Кіріспе
Суреттер жасалуының әртүрлі процестері
Various processes by which imagery is created
Визуалды эффектілер (кейде VFX деп қысқартылады) – фильм жасау және бейне өндірісінде түсірілім кезіндегі тікелей кадрдан тыс суреттерді жасау немесе өңдеу процесі. Тікелей кадрлар мен басқа тікелей кадрлардың немесе CGI элементтерінің бірігуі реалистік суреттерді жасау үшін VFX деп аталады. VFX тікелей кадрларды (камерадағы арнайы эффектілерді қоса алғанда) және шынайы көрінетін, бірақ қауіпті, қымбат, іс жүзінде орындауға қиын, уақытты көп алатын немесе фильмге түсіру мүмкін емес бейнелерді (цифрлық немесе оптикалық, жануарлар немесе жаратылыстар) біріктіреді. Компьютерлік графиканы (CGI) пайдаланатын визуалды эффектілер тәуелсіз режиссерлерге қолжетімді болды, себебі қолжетімді және салыстырмалы түрде пайдалануға оңай анимация және монтаж бағдарламалық қамтамасы енгізілді.
Visual effects (sometimes abbreviated VFX) is the process by which imagery is created or manipulated outside the context of
a live action shot in filmmaking and video production. The integration of live action footage and other live action footage or CGI elements to create realistic imagery is called VFX. VFX involves the integration of live action footage (which may include in camera special effects) and generated imagery (digital or optics, animals or creatures) which look realistic, but would be dangerous, expensive, impractical, time consuming or impossible to capture on film. Visual effects using computer generated imagery (CGI) have more recently become accessible to the independent filmmaker with the introduction of affordable and relatively easy to use animation and compositing software.
a live action shot in filmmaking and video production. The integration of live action footage and other live action footage or CGI elements to create realistic imagery is called VFX. VFX involves the integration of live action footage (which may include in camera special effects) and generated imagery (digital or optics, animals or creatures) which look realistic, but would be dangerous, expensive, impractical, time consuming or impossible to capture on film. Visual effects using computer generated imagery (CGI) have more recently become accessible to the independent filmmaker with the introduction of affordable and relatively easy to use animation and compositing software.
Алғашқы дамуы
1857 жылы Оскар Рейландер 32 негативтің әртүрлі бөліктерін біріктіріп, бір суретті құрастырып, әлемдегі алғашқы «арнайы эффекттер» бейнесін жасады. 1895 жылы Альфред Кларк кинодағы алғашқы арнайы эффектіні жасады. Шотландия королевасы Мэридің басын кесу сахнасын қайта түсіріп жатқанда, Кларк актерге Мэридің костюмімен тіреуге шығуын бұйырды. Қасқыр балтасын көтеріп тұрғанда, Кларк камераны тоқтатып, барлық актерлерді қозғалмай тұруға бұйырды, ал Мэри рөлін сомдаған актерді сахнадан шығарып жіберді. Ол актердің орнына Мэридің манекенін қойып, түсіруді қайта бастады және палачқа балтасын түсіріп, манекеннің басын кесуге рұқсат берді. Осындай техникалар бір ғасыр бойы арнайы эффекттерді жасауда басымдық танытты. Бұл кинодағы алғашқы алдау ғана емес, сонымен қатар, тек кинода ғана мүмкін болатын фотосуреттегі алғашқы алдау болды және ол «тоқтату әдісі» деп аталды. Киноның алғашқы пионері Жорж Мелиес та осы «тоқтату әдісін» кездейсоқ түрде ашты. Мелиестің айтуынша, Париждегі көше көрінісін түсіріп жатқанда камерасы істен шығып қалған. Фильмді көрсеткенде, ол «тоқтату» әдісінің арқасында жүк көлігі сүйікті көлікке, жаяу жүргіншілер бағыттарын өзгертуге, ал ер адамдар әйелдерге айналғанын көрді. Театр Роберт Ходиннің директоры Мелиес 1896 және 1913 жылдар аралығында 500-ден астам қысқа фильмдер сериясын жасауға шабыттанды. Осы процесте ол бірнеше экспозиция, уақыт өте түсірілім, аралас түсірім және қолмен боялған түс сияқты техникаларды әзірледі немесе ойлап тапты. Кинотаспа арқылы шындықты өзгерте алатындығы үшін Мелиес кейде «Киномагия» деп аталады. Оның ең танымал фильмі – Le Voyage dans la lune (1902), Жюль Верннің «Жерден Айға» романына жасалған әзіл-қалжың, жанды түсірім мен анимацияның үйлесімін көрсетті, сондай-ақ, кең көлемде миниатюралық және фондық суреттерді пайдаланды.
In 1857, Oscar Rejlander created the world's first "special effects" image by combining different sections of 32 negatives into a single image, making a montaged combination print. In 1895, Alfred Clark created what is commonly accepted as the first ever motion picture special effect. While filming a reenactment of the beheading of Mary, Queen of Scots, Clark instructed an actor to step up to the block in Mary's costume. As the executioner brought the axe above his head, Clark stopped the camera, had all the actors freeze, and had the person playing Mary step off the set. He placed a Mary dummy in the actor's place, restarted filming, and allowed the executioner to bring the axe down, severing the dummy's head. Techniques like these would dominate the production of special effects for a century. It was not only the first use of trickery in cinema, it was also the first type of photographic trickery that was only possible in a motion picture, and referred to as the "stop trick". Georges Méliès, an early motion picture pioneer, accidentally discovered the same "stop trick." According to Méliès, his camera jammed while filming a street scene in Paris. When he screened the film, he found that the "stop trick" had caused a truck to turn into a hearse, pedestrians to change direction, and men to turn into women. Méliès, the director of the Théâtre Robert Houdin, was inspired to develop a series of more than 500 short films, between 1896 and 1913, in the process developing or inventing such techniques as multiple exposures, time lapse photography, dissolves, and hand painted color. Because of his ability to seemingly manipulate and transform reality with the cinematograph, the prolific Méliès is sometimes referred to as the "Cinemagician." His most famous film, Le Voyage dans la lune (1902), a whimsical parody of Jules Verne's From the Earth to the Moon, featured a combination of live action and animation, and also incorporated extensive miniature and matte painting work.
Қазіргі заманғы
Қазіргі кезде VFX дерлік барлық түсірілген фильмдерде кеңінен қолданылады. Фильмдерден өзге, телесериалдар мен интернет-сериалдар да VFX-ті пайдаланады.
VFX today is heavily used in almost all movies produced. Other than films, television series and web series are also known to utilize VFX.
Техникалар
Арнайы эффекттер: Арнайы эффекттер (көбінесе SFX, SPFX, F/X немесе жай FX деп қысқартылады) — театр, кино, теледидар, бейне ойындар және симулятор индустриясында оқиғалар немесе виртуалды әлемдегі қиялдарды іске асыру үшін қолданылатын иллюзиялар немесе визуалды трюктер. Цифрлық фильмнің пайда болуымен арнайы эффекттер мен визуалды эффекттер арасындағы айырмашылық артты, соңғысы цифрлық пост-өндіріске, ал «арнайы эффекттер» — механикалық және оптикалық эффекттерге қатысты. Механикалық эффекттер (практикалық немесе физикалық эффекттер деп те аталады) әдетте түсіру кезінде орындалады. Бұған механикаландырылған реквизиттер, декорациялар, масштабтағы модельдер, аниматроника, пиротехника және атмосфералық эффекттер: жел, жаңбыр, тұман, қар, бұлттар жасау, машинаның өздігінен жүретіндей көрінуі және ғимаратты жару сияқтылар жатады. Механикалық эффекттер көбінесе декорация дизайны мен макияжға да енгізіледі. Мысалы, актерді адам емес жаратылыс сияқты көрсету үшін протездік макияж қолданылуы мүмкін. Оптикалық эффекттер (фотографиялық эффекттер деп те аталады) — суреттер немесе фильм кадрларын бірнеше экспозиция, маскалар немесе Шюффтан процесін қолдана отырып, «камерада» немесе пост-өндірісте оптикалық принтер арқылы фотографиялық түрде жасау техникалары. Оптикалық эффекттер актерлерді немесе декорацияларды басқа фонға орналастыру үшін қолданылуы мүмкін.
