Чандра телескопы: Ғарыш зерттеулері мен ашылулар тарихы

NASA space telescope launched in 1999

AXAF was renamed Chandra as part of a contest held by NASA in 1998, which drew more than 6,000 submissions worldwide. The contest winners, Jatila van der Veen and Tyrel Johnson (then a high school teacher and high school student, respectively), suggested the name in honor of Nobel Prize–winning Indian American astrophysicist Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar. He is known for his work in determining the maximum mass of white dwarf stars, leading to greater understanding of high energy astronomical phenomena such as neutron stars and black holes. Fittingly, the name Chandra means "moon" in Sanskrit. Originally scheduled to be launched in December 1998, from Columbia at 11:47 UTC. The Inertial Upper Stage's first stage motor ignited at 12:48 UTC, and after burning for 125 seconds and separating, the second stage ignited at 12:51 UTC and burned for 117 seconds. At , Physically Chandra could last much longer. A 2004 study performed at the Chandra X ray Center indicated that the observatory could last at least 15 years. It is active as of 2024 and has an upcoming schedule of observations published by the Chandra X ray Center. In July 2008, the International X ray Observatory, a joint project between ESA, NASA and JAXA, was proposed as the next major X ray observatory but was later cancelled. ESA later resurrected a downsized version of the project as the Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics (ATHENA), with a proposed launch in 2028. On October 10, 2018, Chandra entered safe mode operations, due to a gyroscope glitch. NASA reported that all science instruments were safe. Within days, the 3 second error in data from one gyro was understood, and plans were made to return Chandra to full service. The gyroscope that experienced the glitch was placed in reserve and is otherwise healthy.

The data gathered by Chandra has greatly advanced the field of X ray astronomy. Here are some examples of discoveries supported by observations from Chandra:
The first light image, of supernova remnant Cassiopeia A, gave astronomers their first glimpse of the compact object at the center of the remnant, probably a neutron star or black hole. In the Crab Nebula, another supernova remnant, Chandra showed a never before seen ring around the central pulsar and jets that had only been partially seen by earlier telescopes. The first X ray emission was seen from the supermassive black hole, Sagittarius A*, at the center of the Milky Way. Chandra found much more cool gas than expected spiraling into the center of the Andromeda Galaxy. Pressure fronts were observed in detail for the first time in Abell 2142, where clusters of galaxies are merging. The earliest images in X rays of the shock wave of a supernova were taken of SN 1987A. Chandra showed for the first time the shadow of a small galaxy as it is being cannibalized by a larger one, in an image of Perseus A. A new type of black hole was discovered in galaxy M82, mid mass objects purported to be the missing link between stellar sized black holes and super massive black holes. X ray emission lines were associated for the first time with a gamma ray burst, Beethoven Burst GRB 991216. High school students, using Chandra data, discovered a neutron star in supernova remnant IC 443. Observations by Chandra and BeppoSAX suggest that gamma ray bursts occur in star forming regions. Chandra data suggested that RX J1856.5 3754 and 3C58, previously thought to be pulsars, might be even denser objects: quark stars. These results are still debated. Sound waves from violent activity around a super massive black hole were observed in the Perseus Cluster (2003). TWA 5B, a brown dwarf, was seen orbiting a binary system of Sun like stars. Nearly all stars on the main sequence are X ray emitters. The X ray shadow of Titan was seen when it transited the Crab Nebula. X ray emissions from materials falling from a protoplanetary disc into a star. Hubble constant measured to be 76.9 km/s/Mpc using Sunyaev Zel'dovich effect. 2006 Chandra found strong evidence that dark matter exists by observing super cluster collision. 2006 X ray emitting loops, rings and filaments discovered around a super massive black hole within Messier 87 imply the presence of pressure waves, shock waves and sound waves. The evolution of Messier 87 may have been dramatically affected. Observations of the Bullet cluster put limits on the cross section of the self interaction of dark matter. "The Hand of God" photograph of PSR B1509 58. Jupiter's x rays coming from poles, not auroral ring. A large halo of hot gas was found surrounding the Milky Way. Extremely dense and luminous dwarf galaxy M60 UCD1 observed. On January 5, 2015, NASA reported that CXO observed an X ray flare 400 times brighter than usual, a record breaker, from Sagittarius A*, the supermassive black hole in the center of the Milky Way galaxy. The unusual event may have been caused by the breaking apart of an asteroid falling into the black hole or by the entanglement of magnetic field lines within gas flowing into Sagittarius A*, according to astronomers. In September 2016, it was announced that Chandra had detected X ray emissions from Pluto, the first detection of X rays from a Kuiper belt object. Chandra had made the observations in 2014 and 2015, supporting the New Horizons spacecraft for its July 2015 encounter. In September 2020, Chandra reportedly may have made an observation of an exoplanet in the Whirlpool Galaxy, which would be the first planet discovered beyond the Milky Way. In April 2021, NASA announced findings from the observatory in a tweet saying "Uranus gives off X rays, astronomers find". The discovery would have "intriguing implications for understanding Uranus" if it is confirmed that the X rays originate from the planet and are not emitted by the Sun.