in common bond and is split into two end pavilions flanking five vertical bays. Each bay is delineated by projecting brick pilasters topped by decorated Corinthian style capitals of terracotta. The five center bays have rectangular window openings at the second story, with stone keystones and brick voussoirs atop each window, as well as iron balconies curving outward. On the third story, there are three round arched windows at the center, flanked by two blind openings with brick infill; they also have stone keystones and brick voussoirs. The end pavilions have arched brick niches at the second story and terracotta roundels on the third story. Above that is a terracotta frieze with the name "Henry Miller's Theatre" carved in the center and triangular pediments above the end pavilions. A parapet runs at the roof of the landmark facade. The foundation consists of spread footings under the building's columns. An existing foundation wall on the eastern lot line was repurposed into a retaining wall, which holds back the soil above the layers of rock. The retaining wall is stabilized by a set of pillars spaced every 10 feet (3 m) and measuring A rock anchor is used to tie down each of these pillars. During construction, rock bolts were used to reinforce the cut and cover section of the subway tunnel under Sixth Avenue, while a combination of anchors and bolts was used to reinforce the mined section of the tunnel. Seismometers were used to record movement around the tunnel.

The Bank of America Tower's superstructure is built with steel and concrete. The mixture used in the superstructure's concrete is 45 percent slag, a byproduct of blast furnaces. By using slag, the builders avoided emitting of carbon dioxide greenhouse gas, which would have been produced through the normal cement manufacturing process. A large proportion of the building's materials were sourced from within 500 mile (805 km) of New York City. Vertical loads from the center of the building are distributed into the tower's core. The steel beams rest directly on the tops of the two highest elevator banks, where the loads are relatively small. Two perpendicular supporting trusses are placed above the two lowest elevator banks to distribute the larger vertical loads from higher floors. Diagonal columns are also used to carry vertical loads inward. The perimeter of the tower stories is typically 40 feet (12 m) from the core, and the filler beams underneath the floor slabs are deep. At the northeast and southwest corners, the perimeter is 55 feet (17 m) from the core, so these beams are cantilevered from the perimeter. The engineers considered using thicker filler beams and additional columns, but these were both rejected because they reduced the amount of available space. The tips of the cantilevered beams are connected vertically to distribute live loads among several stories. The tower's architectural spire is about 300 feet (91 m) tall. It contains a cylindrical mast that extends from the roof, where it measures wide, and tapers to a width of at its pinnacle. which the general public can control through Spireworks, a free app. The app allows five users at a time to control the lights for two minute periods.

The tower has a cogeneration plant, which can provide up to seventy percentefn|One source states that the cogeneration plant could only generate fifty percent of the building's energy needs. It is variously cited as being capable of , There is also a wind turbine on the roof's shorter spire. There is an ice storage plant in the basement, which creates ice at night, when energy costs are lower than in the daytime. The air conditioning system consists of various chillers ranging between The air conditioning system is designed so different chillers operate only as necessary, thereby reducing energy consumption. The rainwater is used for functions such as flushing the toilets; Only wastewater from the toilets is sent to the city's sewage system, while the rest is treated and recycled, reducing sewage outflows by 95 percent compared to similarly sized building. Schindler Group manufactured the elevators and escalators.

The lobby is 38 feet (12 m) tall and is visible from Sixth Avenue. The elevator core and security checkpoints to the upper stories are next to the lobby. The floor of the lobby is made of white granite and contains air conditioning and radiant heating, while the west wall facing Sixth Avenue is clad in stone. The lobby ceiling is made of carbonized bamboo. According to Cookfox, the lobby's design was intended to form "a layered connection to the public realm of Bryant Park". Structurally, the lobby is designed with columns that could withstand additional weight if one of the columns was damaged. It was designed by Margie Ruddick and sculpted by her mother Dorothy Ruddick. The room covers The room contains plants such as ferns, mosses, and lichen, some of which are planted on structures like a 25 feet (8 m) arch or a 7 feet (2 m) slab. Dorothy Ruddick had created the four sculptures in the space shortly before her death. The Durst Organization had wanted to create an actual garden, but it dismissed this idea because the sunlight would not have been sufficient to illuminate a garden. Shortly after the garden opened in 2010, about three fourths of the plants were replaced because they had died. compared to the 955 seats of the original theater. For the theater's reconstruction, Severud and Tishman had to excavate the theater as much as 70 feet (21 m) below street level, since the new theater could not rise above the old facade. The restaurant is designed with 24 feet (7 m) windows facing 43rd Street; a staircase connecting the entrance and second floor dining room; a lobster sculpture; and red dining booths. A Bank of America branch is also located at 115 West 42nd Street. There is also a Starbucks on the 43rd Street side. Measuring 30 feet (9 m) wide and 30 feet high, The passageway is named after Anita Durst, Douglas Durst's daughter and a leader of arts organization chashama. The finished office floor is about above the floor slab. Air conditioning is pumped through the underfloor plenum system.

