Британдық қысқа қашықтыққа арналған реактивтік ұшақтар тарихы

British short range jet airliner

The BAC One Eleven (or BAC 111/BAC 1 11) is an early jet airliner produced by the British Aircraft Corporation (BAC). Originally conceived by Hunting Aircraft as a 30 seat jet, before its merger into BAC in 1960, it was launched as an 80 seat airliner with a British United Airways (BUA) order on 9 May 1961. The prototype conducted its maiden flight on 20 August 1963, and it was first delivered to BUA on 22 January 1965. The 119 seat, stretched 500 series was introduced in 1967. Total production amounted to 244 until 1982 in the United Kingdom and between 1982 and 1989 in Romania where nine Rombac One Elevens were licence built by Romaero. The short haul, narrowbody aircraft was powered by aft mounted Rolls Royce Spey low bypass turbofans, a configuration similar to the earlier Sud Aviation Caravelle and later Douglas DC 9. It competed with early Boeing 737 variants and was used by multiple British, European and US airlines, including Romanian operators. It was replaced by the newer Airbus A320 and later 737 variants, as well as by the Bombardier CRJ200 regional jet. Noise restrictions accelerated its transition to African carriers in the 1990s, and the last BAC One Eleven was retired in 2019.

In the 1950s, although the pioneering de Havilland Comet had suffered disasters in service, strong passenger demand had been demonstrated for jet propulsion. Several manufacturers raced to release passenger jets, including those aimed at the short haul market, such as the Sud Aviation Caravelle. In July 1956, British European Airways published a paper calling for a "second generation" jet airliner to operate beside their existing turboprop designs. This led to a variety of designs from the British aerospace industry. Hunting Aircraft started design studies on a jet powered replacement for the successful Vickers Viscount, developing the 30 seat Hunting 107. Around the same time, Vickers started a similar development of a 140 seat derivative of its VC10 project, the VC11. Many other aviation firms also produced designs. In 1960 Hunting, under British government pressure, merged with Vickers Armstrongs, Bristol, and English Electric to form British Aircraft Corporation (BAC). The new BAC decided that the Hunting project had merit, but that there would be little market for a 30 seat jet airliner. The design was reworked into the BAC 107, a 59 seat airliner powered by two Bristol Siddeley BS75 turbofan engines. BAC also continued development of the larger, 140 seat VC 11 development of the Vickers VC10 which it had inherited. Other competing internal projects, such as the Bristol Type 200, were quickly abandoned following absorption of Hunting into BAC. Market research showed the 59 seat BAC 107 was too small, and the design was reworked in 1961, with passenger capacity growing to 80 seats, and BS75s being discarded in favour of Rolls Royce Speys. The revised design was redesignated the BAC 111 (later known as the One Eleven), with BAC abandoning the VC11 project to concentrate on the more promising One Eleven. Unlike contemporary British airliners such as the Hawker Siddeley Trident, the One Eleven was not designed specifically to meet the needs of the state owned British European Airways or British Overseas Airways Corporation, but on the needs of airlines around the world, and BAC expected orders for as many as 400. On 9 May 1961 the One Eleven was publicly launched when British United Airways placed the first order for ten One Eleven 200s. On 20 October Braniff International Airways in the United States ordered six. Mohawk Airlines sent representatives to Europe seeking out a new aircraft to bring them into the jet era, and on 24 July 1962 concluded an agreement for four One Elevens. Orders followed from Kuwait Airways for three, and Central African Airways for two. Braniff subsequently doubled their order to 12, while Ireland's Aer Lingus ordered four. Western Airlines ordered ten but later cancelled. but was stopped by the US Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB), which claimed that subsidies would be needed to operate a jet on Bonanza's routes, an action claimed by some at the time to be protectionism. The CAB also stopped Frontier Airlines and Ozark Air Lines from ordering One Elevens, although allowing Ozark to order the similar Douglas DC 9 and Frontier to order Boeing 727 100s. The CAB had also unsuccessfully tried to block Mohawk's orders. In May 1963, BAC announced the One Eleven 300 and 400. The new versions used the Mk. 511 version of the Spey with increased power, allowing more fuel upload and hence longer range. The difference between the 300 and 400 lay in the equipment and avionics, the 400 intended for sales in the United States and thus equipped with US instruments. American Airlines eventually bought 30 of the 400 series, making the airline the largest customer of One Elevens.

