Көне Римнің Папирий руының тарихы

Ancient Roman family
The gens Papiria was a patrician family at ancient Rome. According to tradition, the Papirii had already achieved prominence in the time of the kings, and the first Rex Sacrorum and Pontifex Maximus of the Republic were members of this gens. Lucius Papirius Mugillanus was the first of the Papirii to obtain the consulship in 444 BC. The patrician members of the family regularly occupied the highest offices of the Roman state down to the time of the Punic Wars. Their most famous member was Lucius Papirius Cursor, five times consul between 326 and 313 BC, who earned three triumphs during the Samnite Wars. Most of the Papirii who held office under the later Republic belonged to various plebeian branches of the family. Although the most illustrious Papirii flourished in the time of the Republic, a number of the family continued to hold high office during the first two centuries of the Empire.

Cicero described the history of the Papirii to his friend, Papirius Paetus, a plebeian member of the family, who was unaware of the patrician origin of the family. According to Cicero, the Papirii were one of the gentes minores, the lesser of two divisions made amongst the patrician gentes at Rome. The gentes maiores were the greatest or most noble patrician houses, while the rest of the patrician families made up the gentes minores. The precise distinction between the two divisions is not known, nor have any lists of the families belonging to each survived from antiquity. However, it has been suggested that the gentes maiores consisted, at least in part, of the families who came to Rome in the time of Romulus, while the gentes minores consisted of the patrician families that were enrolled after the destruction of Alba Longa, or under the Tarquins. According to Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Mugilla was conquered by Coriolanus after he was banished from Rome and went over to the Volsci. It must have been in the vicinity of the Volscian towns of Pollusca and Corioli, but it was evidently deserted at a very early date, as Pliny does not mention it among his list of former cities in Latium. The Papirii Crassi appear almost simultaneously with the Mugillani, and remained a distinct family down to the Second Samnite War. Their surname, Crassus, which means "thick" or "fat", was common to a number of prominent gentes, including the Claudii and the Licinii. Cursor, the surname of the third branch of the Papirii to achieve prominence, means "a runner", and was probably bestowed upon the dictator Lucius Papirius Cursor because of his speed. The Papirii Cursores appear in history from the early fourth century BC to the beginning of the third. The Cursores likely descended from the Mugillani, as Lucius Papirius Cursor, the dictator, is sometimes found with this cognomen. Friedrich Münzer writes that he was the first named Cursor, and his grandfather—the first with this name in the sources—actually bore the cognomen Mugillanus. The surname Maso, sometimes spelled Masso, is derived from the Latin massa, a "mass" or "lump". The Papirii Masones were the last of the distinct patrician families of this gens, although some of the other Papirii were also patricians, including Lucius Papirius Praetextatus, censor in 272 BC. The Masones occur from the end of the fourth century BC down to the time of Cicero. Among the plebeian branches of the Papiria gens, the most important was that surnamed Carbo, referring to a piece of coal or charcoal; metaphorically, something black, or of little value. The Papirii Carbones appear in the first half of the second century BC, and continued down to the time of Cicero. Paetus, the surname of Cicero's plebeian friend, referred to a mild defect of vision, variously described as "blink eyed", or "squinty". This common cognomen implied a lesser deficit than Strabo, "squinty", Luscus, "one eyed", or Caecus, "blind", and could even be regarded as endearing; it was an epithet of Venus. Cicero describes the Papirii Turdi as a plebeian family, although only one of them is mentioned in history: Gaius Papirius Turdus, tribune of the plebs in 177 BC. Their surname signified a thrush. Gaius Papirius, Pontifex Maximus in 509 BC, collected the religious ordinances of Numa Pompilius, which Ancus Marcius had carved on oaken tablets, and placed in the Roman Forum. [[Friedrich Münzer
Manius Papirius, appointed the first Rex Sacrorum in 509 BC, in order to carry out the religious duties that had previously been performed by the king. Lucius Papirius, a creditor, who accepted a boy, Gaius Publilius, as nexus, or collateral for his father's debt, in 326 BC. When his lustful advances toward the boy were rejected, Papirius caused the boy to be stripped and lashed; popular outrage led to the abolition of nexum by a law ironically named the lex Poetelia Papiria, after the consuls Gaius Poetelius Libo and Lucius Papirius Cursor. Lucius Papirius L. f. M. n. Praetextatus,Frontinus calls him Lucius Papirius Cursor, which some scholars have accepted, equating him with a brother of the consul of the same year, on the grounds that Praetextatus, named in the Capitoline Fasti, had not yet been consul. Broughton, following [[Attilio Degrassi censor in 272 BC, died in office. Lucius Papirius, a contemporary of Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, father of the Gracchi. Cicero considered Papirius among the finest orators of his age, and mentions a speech that Papirius gave in the senate on behalf of the people of Fregellae and the Latin colonies. Papirius Potamo, a scriba and friend of Quintus Caecilius Niger, the quaestor of Verres, who became his employer when Caecilius left Sicily. Potamo became one of those through whom Verres worked his depredations upon the people, and was derided by Cicero for his role. Lucius Papirius Paetus, a friend of Cicero, who describes him as a learned man, and an Epicurean. He possessed little knowledge of his family, and did not realize that the Papirii were of patrician origin. In one letter, Cicero undertook to enlighten him, extolling the virtues of his patrician ancestors, whom he encouraged Paetus to emulate, while denigrating the follies of the plebeians.

