Эшфордтың теміржол шеберханаларының тарихы

Railway workshops in Ashford, Kent, UK

Ashford railway works was a major locomotive and wagon construction and repair workshop in Ashford, Kent in England. Constructed by the South Eastern Railway in 1847, it became a major centre for railway works in the 19th and early 20th centuries. After years of decline, it closed in 1982.

Ashford locomotive works was built by the South Eastern Railway on a new site in 1847, replacing an earlier locomotive repair facility at New Cross in London. By 1850 over 130 houses had been built for staff (called Alfred Town by the railway but New Town by everybody else). The works employed about 600 people in 1851 increasing to about 950 by 1861, and around 1,300 by 1882. A carriage and wagon works was opened on an adjacent site in 1850. The works led Ashford to be the largest industrial town in east Kent.

On 1 January 1899, the railway entered into a working union with the London Chatham and Dover Railway, forming the South Eastern and Chatham Railway (SECR). Each antecedent company had its own locomotive works, but Ashford was larger than Longhedge works and so became the principal locomotive works for the new organisation. The latter facility was gradually run down and converted into a subsidiary works. The N class 2 6 0 locomotive was first constructed at Ashford in 1917, using a design by Richard Maunsell.

Following the grouping of the SECR with the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway and the London and South Western Railway to form the Southern Railway on 1 January 1923, most new locomotive and carriage design and construction was transferred to both Ashford and Eastleigh Works. Ashford continued to operate both building and servicing locomotives and wagons until well after the nationalisation of the railways to form British Railways in 1948. The locomotive workshops eventually closed on 16 June 1962, the last locomotive to be repaired at Ashford being the N class 2 6 0 no. 31400 on 9 June. The wagon works continued for a further two decades producing continental ferry vans, Freightliner vehicles, merry go round coal hopper wagons and the Cartic4 articulated car transporter. It became one of British Rail Engineering Limited's main wagon works, but as trade declined, primarily the construction of wagons for export markets, it operated on an ever decreasing scale until it closed down in 1982.

The site has sat derelict since closure. Ashford International Studios, a multi media studio, commercial and residential complex, is planned to be built on the site and opening in 2026.

The SER opened a locomotive depot at Ashford in December 1842, sited to the East of the station adjacent to the works. This was demolished in 1931, when the SR built a much larger facility on the other side of the main line. This was closed to steam locomotives in 1962, but used to service diesels until 1968. Thereafter it was used for the Ashford Steam Centre for a period, but has now been demolished.

In 1853 the Locomotive Superintendent James I. Cudworth built the first of ten 'Hastings' class 2 4 0 locomotives there. In 1855 these were followed by two freight engines. (An unusual feature of these was a dual firebox, each side fired alternately.) Over the next twenty years, Cudworth built 53 freight locomotives at Ashford and around 80 larger ones with six foot driving wheels, plus the first eight of his sixteen express passenger locos, the 'Mails', with seven foot drivers. He also produced four classes of 0 6 0 tank locomotives. In 1878 James Stirling, the brother of Patrick Stirling of the Great Northern Railway took over and introduced a deal of standardisation. He believed in the benefits of the bogie and produced a class of 4 4 0 with six foot drivers and his '0' class freight with five foot drivers. He also produced over a hundred 0 4 4 tank engines, and in 1898 the 4 4 0 'B' Class. The first Locomotive, Carriage & Wagon Superintendent for the South Eastern and Chatham Railway was H. S. Wainwright who produced a series of successful and elegant designs at Ashford. Wainwright's tender engines built at Ashford included 0 6 0 freight locomotives of the 'C' class, and the 4 4 0 passenger engines of the 'D' and 'E' classes. His tank engines built at the works included the versatile and long lived 0 4 4 'H' class, the larger 0 6 4 'J' class and the diminutive 0 6 0 tank engines of the 'P' class. Wainwright was followed by Richard Maunsell, who introduced the ultimately unsuccessful 'K' class 2 6 4 mixed traffic tank locomotives (which were later rebuilt into 2 6 0 tender locomotives), and the useful 'N' class 2 6 0 mixed traffic locomotives in 1917. However, more of the 'N' class locomotives were produced at the works, and parts for 'K' class locos that were assembled by Armstrong Whitworth of Newcastle upon Tyne. In 1942 the works also built twenty of the Bulleid 'Q1' class 0 6 0, the remainder being built at Brighton Works. During the later war years the works also built a number of the LMS 8F type 2 8 0 freight locomotives for the War Department. The last of the 639 steam locomotives built there was LMSR 2 8 0 No. 8674. In 1937 it was involved with in the English Electric company in the construction of three experimental diesel electric shunters and after the war, Ashford Works continued manufacturing a further series of 350 hp 0 6 0 diesel electric shunters. Under British Railways Ashford Works built the first two of the Southern Region prototype 1Co Co1 diesel electric locomotives of the D16/2 class numbered 10201 and 10202 in 1951. In 1962 all locomotive production and repairs were moved to Eastleigh.