Special effects: Special effects (often abbreviated as SFX, SPFX, F/X or simply FX) are illusions or visual tricks used in the theatre, film, television, video game and simulator industries to simulate the imagined events in a story or virtual world. With the emergence of digital film making a distinction between special effects and visual effects has grown, with the latter referring to digital post production while "special effects" referring to mechanical and optical effects. Mechanical effects (also called practical or physical effects) are usually accomplished during the live action shooting. This includes the use of mechanized props, scenery, scale models, animatronics, pyrotechnics and atmospheric effects: creating physical wind, rain, fog, snow, clouds, making a car appear to drive by itself and blowing up a building, etc. Mechanical effects are also often incorporated into set design and makeup. For example, prosthetic makeup can be used to make an actor look like a non human creature. Optical effects (also called photographic effects) are techniques in which images or film frames are created photographically, either "in camera" using multiple exposure, mattes or the Schüfftan process or in post production using an optical printer. An optical effect might be used to place actors or sets against a different background. Motion capture: Motion capture (sometimes referred as mo cap or mocap, for short) is the process of recording the movement of objects or people. It is used in military, entertainment, sports, medical applications, and for validation of computer vision and robotics. In filmmaking and video game development, it refers to recording actions of human actors, and using that information to animate digital character models in 2 D or 3 D computer animation. When it includes face and fingers or captures subtle expressions, it is often referred to as performance capture. In many fields, motion capture is sometimes called motion tracking, but in filmmaking and games, motion tracking usually refers more to match moving. Matte painting: A matte painting is a painted representation of a landscape, set, or distant location that allows filmmakers to create the illusion of an environment that is not present at the filming location. Historically, matte painters and film technicians have used various techniques to combine a matte painted image with live action footage. At its best, depending on the skill levels of the artists and technicians, the effect is "seamless" and creates environments that would otherwise be impossible or expensive to film. In the scenes the painting part is static and movements are integrated on it. Animation: Animation is a method in which figures are manipulated to appear as moving images. In traditional animation, images are drawn or painted by hand on transparent celluloid sheets to be photographed and exhibited on film. Today, most animations are made with computer generated imagery (CGI). Computer animation can be very detailed 3D animation, while 2D computer animation can be used for stylistic reasons, low bandwidth or faster real time renderings. Other common animation methods apply a stop motion technique to two and three dimensional objects like paper cutouts, puppets or clay figures. Swift progression of consecutive images with minor differences, is a common approach to achieving the stylistic look of animation. The illusion—as in motion pictures in general—is thought to rely on the phi phenomenon and beta movement, but the exact causes are still uncertain. Analog mechanical animation media that rely on the rapid display of sequential images include the phénakisticope, zoetrope, flip book, praxinoscope and film. Television and video are popular electronic animation media that originally were analog and now operate digitally. For display on the computer, techniques like animated GIF and Flash animation were developed. 3D modeling: In 3D computer graphics, 3 D modeling is the process of developing a mathematical representation of any surface of an object (either inanimate or living) in three dimensions via specialized software. The product is called a 3 D model. Someone who works with 3 D models may be referred to as a 3 D artist. It can be displayed as a two dimensional image through a process called 3D rendering or used in a computer simulation of physical phenomena. The model can also be physically created using 3D printing devices. Rigging: Skeletal animation or rigging is a technique in computer animation in which a character (or other articulated object) is represented in two parts: a surface representation used to draw the character (called the mesh or skin) and a hierarchical set of interconnected parts (called bones, and collectively forming the skeleton or rig), a virtual armature used to animate (pose and key frame) the mesh. While this technique is often used to animate humans and other organic figures, it only serves to make the animation process more intuitive, and the same technique can be used to control the deformation of any object—such as a door, a spoon, a building, or a galaxy. When the animated object is more general than, for example, a humanoid character, the set of "bones" may not be hierarchical or interconnected, but simply represent a higher level description of the motion of the part of mesh it is influencing. Rotoscoping: Rotoscoping is an animation technique that animators use to trace over motion picture footage, frame by frame, to produce realistic action. Originally, animators projected photographed live action movie images onto a glass panel and traced over the image. This projection equipment is referred to as a rotoscope, developed by Polish American animator Max Fleischer. This device was eventually replaced by computers, but the process is still called rotoscoping. In the visual effects industry, rotoscoping is the technique of manually creating a matte for an element on a live action plate so it may be composited over another background. Chroma key is more often used for this, as it is faster and requires less work, however rotoscopy is still used on subjects that are not in front of a green (or blue) screen, due to practical or economic reasons. Match Moving: In visual effects, match moving is a technique that allows the insertion of computer graphics into live action footage with correct position, scale, orientation, and motion relative to the photographed objects in the shot. The term is used loosely to describe several different methods of extracting camera motion information from a motion picture. Sometimes referred to as motion tracking or camera solving, match moving is related to rotoscoping and photogrammetry. Match moving is sometimes confused with motion capture, which records the motion of objects, often human actors, rather than the camera. Typically, motion capture requires special cameras and sensors and a controlled environment (although recent developments such as the Kinect camera and Apple's Face ID have begun to change this). Match moving is also distinct from motion control photography, which uses mechanical hardware to execute multiple identical camera moves. Match moving, by contrast, is typically a software based technology, applied after the fact to normal footage recorded in uncontrolled environments with an ordinary camera. Match moving is primarily used to track the movement of a camera through a shot so that an identical virtual camera move can be reproduced in a 3D animation program. When new CGI elements are composited back into the original live action shot, they will appear in perfectly matched perspective. Compositing: Compositing is the combining of visual elements from separate sources into single images, often to create the illusion that all those elements are parts of the same scene. Live action shoots for compositing is variously called "chroma key", "blue screen", "green screen" and other names. Today, most, though not all, compositing is achieved through digital image manipulation. Pre digital compositing techniques, however, go back as far as the trick films of Georges Méliès in the late 19th century, and some are still in use. Splash of color: The term splash of color is the use of a colored item on an otherwise monochrome film image.
Қозғалыс түсіру: Қозғалыс түсіру (кейде mo cap немесе mocap деп қысқартылады) — объектілердің немесе адамдардың қозғалысын жазу процесі. Ол әскери, ойын-сауық, спорт, медицина және компьютерлік көру мен робототехниканы растау үшін қолданылады. Фильм түсіру және бейне ойын әзірлеуде ол адам актерлерінің қимылдарын жазып алып, осы ақпаратты 2D немесе 3D компьютерлік анимациядағы цифрлық кейіпкерлерді анимациялау үшін пайдалануды білдіреді. Егер ол бет пен саусақтарды қамтыса немесе ерекше мінез-құлқыларды жазатын болса, оны көбінесе орындауды түсіру деп атайды. Көптеген салаларда қозғалыс түсіруді қозғалыс ізін салу деп те атайды, бірақ кино түсіру мен ойындарда қозғалыс ізін салу көбінесе камераның қозғалысын бақылауға қатысты.
Special effects: Special effects (often abbreviated as SFX, SPFX, F/X or simply FX) are illusions or visual tricks used in the theatre, film, television, video game and simulator industries to simulate the imagined events in a story or virtual world. With the emergence of digital film making a distinction between special effects and visual effects has grown, with the latter referring to digital post production while "special effects" referring to mechanical and optical effects. Mechanical effects (also called practical or physical effects) are usually accomplished during the live action shooting. This includes the use of mechanized props, scenery, scale models, animatronics, pyrotechnics and atmospheric effects: creating physical wind, rain, fog, snow, clouds, making a car appear to drive by itself and blowing up a building, etc. Mechanical effects are also often incorporated into set design and makeup. For example, prosthetic makeup can be used to make an actor look like a non human creature. Optical effects (also called photographic effects) are techniques in which images or film frames are created photographically, either "in camera" using multiple exposure, mattes or the Schüfftan process or in post production using an optical printer. An optical effect might be used to place actors or sets against a different background. Motion capture: Motion capture (sometimes referred as mo cap or mocap, for short) is the process of recording the movement of objects or people. It is used in military, entertainment, sports, medical applications, and for validation of computer vision and robotics. In filmmaking and video game development, it refers to recording actions of human actors, and using that information to animate digital character models in 2 D or 3 D computer animation. When it includes face and fingers or captures subtle expressions, it is often referred to as performance capture. In many fields, motion capture is sometimes called motion tracking, but in filmmaking and games, motion tracking usually refers more to match moving. Matte painting: A matte painting is a painted representation of a landscape, set, or distant location that allows filmmakers to create the illusion of an environment that is not present at the filming location. Historically, matte painters and film technicians have used various techniques to combine a matte painted image with live action footage. At its best, depending on the skill levels of the artists and technicians, the effect is "seamless" and creates environments that would otherwise be impossible or expensive to film. In the scenes the painting part is static and movements are integrated on it. Animation: Animation is a method in which figures are manipulated to appear as moving images. In traditional animation, images are drawn or painted by hand on transparent celluloid sheets to be photographed and exhibited on film. Today, most animations are made with computer generated imagery (CGI). Computer animation can be very detailed 3D animation, while 2D computer animation can be used for stylistic reasons, low bandwidth or faster real time renderings. Other common animation methods apply a stop motion technique to two and three dimensional objects like paper cutouts, puppets or clay figures. Swift progression of consecutive images with minor differences, is a common approach to achieving the stylistic look of animation. The illusion—as in motion pictures in general—is thought to rely on the phi phenomenon and beta movement, but the exact causes are still uncertain. Analog mechanical animation media that rely on the rapid display of sequential images include the phénakisticope, zoetrope, flip book, praxinoscope and film. Television and video are popular electronic animation media that originally were analog and now operate digitally. For display on the computer, techniques like animated GIF and Flash animation were developed. 