The Durst family had started acquiring property on the city block bounded by Broadway, Sixth Avenue, and 42nd and 43rd Streets in 1967, when Seymour Durst bought a building that housed White's Sea Food Restaurant. Seymour Durst planned to redevelop the area east of Times Square with office skyscrapers, but he canceled these plans in 1973 amid a declining office market. Several other failed proposals followed for what would become 1 Bryant Park's site. One such proposal took place in the early 1980s, when Seymour Durst proposed selling his land to Joseph E. and Ralph Bernstein, but reneged after learning that the Bernsteins were acting on behalf of Philippine dictator Ferdinand Marcos, creating acrimony between the Dursts and the Bernsteins. By the next year, Seymour Durst had acquired 20 lots, including the Henry Miller Theater and the Hotel Diplomat. The Bernsteins filed a lawsuit against New York state to prevent their land from being seized through eminent domain. The Nasdaq plan was canceled the next year.

In 1999, the mayoral administration of Rudy Giuliani encouraged Douglas Durst to build a tower and a 1,500 seat Broadway theater on the site. At the time, Durst had acquired 85 percent of the city block. Joseph Bernstein owned four lots on 42nd Street and Sixth Avenue, while Susan Rosenberg owned a lot on the southwest corner of 43rd Street and Sixth Avenue. In addition, the Brandt family owned the Pix Theater and Richard M. Maidman owned the Remington Building on 42nd Street. and he started discussing with real estate company Tishman Speyer to jointly develop the site. By late 2000, Durst and Tishman Speyer were nearing an agreement to develop a tower on the site. The planned office tower would be called "1 Bryant Park", though Durst was still negotiating to acquire the rest of the block. This prompted the government of New York state, under the Empire State Development Corporation, to consider acquiring the remaining land via eminent domain. Bernstein's Triline Trading filed a lawsuit against the Empire State Development Corporation in April 2001. Triline alleged that the state was conspiring with Durst to depress the value of the Bernstein plots. Despite the September 11 attacks later in 2001, Durst proceeded with plans to build 1 Bryant Park to designs by Fox & Fowle Architects. Shortly after the attacks, Durst told city and state officials that he was willing to develop the 1 Bryant Park site, even if it meant a lower rate of return. Durst proposed that the state condemn Bernstein's and Maidman's lots to increase the size of the skyscraper he wished to build. State officials expressed interest in this plan. Though Maidman's building was in the process of being converted to a hotel, Maidman said he was prompted to sell during the city's recovery from the September 11 attacks, saying that he did not wish to prevent office space from being developed. Fox & Fowle were still the architects of the proposed tower through at least early 2003. Meanwhile, by March 2003, Bank of America was looking for a new headquarters for its operations in Midtown, which would allow the bank to consolidate its New York City offices from several locations. One site under consideration was Durst's lot at Bryant Park, though the bank was also discussing with other developers including Brookfield Properties. By May 2003, Bank of America was close to signing an agreement with Durst to occupy half the proposed office tower. The city government had supported the construction of the tower, while the state government was considering condemning the remaining land. In mid 2003, Durst announced he would request $650 million in tax free Liberty bonds, allocated for September 11 recovery efforts, to finance the building's construction. This request, along with a similar one for the New York Times Building three blocks southwest, received public criticism. At a hearing the September, members of the public expressed their opposition to the usage of tax free bonds for the project. Some opponents criticized Durst's donations to New York governor George Pataki, which they saw as corruption. Other critics said the bonds should be used for projects in Lower Manhattan, which was more heavily affected by the attacks, instead of Midtown. The city's Industrial Development Agency approved the bonds anyway. Bernstein spoke against the planned use of eminent domain to seize his land. The New York state government told Durst it could use eminent domain on the remaining lots, even though the land to be condemned was not in a "blighted" area, if he could sign an anchor tenant for the planned building. Durst and Bank of America announced in December 2003 that they would jointly develop a 51 story tower at 1 Bryant Park, to be designed by Cookfox. The bank would occupy about half of the building's planned of office space. Only the corner lot at 43rd Street and Sixth Avenue remained to be acquired. as well as investment in the stretch of 42nd Street between Bryant Park and Times Square. 1 Bryant Park was also to be one of several buildings around Times Square being developed for financial services companies. Durst notified the operators of Henry Miller's Theatre that the theater would have to be closed and demolished to make way for 1 Bryant Park's construction. Consequently, the old theater closed in January 2004. By that month, Durst had acquired the final property and was planning to move the National Debt Clock.