The prototype (G ASHG) rolled out of Hurn assembly hall on 28 July 1963, at which point BAC had received orders for the type from a number of operators. On 20 August 1963, the prototype conducted its first flight, painted in BUA livery. The first flight had taken place almost a year before the Douglas DC 9, a rival American jetliner; BAC considered the One Eleven to hold a technological edge. To prevent such stalls, BAC designed and added devices known as stick shakers and stick pushers to the One Eleven's control system. It also redesigned the wing's leading edge to smooth airflow into the engines and over the tailplane. The specially modified aircraft used for testing this problem is now preserved at Brooklands Museum. Despite the crash, testing continued and customer confidence remained high. American Airlines and Braniff took up their optional orders and placed more in February 1964. Further orders came from Mohawk, Philippine Airlines and German businessman Helmut Horten, who ordered the first executive modification of the aircraft. By the end of 1964, 13 aircraft had rolled off the production line. The One Eleven was certified and the first handover, of G ASJI to BUA, was on 22 January 1965. After several weeks of route proving flights, the first revenue service flew on 9 April from Gatwick to Genoa. Braniff took delivery of its first aircraft on 11 March, while Mohawk received its first on 15 May. Deliveries continued, and by the end of 1965 airlines had received 34 aircraft. Demand remained buoyant, with a second production line set up at Weybridge producing 13 1 11s between 1966 and 1970.

In 1967 a larger 119 seat version was introduced as the One Eleven 500 (also known as Super One Eleven). This "stretched" version was delayed for at least a year while its launch customer BEA assessed its requirements. This gave competing US aircraft (the Douglas DC 9 and Boeing 737) the opportunity to compensate for the One Eleven's early penetration of the US domestic market. The British aircraft's initial one year advantage now turned into a one year delay, and the stretched series 500 failed to sell in the US. The type saw service with Cayman Airways and Leeward Islands Air Transport (LIAT) in the Caribbean with Cayman Airways operating the series 500 on scheduled services to Houston, Texas (IAH) and Miami, Florida (MIA), and LIAT flying its series 500s into San Juan, Puerto Rico (SJU). Bahamasair also operated the stretched 500 model with service between Nassau (NAS) and Miami among other routes while Guatemalan carrier Aviateca operated its series 500 aircraft into both Miami and New Orleans, Louisiana (MSY). Costa Rican airline LACSA operated the series 500 as well on its services to Miami. Another air carrier which operated the series 500 into Miami was Belize Airways Ltd. Compared with earlier versions, the One Eleven 500 was longer by 8 ft 4in (2.54 m) ahead of the wing and 5 ft 2in (1.57 m) behind it. The wing span was increased by 5 ft (1.5 m), and the latest Mk. 512 version of the Spey was used. The new version sold reasonably well across the world, particularly to European charter airlines. In 1971 it received an incremental upgrade to reduce drag and reduce runway requirements. BEA/British Airways 500 series aircraft (denoted One Eleven 510ED) varied significantly from other One Elevens, at BEA's request. The One Eleven 510ED had a modified cockpit which incorporated instrumentation and avionics from or similar to that of the Hawker Siddeley Trident, for better commonality with the type. Their additional equipment included a more sophisticated autopilot, which allowed autoland in CAT II and included an autothrottle. The modifications went as far as reversing the "on" position of most switches to match that of the Trident; indeed, the 510ED was so different from other One Elevens and 500 series aircraft that a different type rating was required to fly it. Having faced competition from US aircraft by 1966, by 1970 the One Eleven also faced competition from newer, smaller aircraft such as the Fokker F28 Fellowship. The F28 was lighter, less complex, and cheaper. The One Eleven 475 of 1970 was launched to compete with the F28. It combined the 400 fuselage with the higher power and larger wing of the 500 and was intended for hot and high as well as rough airfield operations; however only ten One Eleven Mk 475s were sold with one airline being Faucett Peru which operated its series 475 aircraft on scheduled domestic services into several airports with unpaved gravel runways in Peru. In 1977, the One Eleven 670, a quiet and updated 475, was offered to the Japanese domestic market, also failing to sell.