3D modeling: In 3D computer graphics, 3 D modeling is the process of developing a mathematical representation of any surface of an object (either inanimate or living) in three dimensions via specialized software. The product is called a 3 D model. Someone who works with 3 D models may be referred to as a 3 D artist. It can be displayed as a two dimensional image through a process called 3D rendering or used in a computer simulation of physical phenomena. The model can also be physically created using 3D printing devices. Rigging: Skeletal animation or rigging is a technique in computer animation in which a character (or other articulated object) is represented in two parts: a surface representation used to draw the character (called the mesh or skin) and a hierarchical set of interconnected parts (called bones, and collectively forming the skeleton or rig), a virtual armature used to animate (pose and key frame) the mesh. While this technique is often used to animate humans and other organic figures, it only serves to make the animation process more intuitive, and the same technique can be used to control the deformation of any object—such as a door, a spoon, a building, or a galaxy. When the animated object is more general than, for example, a humanoid character, the set of "bones" may not be hierarchical or interconnected, but simply represent a higher level description of the motion of the part of mesh it is influencing. Rotoscoping: Rotoscoping is an animation technique that animators use to trace over motion picture footage, frame by frame, to produce realistic action. Originally, animators projected photographed live action movie images onto a glass panel and traced over the image. This projection equipment is referred to as a rotoscope, developed by Polish American animator Max Fleischer. This device was eventually replaced by computers, but the process is still called rotoscoping. In the visual effects industry, rotoscoping is the technique of manually creating a matte for an element on a live action plate so it may be composited over another background. Chroma key is more often used for this, as it is faster and requires less work, however rotoscopy is still used on subjects that are not in front of a green (or blue) screen, due to practical or economic reasons. Match Moving: In visual effects, match moving is a technique that allows the insertion of computer graphics into live action footage with correct position, scale, orientation, and motion relative to the photographed objects in the shot. The term is used loosely to describe several different methods of extracting camera motion information from a motion picture. Sometimes referred to as motion tracking or camera solving, match moving is related to rotoscoping and photogrammetry. Match moving is sometimes confused with motion capture, which records the motion of objects, often human actors, rather than the camera. Typically, motion capture requires special cameras and sensors and a controlled environment (although recent developments such as the Kinect camera and Apple's Face ID have begun to change this). Match moving is also distinct from motion control photography, which uses mechanical hardware to execute multiple identical camera moves. Match moving, by contrast, is typically a software based technology, applied after the fact to normal footage recorded in uncontrolled environments with an ordinary camera. Match moving is primarily used to track the movement of a camera through a shot so that an identical virtual camera move can be reproduced in a 3D animation program. When new CGI elements are composited back into the original live action shot, they will appear in perfectly matched perspective. Compositing: Compositing is the combining of visual elements from separate sources into single images, often to create the illusion that all those elements are parts of the same scene. Live action shoots for compositing is variously called "chroma key", "blue screen", "green screen" and other names. Today, most, though not all, compositing is achieved through digital image manipulation. Pre digital compositing techniques, however, go back as far as the trick films of Georges Méliès in the late 19th century, and some are still in use. Splash of color: The term splash of color is the use of a colored item on an otherwise monochrome film image.
Матт-сурет: Матт-сурет — пейзаж, декорация немесе алыс жердің суреттелген бейнесі, ол кино түсірушілерге түсірілім орнында жоқ ортаның иллюзиясын жасауға мүмкіндік береді. Тарихи тұрғыдан алғанда, матт-суретшілер мен кинотехниктер матт-суретті тікелей кадрлармен біріктіру үшін әртүрлі техникаларды қолданған. Суретшілер мен техниктердің шеберлігіне байланысты, эффект «тігіссіз» болып, фильм түсіру мүмкін емес немесе қымбат болатын ортаны жасайды. Сценаларда суреттік бөлік статикалық болып, қозғалыстар оған енгізіледі.
Special effects: Special effects (often abbreviated as SFX, SPFX, F/X or simply FX) are illusions or visual tricks used in the theatre, film, television, video game and simulator industries to simulate the imagined events in a story or virtual world. With the emergence of digital film making a distinction between special effects and visual effects has grown, with the latter referring to digital post production while "special effects" referring to mechanical and optical effects. Mechanical effects (also called practical or physical effects) are usually accomplished during the live action shooting. This includes the use of mechanized props, scenery, scale models, animatronics, pyrotechnics and atmospheric effects: creating physical wind, rain, fog, snow, clouds, making a car appear to drive by itself and blowing up a building, etc. Mechanical effects are also often incorporated into set design and makeup. For example, prosthetic makeup can be used to make an actor look like a non human creature. Optical effects (also called photographic effects) are techniques in which images or film frames are created photographically, either "in camera" using multiple exposure, mattes or the Schüfftan process or in post production using an optical printer. An optical effect might be used to place actors or sets against a different background. Motion capture: Motion capture (sometimes referred as mo cap or mocap, for short) is the process of recording the movement of objects or people. It is used in military, entertainment, sports, medical applications, and for validation of computer vision and robotics. In filmmaking and video game development, it refers to recording actions of human actors, and using that information to animate digital character models in 2 D or 3 D computer animation. When it includes face and fingers or captures subtle expressions, it is often referred to as performance capture. In many fields, motion capture is sometimes called motion tracking, but in filmmaking and games, motion tracking usually refers more to match moving. Matte painting: A matte painting is a painted representation of a landscape, set, or distant location that allows filmmakers to create the illusion of an environment that is not present at the filming location. Historically, matte painters and film technicians have used various techniques to combine a matte painted image with live action footage. At its best, depending on the skill levels of the artists and technicians, the effect is "seamless" and creates environments that would otherwise be impossible or expensive to film. In the scenes the painting part is static and movements are integrated on it. Animation: Animation is a method in which figures are manipulated to appear as moving images. In traditional animation, images are drawn or painted by hand on transparent celluloid sheets to be photographed and exhibited on film. Today, most animations are made with computer generated imagery (CGI). Computer animation can be very detailed 3D animation, while 2D computer animation can be used for stylistic reasons, low bandwidth or faster real time renderings. Other common animation methods apply a stop motion technique to two and three dimensional objects like paper cutouts, puppets or clay figures. Swift progression of consecutive images with minor differences, is a common approach to achieving the stylistic look of animation. The illusion—as in motion pictures in general—is thought to rely on the phi phenomenon and beta movement, but the exact causes are still uncertain. Analog mechanical animation media that rely on the rapid display of sequential images include the phénakisticope, zoetrope, flip book, praxinoscope and film. Television and video are popular electronic animation media that originally were analog and now operate digitally. For display on the computer, techniques like animated GIF and Flash animation were developed. 3D modeling: In 3D computer graphics, 3 D modeling is the process of developing a mathematical representation of any surface of an object (either inanimate or living) in three dimensions via specialized software. The product is called a 3 D model. Someone who works with 3 D models may be referred to as a 3 D artist. It can be displayed as a two dimensional image through a process called 3D rendering or used in a computer simulation of physical phenomena. The model can also be physically created using 3D printing devices. Rigging: Skeletal animation or rigging is a technique in computer animation in which a character (or other articulated object) is represented in two parts: a surface representation used to draw the character (called the mesh or skin) and a hierarchical set of interconnected parts (called bones, and collectively forming the skeleton or rig), a virtual armature used to animate (pose and key frame) the mesh. While this technique is often used to animate humans and other organic figures, it only serves to make the animation process more intuitive, and the same technique can be used to control the deformation of any object—such as a door, a spoon, a building, or a galaxy. When the animated object is more general than, for example, a humanoid character, the set of "bones" may not be hierarchical or interconnected, but simply represent a higher level description of the motion of the part of mesh it is influencing. Rotoscoping: Rotoscoping is an animation technique that animators use to trace over motion picture footage, frame by frame, to produce realistic action. Originally, animators projected photographed live action movie images onto a glass panel and traced over the image. This projection equipment is referred to as a rotoscope, developed by Polish American animator Max Fleischer. This device was eventually replaced by computers, but the process is still called rotoscoping. In the visual effects industry, rotoscoping is the technique of manually creating a matte for an element on a live action plate so it may be composited over another background. Chroma key is more often used for this, as it is faster and requires less work, however rotoscopy is still used on subjects that are not in front of a green (or blue) screen, due to practical or economic reasons. Match Moving: In visual effects, match moving is a technique that allows the insertion of computer graphics into live action footage with correct position, scale, orientation, and motion relative to the photographed objects in the shot. The term is used loosely to describe several different methods of extracting camera motion information from a motion picture. Sometimes referred to as motion tracking or camera solving, match moving is related to rotoscoping and photogrammetry. Match moving is sometimes confused with motion capture, which records the motion of objects, often human actors, rather than the camera. Typically, motion capture requires special cameras and sensors and a controlled environment (although recent developments such as the Kinect camera and Apple's Face ID have begun to change this). Match moving is also distinct from motion control photography, which uses mechanical hardware to execute multiple identical camera moves. Match moving, by contrast, is typically a software based technology, applied after the fact to normal footage recorded in uncontrolled environments with an ordinary camera. Match moving is primarily used to track the movement of a camera through a shot so that an identical virtual camera move can be reproduced in a 3D animation program. When new CGI elements are composited back into the original live action shot, they will appear in perfectly matched perspective. Compositing: Compositing is the combining of visual elements from separate sources into single images, often to create the illusion that all those elements are parts of the same scene. Live action shoots for compositing is variously called "chroma key", "blue screen", "green screen" and other names. Today, most, though not all, compositing is achieved through digital image manipulation. Pre digital compositing techniques, however, go back as far as the trick films of Georges Méliès in the late 19th century, and some are still in use. Splash of color: The term splash of color is the use of a colored item on an otherwise monochrome film image.
