1964 жылғы желтоқсан оқиғалары

Month of 1964

The following events occurred in December 1964:

Juan Perón, the former President of Argentina who had been overthrown in 1955, attempted to secretly return from exile in Spain and to take power again as the Argentine dictator. When his flight from Madrid stopped in Brazil at Rio de Janeiro, Brazilian authorities boarded the aircraft and ordered Perón to disembark. Argentine union leader Augusto Vandor, who had organized "Operation Return" and had accompanied Perón on the flight from Spain, was allowed to continue to Argentina. Perón, however, was sent back on the Iberia DC 8 jet on its return flight from Rio to Madrid. Peron's Iberia Airlines flight had been scheduled to land in Montevideo in Uruguay, where Peron had planned to travel by land to Paraguay and then back to Argentina. Peron would finally return to Argentina in 1973 and would serve as President until his death in 1974. Mario Savio addressed a crowd of 5,000 students at the University of California in Berkeley, delivering what would be a famous speech now known as the "Bodies Upon the Gears" speech, guiding them to occupy the university's administration building, Sproul Hall. More than 1,000 walked into the building to begin a sit in; UC officials estimated that 814 of the occupiers were arrested and "that most of those who sat in and were jailed were students." "There is a time," Savio said, "when the operation of the machine becomes so odious, makes you so sick at heart that you can't take part; and you've got to put your bodies upon the gears and upon the wheels, upon all the apparatus, and you've got to make it stop. And you've got to indicate to the people who own it, that unless you're free, the machine will be prevented from working at all." The Free Speech Movement would expand from Berkeley to other university and college campuses in America and beyond.

Owners of the 20 National League and American League baseball teams voted to create the Major League Baseball draft in order to make a more uniform distribution of amateur players. In an imitation of the drafting process in other professional sports leagues, the teams would select "in reverse order off the standings at the end of the previous season". Though the proposal was initially opposed by both New York teams (the Yankees and Mets), both Los Angeles teams (the Dodgers and Angels), the St. Louis Cardinals, the Minnesota Twins, and the Washington Senators, the resolution passed unanimously. The teams would have the first option, for a limited time, to negotiate exclusively with the players selected. The first draft would be held on June 8, 1965. Sirimavo Bandaranaike lost a vote of confidence as Prime Minister of Ceylon by a single vote, as 14 members of parliament from her Sri Lanka Freedom Party went against her. The final result on the resolution that the House of Representatives had lost confidence in her government was 74 for, 73 against. The immediate cause had been her decision to form a coalition government with the Lanka Sama Samaja Party and to nationalize opposition newspapers. New elections would be held in March, and opposition leader Dudley Senanayake would form a new government with his United National Party. NASA advised North American that no funds were available for further flight testing in the Paraglider Landing System Program, following completion of full scale test vehicle flight test No. 25. NASA did authorize North American to use the test vehicles and equipment it had for a contractor supported flight test program. North American conducted a two week test program which culminated in a successful crewed tow test vehicle flight on December 19. Canadian murderer George Marcotte, who had dressed as Santa Claus to hold up a bank in the Montreal suburb of St. Laurent, Quebec, and killed two policemen responding to the alarm, had his death sentence commuted 12 hours before he was scheduled to be hanged. The decision was made by a vote of the cabinet of Prime Minister Lester Pearson at the request of Justice Minister Guy Favreau. Police arrested about 814 students at the University of California, Berkeley, following their takeover of and massive sit in at the Sproul Hall administration building. The sit in most directly protested the U. C. Regents' decision to punish student activists for what many thought had been justified civil disobedience earlier in the conflict. The Danish football club Brøndby IF was founded as a merger between the two local clubs Brøndbyøster Idrætsforening and Brøndbyvester Idrætsforening. The club would win the national championship in the Danish Superliga 10 times, and the national Danish Cup six times. Died: U. S. Navy Admiral Charles P. Snyder, 85, the first Naval Inspector General

An American LGM 30B Minuteman I missile was on strategic alert at Launch Facility (LF) L 02 at Ellsworth Air Force Base, South Dakota, when two airmen were dispatched to repair the inner zone security system. In the midst of their checkout of that system, one retrorocket in the spacer below the Reentry Vehicle fired, causing the missile to fall about 75 feet (23 m) to the floor of the silo. When the missile struck bottom, the arming and fusing/altitude control subsystem containing the batteries were torn loose, thus removing all sources of power from the missile, which structure received considerable damage. All safety devices operated properly in that they did not sense the proper sequence of events to allow arming the warhead. There was no detonation or radioactive contamination. Pope Paul VI returned to Vatican City after a four day pilgrimage to India, but not before two Turkish Air Force fighters flew dangerously close to the DC 8 airliner that was carrying him. When the Alitalia flight from Bombay to Rome crossed into the airspace of Turkey at , an escort of four planes joined alongside for 25 minutes in what was intended as a show of respect, before responding to a request by the Alitalia pilot to move away. Two of the planes "flew less than a wing length away", a claim confirmed by a photograph taken by one of the DC 8 passengers. Controllers at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, successfully corrected the trajectory of Mariner 4 by the timed firing of retrorockets to send the probe toward the planet Mars. The course correction was implemented after it was calculated that the Mariner probe's heading would have caused it to miss Mars by more than ; the new heading was calculated to bring the probe within The National Academy of Sciences founded the National Academy of Engineering in the United States, with the approval by the NAS of the new academy's Articles of Organization.

The Gemini Phase II centrifuge training program was completed. Phase II provided refresher training for Gemini Titan 3 and 4 flight crews, who made their runs clad in pressure suits. For astronauts not yet officially assigned to a mission the program provided familiarization training under shirt sleeve conditions. Phase II had begun early in November 1964. After a lengthy debate that ended at 2:12 in the morning, Canada's House of Commons voted 163 to 78 to approve the new Flag of Canada, with its pattern of a red maple leaf on a white background between two red bars. Voting then moved on to the Canadian Senate. Glenn T. Seaborg received a U. S. Patent No. 3,161,462 for the synthesized chemical element Curium. Seaborg had been granted a patent for Americium on November 10.

U. S. Congressman Gerald R. Ford of Michigan announced his intention to challenge minority leader Charles A. Halleck in January when Republican Party members of the U. S. House of Representatives would vote on their leader. Ford would narrowly win the vote on January 4, by a margin of 73 to 67, and would remain in the position until 1973, when he would be selected as the new Vice President of the United States and, ultimately, the nation's President upon the resignation of U. S. President Richard M. Nixon. A total lunar eclipse afforded astrophysicist J. M. Saari the opportunity to make infrared pyrometric scans of the lunar surface with improved equipment, following up on Richard W. Shorthill's discovery of "hot spots" in the Tycho crater during the March 13, 1960 eclipse. Saari carried out his observations from the Helwan Observatory in Egypt. The eclipse began at 0059 UTC (Friday evening in North and South America) and was visible from Western Europe and Africa as well. In a military coup, the ruling military junta of South Vietnam, led by General Nguyen Khanh, dissolved the High National Council and arrested some of its members. The next day, General Khanh announced that an Armed Forces Council would rule the nation. Khanh would be removed from power on February 24. The American Conservative Union (ACU), the oldest lobbying organization for conservative political action in the United States, was founded at a meeting by about 100 conservative leaders in Washington, D. C. Outgoing U. S. Congressman Donald C. Bruce was elected as the first Chairman of the organization. Born: Arvydas Sabonis, Lithuanian professional basketball player and inductee into both the Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame in the U. S. and the FIBA Hall of Fame in Madrid; in Kaunas, Lithuanian SSR, Soviet Union