Class Wheelarrangement Built Total Notes RefSouth Eastern Railway: James Cudworth (160) "Coffee Pot" 0 4 0T 1850 1 First loco completed at Ashford. Vertical boiler "Hastings" class 2 4 0 1853–54 10 First locos entirely built at Ashford. "Standard goods" (I) 0 6 0 1855–76 53 "Little Mails" 2 2 2 1856–57 6 "Little Sharps" 2 4 0 1858–59 6 some parts from old Sharp, Roberts engines Coupled Express or 118 class (E) 2 4 0 1859–75 68 "Mail Singles" (B) 2 2 2 1861 2 205 class (G) 0 4 2WT 1863–64 2 "Mail Singles" (P) 2 2 2 1865–66 6 73 class (H) 0 4 2WT 1867–69 6 South Eastern Railway: Richard Mansell (15) Folkestone Harbour tanks (K) 0 6 0T 1877 3 "Gunboats" (M) 0 4 4T 1877 78 9 59 class (N) 0 6 0 1879 3 South Eastern Railway: James Stirling (239) A class 4 4 0 1879 81 12 Q class 0 4 4T 1881 95 48 O class 0 6 0 1882 99 57 last 5 built by SE&CR F class 4 4 0 1883 98 88 R class 0 6 0T 1888 98 25 B class 4 4 0 1898 99 9 last 5 built by SE&CR South Eastern & Chatham Railway: Harry Wainwright (196) C class 0 6 0 1900 08 70 D class 4 4 0 1901 07 21 H class 0 4 4T 1904 15 66 last 2 built during Maunsell's term E class 4 4 0 1906 09 26 P class 0 6 0T 1909 10 8 J class 0 6 4T 1913 5 South Eastern & Chatham Railway, Southern Railway: Richard Maunsell (118 steam; 3 Diesel) K class 2 6 4T 1917 1 N class 2 6 0 1917 34 80 50 were commenced at Woolwich Arsenal and completed at Ashford N1 class 2 6 0 1923 30 6 K1 class 2 6 4T 1925 1 U class 2 6 0 1928–31 20 W class 2 6 4T 1935 36 10 SR nos. 1 3 0 6 0DE 1937 3 Diesel electric. Power equipment manufactured and fitted by English Electric at Preston Southern Railway and British Railways: later designs (34 steam; 29 Diesel; 3 electric) SR class CC Co Co 1941 48 3 Electric. Power equipment manufactured by English Electric SR class Q1 0 6 0 1942 20 Designed by Oliver Bulleid LMS class 8F 2 8 0 1943 44 14 Built to Railway Executive Committee order for use on London, Midland and Scottish Railway BR nos. 15211 36 0 6 0DE 1949 52 26 Diesel electric. Power equipment manufactured by English Electric BR no. 11001 0 6 0DM 1950 1 Diesel mechanical. Power equipment manufactured by Paxman BR nos. 10201 2 1Co Co1 1950 51 2 Diesel electric. Power equipment manufactured by English Electric
The class letters were allotted to older classes by James Stirling in September 1879. Classes without such a letter were either extinct, or in the process of withdrawal at that date. Altogether, Ashford built 711 complete steam locomotives and finished 51 which were commenced elsewhere. There were 32 diesel and three electric locomotives, all of which incorporated parts made by outside contractors.