Анимация: Анимация — фигураларды қозғалатын суреттер ретінде көрсету үшін манипуляциялау әдісі. Дәстүрлі анимацияда суреттер қолмен мөлдір целлулоид парақтарға суреттеледі және фильмге түсіріледі. Бүгінде анимацияның көп бөлігі компьютерлік бейнелеу (CGI) арқылы жасалады. Компьютерлік анимация өте егжей-тегжейлі 3D анимация болуы мүмкін, ал 2D компьютерлік анимация стильдік себептермен, төмен өткізу қабілетімен немесе жылдам нақты уақытты бейнелеу үшін қолданылуы мүмкін. Басқа кең таралған анимациялық әдістер қағаз кесінділері, қуыршақтар немесе саздан жасалған фигуралар сияқты екі және үш өлшемді нысандарға тоқтату анимациясын қолданады. Аз-аздан өзгеше кескіндердің жылдам өрлеуі — анимацияның стильдік көрінісіне қол жеткізудің жалпы тәсілі. Иллюзия — жалпы алғанда, кинодағыдай — фи құбылысына және бета қозғалысына негізделген деп есептеледі, бірақ оның нақты себептері әлі белгісіз. Бірінен соң бірі келетін бейнелерді жылдам көрсетуді негізге алатын аналогты механикалық анимациялық құралдарға фенакистоскоп, зоотроп, флипбук, праксиноскоп және фильм жатады. Теледидар мен бейне — бастапқыда аналогты, ал қазір цифрлық түрде жұмыс істейтін танымал электронды анимациялық құралдар. Компьютерде көрсету үшін анимирленген GIF және Flash анимациясы сияқты техникалар жасалды.
Special effects: Special effects (often abbreviated as SFX, SPFX, F/X or simply FX) are illusions or visual tricks used in the theatre, film, television, video game and simulator industries to simulate the imagined events in a story or virtual world. With the emergence of digital film making a distinction between special effects and visual effects has grown, with the latter referring to digital post production while "special effects" referring to mechanical and optical effects. Mechanical effects (also called practical or physical effects) are usually accomplished during the live action shooting. This includes the use of mechanized props, scenery, scale models, animatronics, pyrotechnics and atmospheric effects: creating physical wind, rain, fog, snow, clouds, making a car appear to drive by itself and blowing up a building, etc. Mechanical effects are also often incorporated into set design and makeup. For example, prosthetic makeup can be used to make an actor look like a non human creature. Optical effects (also called photographic effects) are techniques in which images or film frames are created photographically, either "in camera" using multiple exposure, mattes or the Schüfftan process or in post production using an optical printer. An optical effect might be used to place actors or sets against a different background. Motion capture: Motion capture (sometimes referred as mo cap or mocap, for short) is the process of recording the movement of objects or people. It is used in military, entertainment, sports, medical applications, and for validation of computer vision and robotics. In filmmaking and video game development, it refers to recording actions of human actors, and using that information to animate digital character models in 2 D or 3 D computer animation. When it includes face and fingers or captures subtle expressions, it is often referred to as performance capture. In many fields, motion capture is sometimes called motion tracking, but in filmmaking and games, motion tracking usually refers more to match moving. Matte painting: A matte painting is a painted representation of a landscape, set, or distant location that allows filmmakers to create the illusion of an environment that is not present at the filming location. Historically, matte painters and film technicians have used various techniques to combine a matte painted image with live action footage. At its best, depending on the skill levels of the artists and technicians, the effect is "seamless" and creates environments that would otherwise be impossible or expensive to film. In the scenes the painting part is static and movements are integrated on it. Animation: Animation is a method in which figures are manipulated to appear as moving images. In traditional animation, images are drawn or painted by hand on transparent celluloid sheets to be photographed and exhibited on film. Today, most animations are made with computer generated imagery (CGI). Computer animation can be very detailed 3D animation, while 2D computer animation can be used for stylistic reasons, low bandwidth or faster real time renderings. Other common animation methods apply a stop motion technique to two and three dimensional objects like paper cutouts, puppets or clay figures. Swift progression of consecutive images with minor differences, is a common approach to achieving the stylistic look of animation. The illusion—as in motion pictures in general—is thought to rely on the phi phenomenon and beta movement, but the exact causes are still uncertain. Analog mechanical animation media that rely on the rapid display of sequential images include the phénakisticope, zoetrope, flip book, praxinoscope and film. Television and video are popular electronic animation media that originally were analog and now operate digitally. For display on the computer, techniques like animated GIF and Flash animation were developed. 3D modeling: In 3D computer graphics, 3 D modeling is the process of developing a mathematical representation of any surface of an object (either inanimate or living) in three dimensions via specialized software. The product is called a 3 D model. Someone who works with 3 D models may be referred to as a 3 D artist. It can be displayed as a two dimensional image through a process called 3D rendering or used in a computer simulation of physical phenomena. The model can also be physically created using 3D printing devices. Rigging: Skeletal animation or rigging is a technique in computer animation in which a character (or other articulated object) is represented in two parts: a surface representation used to draw the character (called the mesh or skin) and a hierarchical set of interconnected parts (called bones, and collectively forming the skeleton or rig), a virtual armature used to animate (pose and key frame) the mesh. While this technique is often used to animate humans and other organic figures, it only serves to make the animation process more intuitive, and the same technique can be used to control the deformation of any object—such as a door, a spoon, a building, or a galaxy. When the animated object is more general than, for example, a humanoid character, the set of "bones" may not be hierarchical or interconnected, but simply represent a higher level description of the motion of the part of mesh it is influencing. Rotoscoping: Rotoscoping is an animation technique that animators use to trace over motion picture footage, frame by frame, to produce realistic action. Originally, animators projected photographed live action movie images onto a glass panel and traced over the image. This projection equipment is referred to as a rotoscope, developed by Polish American animator Max Fleischer. This device was eventually replaced by computers, but the process is still called rotoscoping. In the visual effects industry, rotoscoping is the technique of manually creating a matte for an element on a live action plate so it may be composited over another background. Chroma key is more often used for this, as it is faster and requires less work, however rotoscopy is still used on subjects that are not in front of a green (or blue) screen, due to practical or economic reasons. Match Moving: In visual effects, match moving is a technique that allows the insertion of computer graphics into live action footage with correct position, scale, orientation, and motion relative to the photographed objects in the shot. The term is used loosely to describe several different methods of extracting camera motion information from a motion picture. Sometimes referred to as motion tracking or camera solving, match moving is related to rotoscoping and photogrammetry. Match moving is sometimes confused with motion capture, which records the motion of objects, often human actors, rather than the camera. Typically, motion capture requires special cameras and sensors and a controlled environment (although recent developments such as the Kinect camera and Apple's Face ID have begun to change this). Match moving is also distinct from motion control photography, which uses mechanical hardware to execute multiple identical camera moves. Match moving, by contrast, is typically a software based technology, applied after the fact to normal footage recorded in uncontrolled environments with an ordinary camera. Match moving is primarily used to track the movement of a camera through a shot so that an identical virtual camera move can be reproduced in a 3D animation program. When new CGI elements are composited back into the original live action shot, they will appear in perfectly matched perspective. Compositing: Compositing is the combining of visual elements from separate sources into single images, often to create the illusion that all those elements are parts of the same scene. Live action shoots for compositing is variously called "chroma key", "blue screen", "green screen" and other names. Today, most, though not all, compositing is achieved through digital image manipulation. Pre digital compositing techniques, however, go back as far as the trick films of Georges Méliès in the late 19th century, and some are still in use. Splash of color: The term splash of color is the use of a colored item on an otherwise monochrome film image.
3D модельдеу: 3D компьютерлік графикада 3D модельдеу — арнайы бағдарламалық қамтамасыз ету арқылы объектінің кез келген бетінің (жансыз немесе тірі) математикалық бейнелеуін үш өлшемде әзірлеу процесі. Нәтижесі 3D модель деп аталады. 3D модельдермен жұмыс істейтін адамды 3D суретші деп атайды. Оны 3D рендеринг деп аталатын процесс арқылы екі өлшемді бейне ретінде көрсетуге немесе физикалық құбылыстарды симуляциялау үшін қолдануға болады. Модельді 3D басып шығару құрылғыларын пайдалана отырып, физикалық түрде де жасауға болады.
