Хадера қаласының тарихы мен географиясы

Hadera ( ) is a city located in the Haifa District of Israel, in the northern Sharon region, approximately 45 kilometers (28 miles) from the major cities of Tel Aviv and Haifa. The city is located along 7 km (5 mi) of the Israeli Mediterranean Coastal Plain. The city's population includes a high proportion of immigrants arriving since 1990, notably from Ethiopia and the former Soviet Union. In it had a population of
Hadera was established in 1891 as a farming colony by members of the Zionist group, Hovevei Zion, from Lithuania and Latvia. By 1948, it was a regional center with a population of 11,800. In 1952, Hadera was declared a city, with jurisdiction over an area of 53,000 dunams. The village was named after Wadi al Khudeira (وادي الخضيرة), as the nearby section of Hadera Stream was known. Earlier, the whole Hadera Stream had been known as Nahr Akhdar (نهر الأخضر). The Crusaders called the location Lictera – a corruption of the Arabic name, el Khudeira. From the outset, attempts were made to pick instead a Hebrew name for the new settlement. About half a year after it was founded, rabbi Ya'akov Goldman reported on an event in "the moshav of Hadere, that is, Hatzor". The name Liktera was in preferential use by the British military during World War I. In the end of the nineteenth century, the region of Hadera was populated by three immigrant groups – Circassians, Bosnians and Russian Jews. These transnational colonists joined what was, in Roy Marom's words, "a sparsely populated coastal plain inhabited by Arabic speaking highland peasants and nomads of Turkmen, Nubian, Egyptian and of Arabian Peninsular descent". Marom further notes that in 1871 Ottoman authorities inspected Khirbet al Khudeira, and found it 'empty of inhabitants and lacking resident peasants who are eligible to purchase it in return for the payment of land registration fees". Selim al Khoury, a Christian merchant from Haifa, purchased Kh. al Khudeira, together with 3000 hectares of land, and established an agricultural estate among the ruins. In 1890, al Khoury sold al Khudeira to Yehoshua Hankin (1864–1945). Baron Edmond James de Rothschild's surveyor, Yitzhak Goldhar, claimed that Hadera was founded on the site of the former town called Gedera of Caesarea , as mentioned in Tosefta Shevi'it, ch. 7. Benjamin Mazar preferred to locate ancient Gador, formerly known as Gedera by Caesaria, at Tell Ahḍar ("green hill"), later known as Tell esh Sheikh Ziraq and currently as Tel Gador, on the coast south of Giv'at Olga. Others say that the ancient Gadera should be identified with Umm Qais or with al Judeira. The first Jewish settlers lived in a building known as the Khan near Hadera's main synagogue. The population consisted of ten families and four guards. In 1896 Baron Rothschild paid for "hundreds of black labourers" from Egypt "to dig the broad and deep trenches" needed to drain the swamps. They "died in scores". Old tombstones in the local cemetery reveal that out of a population of 540, 210 died of malaria. Therefore, a Bible verse from the Psalms (Tehillim) was inscribed in the city's logo: "Those who sow in tears, will reap with songs of joy." (Ps 126:5) Hashomer guards kept watch over the fields to prevent incursions by the neighboring Bedouin. By the early twentieth century, Hadera had become the regional economic center. Land disputes in the area were resolved by the 1930s, and the population had grown to 2,002 in 1931. Free schooling was introduced in the city in 1937 in all schools apart from the Histadrut school.

After the 1948 War, the north western part of Hadera (including "Newe Chayyim") expanded on the land which had belonged to the depopulated Palestinian village of Arab al Fuqara. Hadera's population increased dramatically in 1948 as immigrants flocked to the country. Most of the newcomers were from Europe, though 40 Yemenite families settled there, too. New neighborhoods were built, among them Givat Olga on the coast, and Beit Eliezer in the east of the city. In 1964, Hadera was declared a city. A massacre of six civilians at a Bat Mitzvah occurred in early 2002. A suicide bomber blew himself up at a falafel stand on October 26, 2005, killing seven civilians and injuring 55, five in severe condition. During the second Lebanon War, on August 4, 2006, three rockets fired by Hezbollah hit Hadera. Hadera is 50 mile (80 km) south of the Lebanese border and marked the farthest point inside Israel hit by Hezbollah. In the 2000s, the city center was rejuvenated, a high tech business park was constructed, and the world's largest desalination plant was built. New neighborhoods are under construction in the underdeveloped northeastern part of the city, and plans are under way for a large park, shopping malls and hotels with a total of 1,800 rooms. The city is envisaged as a future vacation destination due to its closeness to the Galilee, beaches, and access to major highways.

