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Carboxylic acid with chemical formula CH3CH2CO2H

Chembox
| Name = Propionic acid
| ImageFileL1 = Propionic acid chemical structure. svg
| ImageSizeL1 = 100px
| ImageNameL1 = Simplified skeletal formula
| ImageFileR1 = Propionic acid flat structure. png
| ImageSizeR1 = 100px
| ImageNameR1 = Full structural formula
| ImageFileL2 = Propionic acid 3D balls. png
| ImageSizeL2 = 100px
| ImageNameL2 = Ball and stick model
| ImageFileR2 = Propionic acid spheres. png
| ImageSizeR2 = 100px
| ImageNameR2 = Space filling model
| ImageFile3 = Propionic acid. jpg
| ImageSize3 = 200px
| PIN = Propanoic acid
| OtherNames = CarboxyethaneEthanecarboxylic acidEthylformic acidMetacetonic acidMethylacetic acidC3:0 (Lipid numbers)
|Section1=
|Section2=Chembox Properties
| C=3 | H=6 | O=2
| Appearance = Colorless, oily liquid
| SolubleOther = Miscible in EtOH, ether,
| MeltingPtC = −20.5
| MeltingPt ref =
| BoilingPtC = 141.15
| BoilingPt ref =
| RefractIndex = 1.3843
| SublimationConditions = Sublimes at −48 °C ΔsublHo = 74 kJ/mol
| SpaceGroup = P21/c
| DeltaHc = 1527.3 kJ/mol
| GHSSignalWord = Danger
| HPhrases =
| IDLH = N. D. Over the next few years, other chemists produced propionic acid by different means, none of them realizing they were producing the same substance. In 1847, French chemist Jean Baptiste Dumas established all the acids to be the same compound, which he called propionic acid, from the Greek words πρῶτος (prōtos), meaning first, and πίων (piōn), meaning fat, because it is the smallest acid that exhibits the properties of the other fatty acids, such as producing an oily layer when salted out of water and having a soapy potassium salt.

Propionic acid has physical properties intermediate between those of the smaller carboxylic acids, formic and acetic acids, and the larger fatty acids. It is miscible with water, but can be removed from water by adding salt. As with acetic and formic acids, it consists of hydrogen bonded pairs of molecules in both the liquid and the vapor. Propionic acid displays the general properties of carboxylic acids: it can form amide, ester, anhydride, and chloride derivatives. It undergoes the Hell–Volhard–Zelinsky reaction that involves α halogenation of a carboxylic acid with bromine, catalysed by phosphorus tribromide, in this case to form 2 bromopropanoic acid, CH3CHBrCOOH. This product has been used to prepare a racemic mixture of alanine by ammonolysis.

Biotechnological production of propionic acid mainly uses Propionibacterium strains. However, large scale production of propionic acid by Propionibacteria faces challenges such as severe inhibition of end products during cell growth and the formation of by products (acetic acid and succinic acid). One approach to improve productivity and yield during fermentation is through the use of cell immobilization techniques, which also promotes easy recovery, reuse of the cell biomass and enhances microorganisms' stress tolerance. In 2018, 3D printing technology was used for the first time to create a matrix for cell immobilization in fermentation. Propionic acid production by Propionibacterium acidipropionici immobilized on 3D printed nylon beads was chosen as a model study. It was shown that those 3D printed beads were able to promote high density cell attachment and propionic acid production, which could be adapted to other fermentation bioprocesses. Other cell immobilization matrices have been tested, such as recycled glass Poraver and fibrous bed bioreactor. Alternative methods of production have been trialled, by genetically engineering strains of Escherichia coli to incorporate the necessary pathway, the Wood Werkman cycle.