Special effects: Special effects (often abbreviated as SFX, SPFX, F/X or simply FX) are illusions or visual tricks used in the theatre, film, television, video game and simulator industries to simulate the imagined events in a story or virtual world. With the emergence of digital film making a distinction between special effects and visual effects has grown, with the latter referring to digital post production while "special effects" referring to mechanical and optical effects. Mechanical effects (also called practical or physical effects) are usually accomplished during the live action shooting. This includes the use of mechanized props, scenery, scale models, animatronics, pyrotechnics and atmospheric effects: creating physical wind, rain, fog, snow, clouds, making a car appear to drive by itself and blowing up a building, etc. Mechanical effects are also often incorporated into set design and makeup. For example, prosthetic makeup can be used to make an actor look like a non human creature. Optical effects (also called photographic effects) are techniques in which images or film frames are created photographically, either "in camera" using multiple exposure, mattes or the Schüfftan process or in post production using an optical printer. An optical effect might be used to place actors or sets against a different background. Motion capture: Motion capture (sometimes referred as mo cap or mocap, for short) is the process of recording the movement of objects or people. It is used in military, entertainment, sports, medical applications, and for validation of computer vision and robotics. In filmmaking and video game development, it refers to recording actions of human actors, and using that information to animate digital character models in 2 D or 3 D computer animation. When it includes face and fingers or captures subtle expressions, it is often referred to as performance capture. In many fields, motion capture is sometimes called motion tracking, but in filmmaking and games, motion tracking usually refers more to match moving. Matte painting: A matte painting is a painted representation of a landscape, set, or distant location that allows filmmakers to create the illusion of an environment that is not present at the filming location. Historically, matte painters and film technicians have used various techniques to combine a matte painted image with live action footage. At its best, depending on the skill levels of the artists and technicians, the effect is "seamless" and creates environments that would otherwise be impossible or expensive to film. In the scenes the painting part is static and movements are integrated on it. Animation: Animation is a method in which figures are manipulated to appear as moving images. In traditional animation, images are drawn or painted by hand on transparent celluloid sheets to be photographed and exhibited on film. Today, most animations are made with computer generated imagery (CGI). Computer animation can be very detailed 3D animation, while 2D computer animation can be used for stylistic reasons, low bandwidth or faster real time renderings. Other common animation methods apply a stop motion technique to two and three dimensional objects like paper cutouts, puppets or clay figures. Swift progression of consecutive images with minor differences, is a common approach to achieving the stylistic look of animation. The illusion—as in motion pictures in general—is thought to rely on the phi phenomenon and beta movement, but the exact causes are still uncertain. Analog mechanical animation media that rely on the rapid display of sequential images include the phénakisticope, zoetrope, flip book, praxinoscope and film. Television and video are popular electronic animation media that originally were analog and now operate digitally. For display on the computer, techniques like animated GIF and Flash animation were developed. 3D modeling: In 3D computer graphics, 3 D modeling is the process of developing a mathematical representation of any surface of an object (either inanimate or living) in three dimensions via specialized software. The product is called a 3 D model. Someone who works with 3 D models may be referred to as a 3 D artist. It can be displayed as a two dimensional image through a process called 3D rendering or used in a computer simulation of physical phenomena. The model can also be physically created using 3D printing devices. Rigging: Skeletal animation or rigging is a technique in computer animation in which a character (or other articulated object) is represented in two parts: a surface representation used to draw the character (called the mesh or skin) and a hierarchical set of interconnected parts (called bones, and collectively forming the skeleton or rig), a virtual armature used to animate (pose and key frame) the mesh. While this technique is often used to animate humans and other organic figures, it only serves to make the animation process more intuitive, and the same technique can be used to control the deformation of any object—such as a door, a spoon, a building, or a galaxy. When the animated object is more general than, for example, a humanoid character, the set of "bones" may not be hierarchical or interconnected, but simply represent a higher level description of the motion of the part of mesh it is influencing. Rotoscoping: Rotoscoping is an animation technique that animators use to trace over motion picture footage, frame by frame, to produce realistic action. Originally, animators projected photographed live action movie images onto a glass panel and traced over the image. This projection equipment is referred to as a rotoscope, developed by Polish American animator Max Fleischer. This device was eventually replaced by computers, but the process is still called rotoscoping. In the visual effects industry, rotoscoping is the technique of manually creating a matte for an element on a live action plate so it may be composited over another background. Chroma key is more often used for this, as it is faster and requires less work, however rotoscopy is still used on subjects that are not in front of a green (or blue) screen, due to practical or economic reasons. Match Moving: In visual effects, match moving is a technique that allows the insertion of computer graphics into live action footage with correct position, scale, orientation, and motion relative to the photographed objects in the shot. The term is used loosely to describe several different methods of extracting camera motion information from a motion picture. Sometimes referred to as motion tracking or camera solving, match moving is related to rotoscoping and photogrammetry. Match moving is sometimes confused with motion capture, which records the motion of objects, often human actors, rather than the camera. Typically, motion capture requires special cameras and sensors and a controlled environment (although recent developments such as the Kinect camera and Apple's Face ID have begun to change this). Match moving is also distinct from motion control photography, which uses mechanical hardware to execute multiple identical camera moves. Match moving, by contrast, is typically a software based technology, applied after the fact to normal footage recorded in uncontrolled environments with an ordinary camera. Match moving is primarily used to track the movement of a camera through a shot so that an identical virtual camera move can be reproduced in a 3D animation program. When new CGI elements are composited back into the original live action shot, they will appear in perfectly matched perspective. Compositing: Compositing is the combining of visual elements from separate sources into single images, often to create the illusion that all those elements are parts of the same scene. Live action shoots for compositing is variously called "chroma key", "blue screen", "green screen" and other names. Today, most, though not all, compositing is achieved through digital image manipulation. Pre digital compositing techniques, however, go back as far as the trick films of Georges Méliès in the late 19th century, and some are still in use. Splash of color: The term splash of color is the use of a colored item on an otherwise monochrome film image.
Риггинг: Скелеттік анимация немесе риггинг — компьютерлік анимациядағы техника, онда кейіпкер (немесе басқа да буынды нысан) екі бөлікке бөлінеді: кейіпкерді бейнелеуге арналған беттік өкілдік (тор немесе қабықша деп аталады) және өзара байланысқан бөліктердің иерархиялық жиынтығы (сүйектер деп аталады, және жиынтығында скелет немесе риг деп аталады) — торды анимациялауға (поза беруге және кадрларды белгілеуге) арналған виртуалды арматура. Бұл техника көбінесе адамдар мен басқа да органикалық фигураларды анимациялау үшін қолданылса да, ол анимация процесін оңайлату үшін ғана қызмет етеді, ал осы техниканы есік, қасық, ғимарат немесе галактика сияқты кез келген нысанның деформациясын басқару үшін де қолдануға болады. Анимациялық нысан, мысалы, антропоморфты кейіпкерден гөрі, жалпырақ болса, «сүйектер» жиынтығы иерархиялық немесе өзара байланысқан болмайды, бірақ оның әсер ететін тор бөлігінің қозғалысын жоғары деңгейде сипаттайды.