Hadera is located on the Israeli Mediterranean coastal plain, north of Tel Aviv. The city's jurisdiction covers , making it the fourth largest city in the country. Nahal Hadera Park, a eucalyptus forest covering and Hasharon Park are located on the outskirts of Hadera.

Hadera lies along two main Israel Railways lines: the Coastal Line and the nowadays freight only Eastern Line. The city's railway station is located in the west of the city and is on the Tel Aviv suburban line which runs between Binyamina and Ashkelon. The city center of Hadera is located near Israel's two main north–south highways; Highway 2, linking Tel Aviv to Haifa, and Highway 4. was inaugurated in December 2009.

According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, as of October 2013, Hadera had a population of 91,634 which is growing at an annual rate of 1.2%. As of 2003, the city had a population density of 1,516.6 per km2. Of the city's population of 2013 of 91,634, approximately 23,407 were immigrants, many from Ethiopia. Hadera has grown steadily since 1948, when the city had a population of 11,800. In 1955, the population almost doubled to 22,500. In 1961 it rose to 25,600, in 1972 to 32,200, and in 1983, to 38,700. as of 2007, there were 37,500 males and 39,200 females. In 2000, there were 27,920 salaried workers and 1,819 self employed. The mean monthly wage in 2000 for a salaried worker was ILS 5,135, a real change of 8.0% throughout 2000. Salaried males had a mean monthly wage of ILS 6,607 (a real change of 9.0%) compared with ILS 3,598 for females (a real change of 3.1%). The mean income for the self employed was 6,584. A total of 1,752 people received unemployment benefits and 6,753 received income supplements. In 2019, the total population was 97,334, of which 91.8% were Jewish and 0.9% were Arab.

Hadera is served by the Hillel Yaffe Medical Center.

Neighborhoods of Hadera include Givat Olga, Beit Eliezer, Kfar Brandeis, Haotzar, Hephzibah, Neve Haim, Nissan, Ephraim, Bilu, Klarin, Nahaliel, Shimshon, Shlomo, Pe'er, Bialik, Beitar and The Park. בית אליעזר named after Eliezer Kaplan, this neighborhood is in the eastern part of the city. The neighborhood was established in the 1950s. Most of the houses in the neighborhood had small farms, and the residents were mainly immigrants from Romania, Morocco and Yemen. נווה חיים named after Haim Arlosoroff, this neighborhood is in the north of the city, and was founded in 1935 as a cooperative association. Most of the houses in the neighborhood had small farms. The center of the neighborhood is the water tower, which is still standing today. Giv'at Olga named after Olga Hankin, the wife of the Zionist activist Yehoshua Hankin. It was founded in 1949 around the house Hankin built known as Olga Hankin's House. lt=Nahaliel a neighborhood on the northeastern side of the city center. Founded as a separate settlement by immigrants from Yemen and Aden back in 1912, and later annexed to the city. Ein Hayam a new neighborhood that was established in the early 2000s in the southwest of the city, south of Givat Olga and north of the Gador nature reserve. Givat Bilu a neighborhood of mainly immigrants from Yemen, who arrived after the establishment of the state in the "Operation Magic Carpet". Heftsiba a small northern neighborhood, established in 1946. It was originally planned by the Palestine Land Development Company in 1939. The neighborhood is inhabited mainly by immigrants from Yemen. Near it the is located. HaOtsar its land was bought in the beginning of the 20th century by and the name of the neighborhood is derived from the Hebrew name of this trust. In the center of the neighborhood is the "Park Yehoshua" park, named Yehoshua Hankin, who bought the lands for the Trust. Kfar Brandeis – was founded as a rural village in 1927, and was named after Louis Brandeis. it was integrated into Hadera in 1951. The village retained its independence regarding water issues for many years but now is an integral part of the city.

Hadera is home to three current football clubs: Hapoel Hadera, which currently plays in Israeli Premier League after being promoted at the end of 2017/18 season. Beitar Hadera (playing in Liga Gimel Shomron) and the women's football club Maccabi Kishronot Hadera (playing in Ligat Nashim Rishona). In the past, the city was also home to Maccabi Hadera, Hapoel Nahliel and Hapoel Beit Eliezer. The city is also represented in the Israeli Beach Soccer League. Its team, Hapoel Hadera, won the championship (under its previous name, Hadera's Princes) in 2008. In Basketball, Maccabi Hadera's women's basketball team plays in second tier Liga Leumit, while the club's Maccabi Hadera men's basketball team plays in third tier Liga Artzit.