Propionic acid inhibits the growth of mold and some bacteria at levels between 0.1 and 1% by weight. As a result, some propionic acid produced is consumed as a preservative for both animal feed and food for human consumption. For animal feed, it is used either directly or as its ammonium salt. This application accounts for about half of the world production of propionic acid. The antibiotic monensin is added to cattle feed to favor propionibacteria over acetic acid producers in the rumen; this produces less carbon dioxide and feed conversion is better. Another major application is as a preservative in baked goods, which use the sodium and calcium salts. US, Australia and New Zealand. Propionic acid is also useful as an intermediate in the production of other chemicals, especially polymers. Cellulose acetate propionate is a useful thermoplastic. Vinyl propionate is also used. In more specialized applications, it is also used to make pesticides and pharmaceuticals. The esters of propionic acid have fruit like odors and are sometimes used as solvents or artificial flavorings. In production of the Jarlsberg cheese a propionic acid bacteria is used to give both taste and holes.

Propionic acid is produced biologically as its coenzyme A ester, propionyl CoA, from the metabolic breakdown of fatty acids containing odd numbers of carbon atoms, and also from the breakdown of some amino acids. Bacteria of the genus Propionibacterium produce propionic acid as the end product of their anaerobic metabolism. This class of bacteria is commonly found in the stomachs of ruminants and the sweat glands of humans, and their activity is partially responsible for the odor of Emmental cheese, American "Swiss cheese" and sweat. The metabolism of propionic acid begins with its conversion to propionyl coenzyme A, the usual first step in the metabolism of carboxylic acids. Since propionic acid has three carbons, propionyl CoA cannot directly enter either beta oxidation or the citric acid cycles. In most vertebrates, propionyl CoA is carboxylated to D methylmalonyl CoA, which is isomerised to L methylmalonyl CoA. A vitamin B12 dependent enzyme catalyzes rearrangement of L methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA, which is an intermediate of the citric acid cycle and can be readily incorporated there. Propionic acid serves as a substrate for hepatic gluconeogenesis via conversion to succinyl CoA. Additionally, exogenous propionic acid administration results in more endogenous glucose production than can be accounted for by gluconeogenic conversion alone. Exogenous propionic acid may upregulate endogenous glucose production via increases in norepinephrine and glucagon, suggesting that chronic ingestion of propionic acid may have adverse metabolic consequences. In propionic acidemia, a rare inherited genetic disorder, propionate acts as a metabolic toxin in liver cells by accumulating in mitochondria as propionyl CoA and its derivative, methylcitrate, two tricarboxylic acid cycle inhibitors. Propanoate is metabolized oxidatively by glia, which suggests astrocytic vulnerability in propionic acidemia when intramitochondrial propionyl CoA may accumulate. Propionic acidemia may alter both neuronal and glial gene expression by affecting histone acetylation. When propionic acid is infused directly into rodents' brains, it produces reversible behavior (e. g., hyperactivity, dystonia, social impairment, perseveration) and brain changes (e. g., innate neuroinflammation, glutathione depletion) that may be used as a means to model autism in rats. Propionate is observed to be among the most common short chain fatty acids produced in the large intestine of humans by gut microbiota in response to indigestible carbohydrates (dietary fiber) in the diet. The role of the gut microbiota and their metabolites, including propionate, in mediating brain function has been reviewed. A study in mice suggests that propionate is produced by the bacteria of the genus Bacteroides in the gut, and that it offers some protection against Salmonella there. Another study finds that fatty acid propionate can calm the immune cells that drive up blood pressure, thereby protecting the body from damaging effects of high blood pressure.

The Bacteria species Coprothermobacter platensis produces propionate when fermenting gelatin.

The propionate /'//p//r//oʊ//p//i//ə//n//eɪ//t/, or propanoate, ion is , the conjugate base of propionic acid. It is the form found in biological systems at physiological pH. A propionic, or propanoic, compound is a carboxylate salt or ester of propionic acid. In these compounds, propionate is often written in shorthand, as or simply
Propionates should not be confused with propenoates (commonly known as acrylates), the ions/salts/esters of propenoic acid (also known as 2 propenoic acid or acrylic acid).