Special effects: Special effects (often abbreviated as SFX, SPFX, F/X or simply FX) are illusions or visual tricks used in the theatre, film, television, video game and simulator industries to simulate the imagined events in a story or virtual world. With the emergence of digital film making a distinction between special effects and visual effects has grown, with the latter referring to digital post production while "special effects" referring to mechanical and optical effects. Mechanical effects (also called practical or physical effects) are usually accomplished during the live action shooting. This includes the use of mechanized props, scenery, scale models, animatronics, pyrotechnics and atmospheric effects: creating physical wind, rain, fog, snow, clouds, making a car appear to drive by itself and blowing up a building, etc. Mechanical effects are also often incorporated into set design and makeup. For example, prosthetic makeup can be used to make an actor look like a non human creature. Optical effects (also called photographic effects) are techniques in which images or film frames are created photographically, either "in camera" using multiple exposure, mattes or the Schüfftan process or in post production using an optical printer. An optical effect might be used to place actors or sets against a different background. Motion capture: Motion capture (sometimes referred as mo cap or mocap, for short) is the process of recording the movement of objects or people. It is used in military, entertainment, sports, medical applications, and for validation of computer vision and robotics. In filmmaking and video game development, it refers to recording actions of human actors, and using that information to animate digital character models in 2 D or 3 D computer animation. When it includes face and fingers or captures subtle expressions, it is often referred to as performance capture. In many fields, motion capture is sometimes called motion tracking, but in filmmaking and games, motion tracking usually refers more to match moving. Matte painting: A matte painting is a painted representation of a landscape, set, or distant location that allows filmmakers to create the illusion of an environment that is not present at the filming location. Historically, matte painters and film technicians have used various techniques to combine a matte painted image with live action footage. At its best, depending on the skill levels of the artists and technicians, the effect is "seamless" and creates environments that would otherwise be impossible or expensive to film. In the scenes the painting part is static and movements are integrated on it. Animation: Animation is a method in which figures are manipulated to appear as moving images. In traditional animation, images are drawn or painted by hand on transparent celluloid sheets to be photographed and exhibited on film. Today, most animations are made with computer generated imagery (CGI). Computer animation can be very detailed 3D animation, while 2D computer animation can be used for stylistic reasons, low bandwidth or faster real time renderings. Other common animation methods apply a stop motion technique to two and three dimensional objects like paper cutouts, puppets or clay figures. Swift progression of consecutive images with minor differences, is a common approach to achieving the stylistic look of animation. The illusion—as in motion pictures in general—is thought to rely on the phi phenomenon and beta movement, but the exact causes are still uncertain. Analog mechanical animation media that rely on the rapid display of sequential images include the phénakisticope, zoetrope, flip book, praxinoscope and film. Television and video are popular electronic animation media that originally were analog and now operate digitally. For display on the computer, techniques like animated GIF and Flash animation were developed. 3D modeling: In 3D computer graphics, 3 D modeling is the process of developing a mathematical representation of any surface of an object (either inanimate or living) in three dimensions via specialized software. The product is called a 3 D model. Someone who works with 3 D models may be referred to as a 3 D artist. It can be displayed as a two dimensional image through a process called 3D rendering or used in a computer simulation of physical phenomena. The model can also be physically created using 3D printing devices. Rigging: Skeletal animation or rigging is a technique in computer animation in which a character (or other articulated object) is represented in two parts: a surface representation used to draw the character (called the mesh or skin) and a hierarchical set of interconnected parts (called bones, and collectively forming the skeleton or rig), a virtual armature used to animate (pose and key frame) the mesh. While this technique is often used to animate humans and other organic figures, it only serves to make the animation process more intuitive, and the same technique can be used to control the deformation of any object—such as a door, a spoon, a building, or a galaxy. When the animated object is more general than, for example, a humanoid character, the set of "bones" may not be hierarchical or interconnected, but simply represent a higher level description of the motion of the part of mesh it is influencing. Rotoscoping: Rotoscoping is an animation technique that animators use to trace over motion picture footage, frame by frame, to produce realistic action. Originally, animators projected photographed live action movie images onto a glass panel and traced over the image. This projection equipment is referred to as a rotoscope, developed by Polish American animator Max Fleischer. This device was eventually replaced by computers, but the process is still called rotoscoping. In the visual effects industry, rotoscoping is the technique of manually creating a matte for an element on a live action plate so it may be composited over another background. Chroma key is more often used for this, as it is faster and requires less work, however rotoscopy is still used on subjects that are not in front of a green (or blue) screen, due to practical or economic reasons. Match Moving: In visual effects, match moving is a technique that allows the insertion of computer graphics into live action footage with correct position, scale, orientation, and motion relative to the photographed objects in the shot. The term is used loosely to describe several different methods of extracting camera motion information from a motion picture. Sometimes referred to as motion tracking or camera solving, match moving is related to rotoscoping and photogrammetry. Match moving is sometimes confused with motion capture, which records the motion of objects, often human actors, rather than the camera. Typically, motion capture requires special cameras and sensors and a controlled environment (although recent developments such as the Kinect camera and Apple's Face ID have begun to change this). Match moving is also distinct from motion control photography, which uses mechanical hardware to execute multiple identical camera moves. Match moving, by contrast, is typically a software based technology, applied after the fact to normal footage recorded in uncontrolled environments with an ordinary camera. Match moving is primarily used to track the movement of a camera through a shot so that an identical virtual camera move can be reproduced in a 3D animation program. When new CGI elements are composited back into the original live action shot, they will appear in perfectly matched perspective. Compositing: Compositing is the combining of visual elements from separate sources into single images, often to create the illusion that all those elements are parts of the same scene. Live action shoots for compositing is variously called "chroma key", "blue screen", "green screen" and other names. Today, most, though not all, compositing is achieved through digital image manipulation. Pre digital compositing techniques, however, go back as far as the trick films of Georges Méliès in the late 19th century, and some are still in use. Splash of color: The term splash of color is the use of a colored item on an otherwise monochrome film image.
Ротоскопия: Ротоскопия — аниматорлардың реалистік қимылды жасау үшін кино кадрларын кадр бойынша көшіруге қолданатын анимациялық техника. Бастапқыда аниматорлар түсірілген фильмдерді шыны панельге проекциялап, суреттің үстінен көшіретін. Бұл проекциялық құралты польшалық-американдық аниматор Макс Флейшер жасаған ротоскоп деп аталады. Бұл құрал ақырында компьютерлермен ауыстырылды, бірақ процесс әлі де ротоскопия деп аталады. Визуалды эффекттер индустриясында ротоскопия — тікелей кадрлардағы элемент үшін маска жасау техникасы, осылайша оны басқа фонға қосуға болады. Бұл үшін көбінесе хрома кей пайдаланылады, себебі ол жылдамырақ және аз жұмыс талап етеді, бірақ ротоскопия жасыл (немесе көк) экранда түсірілмеген нысандар үшін де қолданылады, себебі бұл экономикалық тұрғыдан тиімді.
Special effects: Special effects (often abbreviated as SFX, SPFX, F/X or simply FX) are illusions or visual tricks used in the theatre, film, television, video game and simulator industries to simulate the imagined events in a story or virtual world. With the emergence of digital film making a distinction between special effects and visual effects has grown, with the latter referring to digital post production while "special effects" referring to mechanical and optical effects. Mechanical effects (also called practical or physical effects) are usually accomplished during the live action shooting. This includes the use of mechanized props, scenery, scale models, animatronics, pyrotechnics and atmospheric effects: creating physical wind, rain, fog, snow, clouds, making a car appear to drive by itself and blowing up a building, etc. Mechanical effects are also often incorporated into set design and makeup. For example, prosthetic makeup can be used to make an actor look like a non human creature. Optical effects (also called photographic effects) are techniques in which images or film frames are created photographically, either "in camera" using multiple exposure, mattes or the Schüfftan process or in post production using an optical printer. An optical effect might be used to place actors or sets against a different background. Motion capture: Motion capture (sometimes referred as mo cap or mocap, for short) is the process of recording the movement of objects or people. It is used in military, entertainment, sports, medical applications, and for validation of computer vision and robotics. In filmmaking and video game development, it refers to recording actions of human actors, and using that information to animate digital character models in 2 D or 3 D computer animation. When it includes face and fingers or captures subtle expressions, it is often referred to as performance capture. In many fields, motion capture is sometimes called motion tracking, but in filmmaking and games, motion tracking usually refers more to match moving. Matte painting: A matte painting is a painted representation of a landscape, set, or distant location that allows filmmakers to create the illusion of an environment that is not present at the filming location. Historically, matte painters and film technicians have used various techniques to combine a matte painted image with live action footage. At its best, depending on the skill levels of the artists and technicians, the effect is "seamless" and creates environments that would otherwise be impossible or expensive to film. In the scenes the painting part is static and movements are integrated on it. Animation: Animation is a method in which figures are manipulated to appear as moving images. In traditional animation, images are drawn or painted by hand on transparent celluloid sheets to be photographed and exhibited on film. Today, most animations are made with computer generated imagery (CGI). Computer animation can be very detailed 3D animation, while 2D computer animation can be used for stylistic reasons, low bandwidth or faster real time renderings. Other common animation methods apply a stop motion technique to two and three dimensional objects like paper cutouts, puppets or clay figures. Swift progression of consecutive images with minor differences, is a common approach to achieving the stylistic look of animation. The illusion—as in motion pictures in general—is thought to rely on the phi phenomenon and beta movement, but the exact causes are still uncertain. Analog mechanical animation media that rely on the rapid display of sequential images include the phénakisticope, zoetrope, flip book, praxinoscope and film. Television and video are popular electronic animation media that originally were analog and now operate digitally. For display on the computer, techniques like animated GIF and Flash animation were developed. 3D modeling: In 3D computer graphics, 3 D modeling is the process of developing a mathematical representation of any surface of an object (either inanimate or living) in three dimensions via specialized software. The product is called a 3 D model. Someone who works with 3 D models may be referred to as a 3 D artist. It can be displayed as a two dimensional image through a process called 3D rendering or used in a computer simulation of physical phenomena. The model can also be physically created using 3D printing devices. Rigging: Skeletal animation or rigging is a technique in computer animation in which a character (or other articulated object) is represented in two parts: a surface representation used to draw the character (called the mesh or skin) and a hierarchical set of interconnected parts (called bones, and collectively forming the skeleton or rig), a virtual armature used to animate (pose and key frame) the mesh. While this technique is often used to animate humans and other organic figures, it only serves to make the animation process more intuitive, and the same technique can be used to control the deformation of any object—such as a door, a spoon, a building, or a galaxy. When the animated object is more general than, for example, a humanoid character, the set of "bones" may not be hierarchical or interconnected, but simply represent a higher level description of the motion of the part of mesh it is influencing. Rotoscoping: Rotoscoping is an animation technique that animators use to trace over motion picture footage, frame by frame, to produce realistic action. Originally, animators projected photographed live action movie images onto a glass panel and traced over the image. This projection equipment is referred to as a rotoscope, developed by Polish American animator Max Fleischer. This device was eventually replaced by computers, but the process is still called rotoscoping. In the visual effects industry, rotoscoping is the technique of manually creating a matte for an element on a live action plate so it may be composited over another background. Chroma key is more often used for this, as it is faster and requires less work, however rotoscopy is still used on subjects that are not in front of a green (or blue) screen, due to practical or economic reasons. Match Moving: In visual effects, match moving is a technique that allows the insertion of computer graphics into live action footage with correct position, scale, orientation, and motion relative to the photographed objects in the shot. The term is used loosely to describe several different methods of extracting camera motion information from a motion picture. Sometimes referred to as motion tracking or camera solving, match moving is related to rotoscoping and photogrammetry. Match moving is sometimes confused with motion capture, which records the motion of objects, often human actors, rather than the camera. Typically, motion capture requires special cameras and sensors and a controlled environment (although recent developments such as the Kinect camera and Apple's Face ID have begun to change this). Match moving is also distinct from motion control photography, which uses mechanical hardware to execute multiple identical camera moves. Match moving, by contrast, is typically a software based technology, applied after the fact to normal footage recorded in uncontrolled environments with an ordinary camera. Match moving is primarily used to track the movement of a camera through a shot so that an identical virtual camera move can be reproduced in a 3D animation program. When new CGI elements are composited back into the original live action shot, they will appear in perfectly matched perspective. Compositing: Compositing is the combining of visual elements from separate sources into single images, often to create the illusion that all those elements are parts of the same scene. Live action shoots for compositing is variously called "chroma key", "blue screen", "green screen" and other names. Today, most, though not all, compositing is achieved through digital image manipulation. Pre digital compositing techniques, however, go back as far as the trick films of Georges Méliès in the late 19th century, and some are still in use. Splash of color: The term splash of color is the use of a colored item on an otherwise monochrome film image.