Lucius Papirius Mugillanus, was elected consul suffectus in 444 BC, the year in which the first college of consular tribunes was obliged to resign due to a fault in the auspices. The following year, he was one of the first censors, together with Lucius Sempronius Atratinus, his colleague in the consulship. Lucius Papirius L. f. Mugillanus,Some authorities regard the consul of 427 as the same Lucius Papirius who had been consul in 444, and the consular tribune of 422 as his son. The strongest argument against this is that there is no indication in the Fasti that the consul of 427 had previously held the office. consul in 427 BC, and consular tribune in 422. As interrex for holding the comitia in 420 BC, he authored a law permitting the election of plebeian quaestors. He was censor in 418. Marcus Papirius Mugillanus, consular tribune in 418 and 416 BC, and perhaps consul in 411. Lucius Papirius Mugillanus,Some authorities consider the consular tribune of 382 BC to have been Lucius Papirius Crassus. Broughton thinks it more likely he was the Lucius Papirius Mugillanus who held the office for a second time in 380, as the date of his first tribunate would not otherwise be accounted for. However, he notes that there must have been a Lucius Papirius Crassus in this generation, even if he is not to be identified with the consular tribune of 382. consular tribune in 382, 380, and 376 BC. Lucius Papirius (Mugillanus), censor in 393 BC, and consular tribune in 387 and 385. Lucius Papirius Mugillanus according to Münzer. Spurius Papirius L. f. (Mugillanus), father of the dictator Lucius Papirius Cursor. Lucius Papirius Sp. f. L. n. Cursor, was appointed magister equitum by his cousin, the dictator Lucius Papirius Crassus, in 340 BC. He was consul in 326, the first year of the Second Samnite War, and was nominated dictator the following year, in which he earned a triumph. In the Capitoline Fasti, no consuls are given for 324, and the Chronography of 354 explicitly states that none were elected, but that the dictator and magister equitum continued in office. This was the second of four "dictator years" occurring during the late fourth century BC, the authenticity of which has often been doubted, but which cannot actually be disproved. The others were 333, 309 (when Cursor is again said to have continued as dictator), and 301. See Broughton, vol. I, pp. 141, 148, 163, 171. Consul again in 320 and 319, he earned a second triumph. He was consul twice more, in 315 and 313, and dictator for a second time in 310, following which he received a third triumph. Broughton doubts the authenticity of these victories. Lucius Papirius Mugillanus Cursor according to Münzer. Lucius Papirius L. f. S. n. Cursor, consul in 293 BC, during the Third Samnite War, together with his colleague, Spurius Carvilius Maximus, won several important victories and celebrated a triumph. The two were elected again in 272, during an insurrection in southern Italy, and obtained a second triumph over the Samnites, Lucani, and Bruttii. During his first consulship, Papirius is said to have erected the first public sundial at Rome.

