Sistrurus miliarius

Species of reptile

Common names: pygmy rattlesnake, eastern pygmy rattlesnake, ground rattlesnake, leaf rattler, death rattler, more. Sistrurus miliarius, commonly called the pygmy rattlesnake, is a species of venomous snake in the subfamily Crotalinae (pit vipers) of the family Viperidae. The species is endemic to the Southeastern United States. with adults usually growing to in total length (including tail). The maximum reported total length is (Klauber, 1972). Snellings and Collins (1997) reported a specimen of S. m. barbouri measuring , but it had been in captivity for over 12 years. The largest S. m. barbouri reported by Gloyd (1940) was a specimen measuring from St. Petersburg, Florida. Shine (1978) suggested that in some populations, males may be larger than females, but a later study by Bishop et al. (1996) did not find sexual dimorphism of any kind in a population in Volusia County, Florida. It is currently theorized that the lack of sexual dimorphism in the species is due to the fact that both males and females experience selective pressures to be of a larger size. At midbody, the rows of dorsal scales usually number 23. The dorsal pattern consists of a series of oval or subcircular spots with somewhat regular edges. The spots on the flanks are mostly round and not much higher than they are wide. Belly pigmentation towards the rear is more limited to indistinct blotches found on pairs of adjacent scales. Older common names might include bastard rattlesnake, nipple snake, Carolina ground rattlesnake, brick red rattlesnake, Carolina pygmy rattlesnake, Catesby's small snake, dwarf rattlesnake, eastern pygmy rattlesnake, grey rattlesnake, and ground rattler (Garman, 1887).

The specific name, miliarius, is derived from Latin and means millet or millet like, perhaps referring to the blotched patterns described in the species.

S. miliarius is found in the Southeastern United States from southern and eastern North Carolina, south through peninsular Florida and west to East Texas and Oklahoma. The type locality given is "Carolina". Schmidt (1953) proposed that this be restricted to "Charleston, South Carolina".

This species is classified as least concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. This species is not protected by South Carolina or Georgia state law, but pygmy rattlesnakes are protected in North Carolina and Tennessee. Snake fungal disease (SFD) is caused by the fungus Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola and its documentation in pygmy rattlesnakes has risen sharply in the past decade being a major cause of death. Snakes with the disease are usually subject to poor body condition and experience a decrease in reproductive success. Though prevalent among the species, pygmy rattlesnakes have been seen to overcome snake fungal disease in the field. Even affected females have been found to still give birth to viable young.

S. miliarius is usually seen in the summer sunning itself or crossing the road late in the day. The tiny rattle makes a buzzing sound that can only be heard from a few feet away. The unusually small rattles of the pygmy rattlesnake is suggestive of the early stages of rattle evolution. Some individuals are very aggressive and strike furiously, while others seem lethargic and do not even attempt to rattle. Some research has shown that a larger portion of these rattlesnakes are usually reluctant to bite. It does not dig its own burrows, but rather uses those dug by small rodents or gopher tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus). These snakes typically don't move far from their "home burrows" and studies have shown that males may move farther than females. Pygmy Rattlesnakes are generally solitary but become social only during the breeding season. Caudal luring becomes less effective for adults, as the prey size and type changes. Their feeding strategy becomes sit and wait, with individuals remaining in a coiled position for days at a time. Pygmy rattlesnakes may change their foraging behaviors, such as prestrike, strike, and poststrike, to be most suitable for the prey item they are going after.

Since S. miliarius is unable to produce much venom, it is unlikely to be able to deliver a fatal bite to a human adult. This snake produces cytotoxic venom that is strongly hemorrhagic and tissue toxic, but devoid of any neurotoxins. The venom was the basis for the development of the drug eptifibatide, which is used to prevent clotting during a heart attack. The venom is somewhat different in that it contains substantial amounts of serotonin and related tryptamine compounds.