Match Moving: Визуалды эффекттерде match moving — компьютерлік графиканы тікелей кадрларға дұрыс орналастыруға, масштабтауға, бағдарлауға және қозғалысқа мүмкіндік беретін техника. Бұл термин камераның қозғалысын алудың әртүрлі әдістерін сипаттау үшін бос қолданылады. Кейде қозғалыс ізін салу немесе камераны шешу деп те аталатын match moving ротоскопиямен және фотограмметриямен байланысты. Match moving көбінесе қозғалыс түсірумен шатастырылады, ол нысандардың, көбінесе адам актерлерінің қозғалысын жазады, емес камераның. Әдетте, қозғалыс түсіруіне арнайы камералар мен сенсорлар және бақыланатын орта қажет (бірақ Kinect камерасы және Apple-дың Face ID сияқты жаңа жетістіктер бұл жағдайды өзгертуде). Match moving механикалық аппараттық құралдарды қолдана отырып, бірнеше бірдей камералық қозғалыстарды орындауға арналған қозғалыс бақылау фотографиясынан да өзгеше. Match moving, керісінше, әдетте бағдарламалық қамтамасыз ету технологиясы болып табылады және бақыланбайтын ортада жазылған қалыпты кадрларға кейіннен қолданылады. Match moving негізінен камераның кадр арқылы қозғалысын бақылау үшін қолданылады, сонда 3D анимация бағдарламасында осыған ұқсас виртуалды камералық қозғалысты қайта жасауға болады. Жаңа CGI элементтері түпнұсқа тікелей кадрларға қосылғанда, олар перспективаға қарай толық сәйкес келеді.
Special effects: Special effects (often abbreviated as SFX, SPFX, F/X or simply FX) are illusions or visual tricks used in the theatre, film, television, video game and simulator industries to simulate the imagined events in a story or virtual world. With the emergence of digital film making a distinction between special effects and visual effects has grown, with the latter referring to digital post production while "special effects" referring to mechanical and optical effects. Mechanical effects (also called practical or physical effects) are usually accomplished during the live action shooting. This includes the use of mechanized props, scenery, scale models, animatronics, pyrotechnics and atmospheric effects: creating physical wind, rain, fog, snow, clouds, making a car appear to drive by itself and blowing up a building, etc. Mechanical effects are also often incorporated into set design and makeup. For example, prosthetic makeup can be used to make an actor look like a non human creature. Optical effects (also called photographic effects) are techniques in which images or film frames are created photographically, either "in camera" using multiple exposure, mattes or the Schüfftan process or in post production using an optical printer. An optical effect might be used to place actors or sets against a different background. Motion capture: Motion capture (sometimes referred as mo cap or mocap, for short) is the process of recording the movement of objects or people. It is used in military, entertainment, sports, medical applications, and for validation of computer vision and robotics. In filmmaking and video game development, it refers to recording actions of human actors, and using that information to animate digital character models in 2 D or 3 D computer animation. When it includes face and fingers or captures subtle expressions, it is often referred to as performance capture. In many fields, motion capture is sometimes called motion tracking, but in filmmaking and games, motion tracking usually refers more to match moving. Matte painting: A matte painting is a painted representation of a landscape, set, or distant location that allows filmmakers to create the illusion of an environment that is not present at the filming location. Historically, matte painters and film technicians have used various techniques to combine a matte painted image with live action footage. At its best, depending on the skill levels of the artists and technicians, the effect is "seamless" and creates environments that would otherwise be impossible or expensive to film. In the scenes the painting part is static and movements are integrated on it. Animation: Animation is a method in which figures are manipulated to appear as moving images. In traditional animation, images are drawn or painted by hand on transparent celluloid sheets to be photographed and exhibited on film. Today, most animations are made with computer generated imagery (CGI). Computer animation can be very detailed 3D animation, while 2D computer animation can be used for stylistic reasons, low bandwidth or faster real time renderings. Other common animation methods apply a stop motion technique to two and three dimensional objects like paper cutouts, puppets or clay figures. Swift progression of consecutive images with minor differences, is a common approach to achieving the stylistic look of animation. The illusion—as in motion pictures in general—is thought to rely on the phi phenomenon and beta movement, but the exact causes are still uncertain. Analog mechanical animation media that rely on the rapid display of sequential images include the phénakisticope, zoetrope, flip book, praxinoscope and film. Television and video are popular electronic animation media that originally were analog and now operate digitally. For display on the computer, techniques like animated GIF and Flash animation were developed. 3D modeling: In 3D computer graphics, 3 D modeling is the process of developing a mathematical representation of any surface of an object (either inanimate or living) in three dimensions via specialized software. The product is called a 3 D model. Someone who works with 3 D models may be referred to as a 3 D artist. It can be displayed as a two dimensional image through a process called 3D rendering or used in a computer simulation of physical phenomena. The model can also be physically created using 3D printing devices. Rigging: Skeletal animation or rigging is a technique in computer animation in which a character (or other articulated object) is represented in two parts: a surface representation used to draw the character (called the mesh or skin) and a hierarchical set of interconnected parts (called bones, and collectively forming the skeleton or rig), a virtual armature used to animate (pose and key frame) the mesh. While this technique is often used to animate humans and other organic figures, it only serves to make the animation process more intuitive, and the same technique can be used to control the deformation of any object—such as a door, a spoon, a building, or a galaxy. When the animated object is more general than, for example, a humanoid character, the set of "bones" may not be hierarchical or interconnected, but simply represent a higher level description of the motion of the part of mesh it is influencing. Rotoscoping: Rotoscoping is an animation technique that animators use to trace over motion picture footage, frame by frame, to produce realistic action. Originally, animators projected photographed live action movie images onto a glass panel and traced over the image. This projection equipment is referred to as a rotoscope, developed by Polish American animator Max Fleischer. This device was eventually replaced by computers, but the process is still called rotoscoping. In the visual effects industry, rotoscoping is the technique of manually creating a matte for an element on a live action plate so it may be composited over another background. Chroma key is more often used for this, as it is faster and requires less work, however rotoscopy is still used on subjects that are not in front of a green (or blue) screen, due to practical or economic reasons. Match Moving: In visual effects, match moving is a technique that allows the insertion of computer graphics into live action footage with correct position, scale, orientation, and motion relative to the photographed objects in the shot. The term is used loosely to describe several different methods of extracting camera motion information from a motion picture. Sometimes referred to as motion tracking or camera solving, match moving is related to rotoscoping and photogrammetry. Match moving is sometimes confused with motion capture, which records the motion of objects, often human actors, rather than the camera. Typically, motion capture requires special cameras and sensors and a controlled environment (although recent developments such as the Kinect camera and Apple's Face ID have begun to change this). Match moving is also distinct from motion control photography, which uses mechanical hardware to execute multiple identical camera moves. Match moving, by contrast, is typically a software based technology, applied after the fact to normal footage recorded in uncontrolled environments with an ordinary camera. Match moving is primarily used to track the movement of a camera through a shot so that an identical virtual camera move can be reproduced in a 3D animation program. When new CGI elements are composited back into the original live action shot, they will appear in perfectly matched perspective. Compositing: Compositing is the combining of visual elements from separate sources into single images, often to create the illusion that all those elements are parts of the same scene. Live action shoots for compositing is variously called "chroma key", "blue screen", "green screen" and other names. Today, most, though not all, compositing is achieved through digital image manipulation. Pre digital compositing techniques, however, go back as far as the trick films of Georges Méliès in the late 19th century, and some are still in use. Splash of color: The term splash of color is the use of a colored item on an otherwise monochrome film image.