Manius Papirius Crassus,Livy gives his praenomen as Marcus, but Diodorus gives Manius, which seems more probable given the frequency with which less common praenomina were changed into more common ones as a result of scribal error. consul in 441 BC. Lucius Papirius Crassus, consul in 436 BC, carried on the war against Veii and Falerii. As the enemy refused to engage, Papirius and his colleague laid waste to the countryside around those cities. Papirius was censor in 430. Gaius Papirius Crassus, consul in 430 BC. Diodorus Siculus gives his name as Gaius, but Livy calls him Lucius, and Cicero Publius. Some authorities consider him the same as Lucius Papirius Crassus, the consul of 436. However, the censor of 430 was also named Lucius Papirius. He does not seem to be one of the Mugillani, as the elder Lucius Mugillanus is supposed to have been one of the first censors in 443, and the younger in 418; there is no indication that either of them held the office twice (but some scholars doubt whether the censorship was instituted in 443; if this date is inaccurate, it remains possible that the elder Mugillanus was the censor of 430). If the censor was not the elder Lucius Mugillanus, then he would seem to be either one of the Crassi, or an otherwise unknown Lucius Papirius. The consul of 430 cannot be the same man as the censor, suggesting that Diodorus is correct, and that the consul of this year was Gaius, rather than Lucius. He and his colleague anticipated a popular law planned by the tribunes of the plebs, and passed it themselves. Lucius Papirius Crassus, grandfather of the consular tribune of 336 and 330 BC. Gaius Papirius Crassus, consular tribune in 384 BC. Spurius Papirius C. f. Crassus, consular tribune in 382 BC, fought successfully against the armies of Velitrae and Praeneste. Tiberius Papirius Crassus, consular tribune in 380 BC. Marcus Papirius Crassus, grandfather of the consul of 318 BC. Lucius Papirius L. f. Crassus, father of the consular tribune of 336 and 330 BC. Some authorities describe a Lucius Papirius Crassus of this generation as consular tribune in 382 and 376 BC, but that Papirius was probably one of the Mugillani. Lucius Papirius S. f. C. n. Crassus, consular tribune in 368 BC. Lucus Papirius M. f. Crassus, father of the censor of 318 BC. Marcus Papirius L. f. L. n. Crassus, appointed dictator in 332 BC, amid panic over a Gallic invasion; but the rumoured invasion never materialized. Lucius Papirius L. f. M. n., censor in 318 BC. Gaius Papirius Maso, according to Livy, one of the triumviri appointed in 218 BC to establish colonies at Placentia and Cremona in Cisalpine Gaul. Gaius Papirius L. f. Maso, one of the decemviri sacris faciundis, who died in 213 BC. He might perhaps be the same as the triumvir of 218. Lucius Papirius Maso, praetor urbanus in 176 BC, was perhaps the same as the Lucius Papirius, who when praetor, established that a child born within thirteen months of its possible conception could be recognized among a man's heirs. Marcus Papirius Maso, the brother of Aelius Ligur, one of the tribunes of the plebs in 58 BC, who opposed Cicero's recall from exile. According to Cicero, Maso disinherited his brother for his stance. He may be the same as the eques Marcus Papirius who was a friend of Pompeius, and was slain by Publius Clodius Pulcher during his fatal encounter with Titus Annius Milo along the Appian Way. Gaius Papirius Maso, accused of repetundaeExtorting money from those under his administration. by Titus Coponius of Tibur. He was condemned, and Coponius rewarded with Roman citizenship.

Gaius Papirius Carbo, praetor in 168 BC, received the province of Sardinia, but the senate asked him to remain at Rome, and oversee a number of judicial claims. Gaius Papirius C. f. Carbo, a friend and ally of the Gracchi. As tribune of the plebs in 131 BC, he passed two important reforms. He was accused of having murdered Scipio Aemilianus, but after the death of Gaius Gracchus, Carbo was elected consul for 120. He suddenly distanced himself from the policies of his former friends, and having alienated both sides, was left vulnerable to an accusation the following year. He took his own life rather than be condemned. It is not entirely clear what Carbo was accused of. Valerius Maximus states that he went into exile. Gnaeus Papirius C. f. Carbo, consul in 113 BC, was sent against the Cimbri, who had entered Italy and Illyricum. He was defeated, and subsequently accused by Marcus Antonius. Like his brother, he took his own life rather than face condemnation. Broughton mentions an account in which he was tried and acquitted in suspicious circumstances. Marcus Papirius C. f. Carbo, praetor circa 114 BC, was accused of corruption in Sicily, and condemned. Gaius Papirius C. f. C. n. Carbo Arvina, tribune of the plebs in 90 BC, described by Cicero as a distinguished and persuasive orator, and the only Papirius Carbo to be a good citizen. He was murdered at the senate house in 82 BC by the praetor Damasippus, a partisan of the younger Marius. Gaius Papirius (Cn. or M. f.) C. n. Carbo, tribune of the plebs in 89 BC, succeeded in passing a law providing for grants of citizenship to certain allies. Despite his family connection to the consul Gnaeus, Gaius joined the party of Sulla, and was murdered while besieging Volaterrae in 80 BC. Gnaeus Papirius (M. f.?) C. n. Carbo, brother of Gaius, the tribune in 89 BC, was an acquaintance of Cicero, who described him as a scoundrel. Manutius and Shackleton Bailey rejected his identity with the consul of 85 BC.

Papirius Fabianus, an orator and philosopher in the time of the elder Seneca. He was a prolific writer, admired by the younger Seneca and Pliny the Elder. Papirius Fronto, a jurist who probably lived during the early second century. He is frequently cited by Marcian. Marcus Papirius Candidus, a senator, and patronus of the colony at Canusium in AD 223.