Руджерс университетінің «The Medium» газеті: Сатира, бостандық және даулар тарихы

The Medium a student newspaper in the United States. It is a student run weekly satire and comedy publication at Rutgers University, the state university of New Jersey. Founded in 1970 as The Livingston Medium, it is the second largest newspaper in circulation at Rutgers University, after the official student newspaper, The Daily Targum. Referring to itself as the "Entertainment Weekly of Rutgers University", the more recent incarnations of The Medium focus on satirical and humorous articles based on current events, popular culture, and events on the Rutgers campuses. Since 1970, the newspaper has been headquartered on Livingston Campus. The newspaper has a traditional focus on promoting free speech. The Medium frequently defends their right to publish offensive material under the First Amendment, specifically the freedom of speech and freedom of the press. The Medium has sparked frequent protests from the student body and pressure from the administration over material they have published.

The Livingston Medium printed its first issue on September 1, 1970, as the campus newspaper of Livingston College. During the 1980s, The Medium was heavily influenced by fanzine publisher Bill Dale Marcinko. In the late 1970s, Marcinko became known in the alternative press through his fanzine AFTA (Ascension From The Ashes). As Clifford Meth later wrote, "AFTA may have been the first comics 'zine distributed to book and comic shops that combined comedy, politics and reviews on books, films, and comics. It was very much an underground version of Crawdaddy, though with vastly personal content. Its formula would be duplicated over and over, but AFTA was an original." Marcinko brought the same concept to The Medium when he became its faculty advisor and arts editor. The paper parted from its roots as a traditional college newspaper and became, like AFTA, an outlet for various political persuasions, non mainstream arts reviews, news, and Marcinko's personal writings. Through Marcinko, it also became an outlet for the emerging LGBT community at Rutgers, publishing coming out stories, gay politics, poetry, scene reports from the leather underground, and gay porn, much of it written by Marcinko himself. Under Marcinko's influence, The Medium also became the focus of intense controversy, the subject of protests from students and parents, and attempts by the student government to defund the newspaper. The paper was criticized continuously from all areas of the political and social spectrum, but continued publishing content outside the mainstream, often employing shock value to test the limits of free speech. For example, the newspaper published front page photos of a dismembered corpse for a 1985 review of the book, Hollywood Babylon II, a glowing tribute to gay love in a piece titled "Romancing the Anus", as well as a parody of the media coverage surrounding the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster in 1986, in a piece subtitled "People explode every day". However, The Medium was not at that time a humor publication as it is today. Rather, humor was used self consciously in an attempt at cultural subversion. Around the same time, The Medium began publishing anonymous, uncensored content from the university community in the Personals section, so anyone with access to pen and paper could see their words in print at the back of the paper. Eventually, the Personals became the most read section of the paper. As Bill Dale Marcinko was an instructor at Rutgers and not a tenured professor, he was eventually terminated by the university, and had less impact on the newspaper after his departure. At the request of advisors, The Medium no longer prints pornographic material.

The Medium has been sued many times over their publication of offensive material. In 1991, an editor altered a personal placed in the year's final edition. The original personal ("If you've been assigned to Room 104 in Lippincott next semester, please contact me at XXX") was modified (to "If you've been assigned to Room 104 in Lippincott next semester, we need to speak I am HIV positive and perpetually flatulent. Please contact me at XXX"). The resulting suit, Edwards v. Rutgers, was dismissed after the paper agreed to run a front page apology. In 2004, The Medium published an anti semitic cartoon on Holocaust Remembrance Day depicting Jews being thrown in an oven as a carnival game, with the caption, "Knock a Jew in the oven! Three throws for one dollar!" Rutgers University President Richard McCormick called the cartoon "deplorable" and "outrageous in its cruelty", and later met with the editorial board and urged them to take accountability. In 2012, the paper again came under fire for running a similar article titled "What about the good things Hitler did?" and listing another Rutgers student, a Zionist activist unaffiliated with The Medium, as the author. McCormick criticized the article, calling it "extremely offensive". In 2013, The Medium published an article comparing members of the Alpha Chi Omega sorority to livestock and other fat barn animals, sparking outrage from the student body, and members of Alpha Chi Omega, which was shutting down due to a lack of new pledges. The day after the article was published, over 200 people attended a rally in front of a dining hall on campus to show their support for Greek life and to protest The Medium's decision to run the article. Some students were especially upset because the article was published during Eating Disorder Awareness Week. The Medium issued a public apology the following week, writing that the article "was cruel and relied on cheap jokes in lieu of humor".