Durst and Bank of America received final approval to issue Liberty Bonds for the building's construction in February 2004. Because of the high cost of steel during early 2004, the Durst Organization decided not to proceed with construction until later that year. Meanwhile, all tenants were obliged to move out by that February, with demolition to begin that May. The groundbreaking ceremony occurred the day that terror threats were made against some of the city's major banks and finance companies, leading Pataki to say, "This is probably the best day we could choose to break ground." Among those was law firm Cravath, Swaine & Moore which, in early 2005, expressed an interest in relocating to the building. Bank of America itself was looking for several hundred thousand square feet near its new offices. In early 2006, Bank of America leased another of space, bringing its total occupancy in the building to Bank of America planned to operate six trading floors of between , as well as the first through 36th stories and the top floor. At the time, only of space remained unoccupied. Law firm Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld had leased some space by late 2006, paying more than $100 per square foot. Among the other tenants at the Bank of America Tower was Generation Investment Management, a firm cofounded by environmentalist and former U. S. vice president Al Gore. By the middle of that year, the building was almost fully pre leased, with average asking rents of Durst and Bank of America announced in May 2007 that it planned to refund the $650 million of Liberty Bonds that had been distributed for the building's construction. Though the refund was approved, the financial crisis of 2007–2008 delayed the refinancing for over a year. The building was topped out with a ceremony on June 26, 2007. A construction container fell from a crane in October 2007, causing damage to the tower and injuring eight people. After the accident, the city government ordered a temporary halt to the construction of the Bank of America Tower. The building's spire was installed by December 15, 2007. By mid 2008, the scaffolding over the facade of Henry Miller's Theater was being dismantled. Several construction accidents occurred that year. In August 2008, a glass panel fell onto a sidewalk, hurting two passersby. The window had gotten stuck near the top of the tower while it was being pulled by a winch; this led the New York City Department of Buildings to issue three violations. A Tishman spokesman said 9,400 facade panels had already been installed at the time. A month later, a debris container fell, shattering a facade panel and causing several shards of glass to fall to the street, though no one was injured. Yet another incident occurred that November, when a worker fell from a scaffold and was injured.

The first workers started moving into the Bank of America Tower in 2008. The building was refinanced in June 2009 with a $1.28 billion package from a group of lenders led by Bank of America; this financing replaced the Liberty Bonds. The Aureole restaurant opened within the base of the building later that year. Also in late 2009, Henry Miller's Theatre reopened within the base of the Bank of America Tower. By January 2010, signs with the building's name were being erected at the entrances. Durst and Bank of America held a grand opening for the tower in May 2010. At the ribbon cutting ceremony, Gore praised mayor Michael Bloomberg and other people involved in the project. The building was certified as a LEED Platinum office building that month, except for the theater, which was certified as LEED Gold. At the time, the building was appraised at $2.2 billion. Shortly afterward, Durst and Bank of America refinanced $1.275 billion in construction loans with Liberty bonds and a commercial mortgage backed security (CMBS) loan from Bank of America and JPMorgan Chase. Henry Miller's Theatre at the building's base was renamed the Stephen Sondheim Theatre that year, after musical composer Stephen Sondheim.

Only a few years before the Bank of America Tower's construction, the surrounding area had contained discount stores and homeless encampments, but its completion caused an immediate change to the vicinity. Following the building's completion, asking rents at many Bryant Park buildings rose to $100 per square foot. After the tower was completed, Sam Roudman of The New Republic magazine reported that the Bank of America Tower used twice as much energy overall as the Empire State Building due to the Bank of America Tower's high energy usage. The Bank of America Tower lost power during Hurricane Sandy in 2012, as it was the only Midtown skyscraper connected to an electrical substation downtown. Also during 2013, asset management firms QFR Management and TriOaks Capital Management, as well as insurance underwriter Ascot Underwriting and hedge fund QFR, signed leases for space in the building. Durst and Bank of America refinanced the tower in 2019 for $1.6 billion, composed of a $950 million CMBS from Bank of America as well as $650 million of Liberty Bonds. At the time, Bank of America occupied the largest share of space in the building, though investment manager Marathon Asset Management, law firm Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld, and Stephen Sondheim Theatre's operator Roundabout Theatre Company also took up some space. The building was appraised the same year at over $3.5 billion, ranking it among the most valuable office buildings in the city. Starbucks signed a new lease at the building's base in late 2020. That year, the Aureole restaurant closed and was replaced by the Charlie Palmer Steak restaurant.

When the building was being developed, a writer for The Village Voice said that the tower "looks like it's going to be alien too, with its reflective mirror sides". David W. Dunlap of The New York Times said that the tower, "rising like an icy stalagmite, is a three dimensional reminder that big banks now dominate New Yorkers' consciousness." Justin Davidson of New York magazine called the Bank of America Tower "a bulky glass stele that executes a modest twist to lend itself an air of grace". Conversely, Christopher Gray of the Times called the tower a symbol of how "Bryant Park, once synonymous with the worst of New York City, has become a brand name". Another writer for the same newspaper said the skyscraper was a "psychological and economic lift to a city that was still reeling from the destruction of the World Trade Center" in the September 11 attacks. These features were also described in a podcast that the New York Academy of Sciences launched in June 2008. Furthermore, in November 2008, the building was featured in its own documentary on the National Geographic Channel. In June 2010, the Bank of America Tower was the recipient of the 2010 Best Tall Building Americas award by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Additionally, the building received an Award of Merit during the 2011 Annual Lumen Gala, a convention for New York City's lighting industry.