Композитинг: Композитинг — әртүрлі көздерден алынған визуалды элементтерді біріктіріп, бір сурет жасау, көбінесе барлық элементтердің бір оқиғаның бөлігі екенін көрсету үшін. Композитинг үшін тікелей кадрлар «chroma key», «көк экран», «жасыл экран» және басқа да атаулармен аталады. Бүгінде композитингтің көп бөлігі, бірақ барлығы емес, компьютерлік графика арқылы жасалады.
Special effects: Special effects (often abbreviated as SFX, SPFX, F/X or simply FX) are illusions or visual tricks used in the theatre, film, television, video game and simulator industries to simulate the imagined events in a story or virtual world. With the emergence of digital film making a distinction between special effects and visual effects has grown, with the latter referring to digital post production while "special effects" referring to mechanical and optical effects. Mechanical effects (also called practical or physical effects) are usually accomplished during the live action shooting. This includes the use of mechanized props, scenery, scale models, animatronics, pyrotechnics and atmospheric effects: creating physical wind, rain, fog, snow, clouds, making a car appear to drive by itself and blowing up a building, etc. Mechanical effects are also often incorporated into set design and makeup. For example, prosthetic makeup can be used to make an actor look like a non human creature. Optical effects (also called photographic effects) are techniques in which images or film frames are created photographically, either "in camera" using multiple exposure, mattes or the Schüfftan process or in post production using an optical printer. An optical effect might be used to place actors or sets against a different background. Motion capture: Motion capture (sometimes referred as mo cap or mocap, for short) is the process of recording the movement of objects or people. It is used in military, entertainment, sports, medical applications, and for validation of computer vision and robotics. In filmmaking and video game development, it refers to recording actions of human actors, and using that information to animate digital character models in 2 D or 3 D computer animation. When it includes face and fingers or captures subtle expressions, it is often referred to as performance capture. In many fields, motion capture is sometimes called motion tracking, but in filmmaking and games, motion tracking usually refers more to match moving. Matte painting: A matte painting is a painted representation of a landscape, set, or distant location that allows filmmakers to create the illusion of an environment that is not present at the filming location. Historically, matte painters and film technicians have used various techniques to combine a matte painted image with live action footage. At its best, depending on the skill levels of the artists and technicians, the effect is "seamless" and creates environments that would otherwise be impossible or expensive to film. In the scenes the painting part is static and movements are integrated on it. Animation: Animation is a method in which figures are manipulated to appear as moving images. In traditional animation, images are drawn or painted by hand on transparent celluloid sheets to be photographed and exhibited on film. Today, most animations are made with computer generated imagery (CGI). Computer animation can be very detailed 3D animation, while 2D computer animation can be used for stylistic reasons, low bandwidth or faster real time renderings. Other common animation methods apply a stop motion technique to two and three dimensional objects like paper cutouts, puppets or clay figures. Swift progression of consecutive images with minor differences, is a common approach to achieving the stylistic look of animation. The illusion—as in motion pictures in general—is thought to rely on the phi phenomenon and beta movement, but the exact causes are still uncertain. Analog mechanical animation media that rely on the rapid display of sequential images include the phénakisticope, zoetrope, flip book, praxinoscope and film. Television and video are popular electronic animation media that originally were analog and now operate digitally. For display on the computer, techniques like animated GIF and Flash animation were developed. 3D modeling: In 3D computer graphics, 3 D modeling is the process of developing a mathematical representation of any surface of an object (either inanimate or living) in three dimensions via specialized software. The product is called a 3 D model. Someone who works with 3 D models may be referred to as a 3 D artist. It can be displayed as a two dimensional image through a process called 3D rendering or used in a computer simulation of physical phenomena. The model can also be physically created using 3D printing devices. Rigging: Skeletal animation or rigging is a technique in computer animation in which a character (or other articulated object) is represented in two parts: a surface representation used to draw the character (called the mesh or skin) and a hierarchical set of interconnected parts (called bones, and collectively forming the skeleton or rig), a virtual armature used to animate (pose and key frame) the mesh. While this technique is often used to animate humans and other organic figures, it only serves to make the animation process more intuitive, and the same technique can be used to control the deformation of any object—such as a door, a spoon, a building, or a galaxy. When the animated object is more general than, for example, a humanoid character, the set of "bones" may not be hierarchical or interconnected, but simply represent a higher level description of the motion of the part of mesh it is influencing. Rotoscoping: Rotoscoping is an animation technique that animators use to trace over motion picture footage, frame by frame, to produce realistic action. Originally, animators projected photographed live action movie images onto a glass panel and traced over the image. This projection equipment is referred to as a rotoscope, developed by Polish American animator Max Fleischer. This device was eventually replaced by computers, but the process is still called rotoscoping. In the visual effects industry, rotoscoping is the technique of manually creating a matte for an element on a live action plate so it may be composited over another background. Chroma key is more often used for this, as it is faster and requires less work, however rotoscopy is still used on subjects that are not in front of a green (or blue) screen, due to practical or economic reasons. Match Moving: In visual effects, match moving is a technique that allows the insertion of computer graphics into live action footage with correct position, scale, orientation, and motion relative to the photographed objects in the shot. The term is used loosely to describe several different methods of extracting camera motion information from a motion picture. Sometimes referred to as motion tracking or camera solving, match moving is related to rotoscoping and photogrammetry. Match moving is sometimes confused with motion capture, which records the motion of objects, often human actors, rather than the camera. Typically, motion capture requires special cameras and sensors and a controlled environment (although recent developments such as the Kinect camera and Apple's Face ID have begun to change this). Match moving is also distinct from motion control photography, which uses mechanical hardware to execute multiple identical camera moves. Match moving, by contrast, is typically a software based technology, applied after the fact to normal footage recorded in uncontrolled environments with an ordinary camera. Match moving is primarily used to track the movement of a camera through a shot so that an identical virtual camera move can be reproduced in a 3D animation program. When new CGI elements are composited back into the original live action shot, they will appear in perfectly matched perspective. Compositing: Compositing is the combining of visual elements from separate sources into single images, often to create the illusion that all those elements are parts of the same scene. Live action shoots for compositing is variously called "chroma key", "blue screen", "green screen" and other names. Today, most, though not all, compositing is achieved through digital image manipulation. Pre digital compositing techniques, however, go back as far as the trick films of Georges Méliès in the late 19th century, and some are still in use. Splash of color: The term splash of color is the use of a colored item on an otherwise monochrome film image.
Өндірістік желі
Фильмнің сюжеті мен көріністік әсеріне көбінесе визуалды эффекттер ықпал етеді. Көптеген визуалды эффекттер жұмысы пост-өндірісте аяқталуы мүмкін болғанымен, олар алдын ала және өндіріс кезеңдерінде мұқият жоспарланып, хореографиялық тұрғыдан дайындалуы тиіс. Жарылыстар мен көліктерді қуу сияқты арнайы эффектілер түсірілім алаңында жасалса, визуалды эффектілер негізінен пост-өндірісте, графикалық дизайн, модельдеу, анимация және осыған ұқсас бағдарламалық құралдар мен технологияларды пайдалану арқылы жүзеге асырылады. Визуалды эффекттер супервайзері әдетте өндіріс басталғаннан ерте кезеңнен қатысып, өндіріс тобымен және фильм режиссерімен тығыз байланыста жұмыс істейді, сондай-ақ қажетті командаларды жобалауға, басшылыққа алып және күтілетін нәтижелерге жету үшін үйлестіреді. Көптеген студиялар визуалды эффекттерге маманданған; олардың қатарында Digital Domain, DreamWorks, DNEG, Framestore, Weta Digital, Industrial Light & Magic, Pixomondo, Moving Picture Company және Sony Pictures Imageworks & Jellyfish Pictures компаниялары бар.
Visual effects are often integral to a movie's story and appeal. Although most visual effects work is completed during post production, it usually must be carefully planned and choreographed in pre production and production. While special effects such as explosions and car chases are made on set, visual effects are primarily executed in post production with the use of multiple tools and technologies such as graphic design, modeling, animation and similar software. A visual effects supervisor is usually involved with the production from an early stage to work closely with production and the film's director to design, guide and lead the teams required to achieve the desired effects. Many studios specialize in visual effects; among them are Digital Domain, DreamWorks, DNEG, Framestore, Weta Digital, Industrial Light & Magic, Pixomondo, Moving Picture Company and Sony Pictures Imageworks & Jellyfish Pictures.