Total deliveries for 1965 were 34 aircraft, while 200 aircraft had been built by the end of 1971. BAC restarted production in 1977 as a result of an order for five aircraft by the Romanian airline Tarom. British production continued until 1984, with a total of 235 aircraft built in Britain. The 700J was planned for the Japanese market, with the same stretched fuselage and engines as the 700 and a new high lift wing for operation into regional airports with short runways. In 1977, BAC merged with Hawker Siddeley to form British Aerospace (BAe) and the new company was faced with the choice of developing the X Eleven or joining European efforts to design an all new aircraft. In the end, BAe became a full member of Airbus, and the X Eleven was abandoned, with the European alternative becoming the Airbus A320. The BAC Two Eleven and Three Eleven were British airliner studies proposed by the British Aircraft Corporation in the late 1960s which never made it to production.

On 9 June 1979, Romanian president Nicolae Ceaușescu signed a contract for One Eleven licence production in Romania. This was to involve the delivery of three complete One Elevens (two 500 series aircraft and one 475 series) plus the construction of at least 22 in Bucharest, with the reduction of British (and thus increase of Romanian) content. It also involved Romanian production of Rolls Royce Spey engines and certification of the aircraft to British standards by the Civil Aviation Authority. A market for up to 80 Romanian built aircraft was projected at the time, largely in China and other developing economies, and possibly Eastern Europe. The aircraft was redesignated Rombac 1 11. The Spey 512 14 DW engines were produced under license by Turbomecanica Bucharest. The first Rombac One Eleven, (YR BRA cn 401) a series 561RC, was rolled out at Romaero Băneasa factory on 27 August 1982 and first flew on 18 September 1982. Production continued until 1989 at a much slower pace than foreseen in the contract. Nine aircraft were delivered, with the 10th and 11th aircraft on the production line being abandoned when they were 85% and 70% complete.

Once in service, the One Eleven found itself in competition with the Douglas DC 9, and was joined by another competitor, the Boeing 737, only a year after its introduction. In the US, the Civil Aeronautics Board was sceptical of smaller operators' need for jet aircraft and withheld financing, leading to several US customers cancelling their One Eleven orders. Mohawk Airlines became both the first American operator of the type and the first airline in the US to operate jet aircraft on short haul routes. On 25 June 1965, Mohawk introduced its first One Eleven into passenger service; by the end of the decade, the airline operated a fleet of 20 BAC One Elevens. Buying the jets pushed Mohawk into debt and this, along with an economic downturn and strike action, led to its forced merger with Allegheny Airlines which in turn continued to operate the One Eleven. In July 1963, American Airlines had placed an order for 15 400 series One Elevens for £14 million; this was the first time American Airlines had purchased a foreign aircraft type for its fleet. Braniff International Airways, another major US air carrier, also ordered the One Eleven. Aloha Airlines selected the One Eleven as its first jet type for interisland service in the Hawaiian Islands. Several British operators, including Dan Air and British Caledonian, made extensive use of the type. Dan Air increased the number of One Elevens it had in service in the 1970s, eventually replacing its aging de Havilland Comets with the One Eleven entirely in the 1980s. The type became the airline's main revenue generator. Dan Air would often lease One Elevens, including Rombac produced aircraft, to meet short term demands. During periods of low demand Dan Air would lease its own One Elevens to other operators. British Caledonian and Dan Air One Elevens would often be exchanged between the two airlines on temporary and permanent arrangements. Passenger demand grew on several key One Eleven routes, exceeding the Series 500's larger capacity during the 1980s, which began to force airlines to use other planes. Before the formation of British Airways (BA), some predecessor companies, British European Airways and Cambrian Airways, were operating the One Eleven. Their fleets were inherited by BA. British Airways Regional Division found the performance of the One Eleven more than adequate and sought to expand operations with the type, including further acquisitions, in the early 1970s in part to replace Vickers Viscounts. BA's 400 Series One Elevens were all named after areas and locations in the English Midlands, reflecting the type's new base at Birmingham Airport. BA ordered more Series 500 aircraft in the late 1970s and the airline received some of the last British made One Elevens. British Caledonian had begun replacing its One Elevens with the new Airbus A320, when it was merged with British Airways in 1987 due to financial problems. In both Caledonian and British Airways service, the One Elevens were a dominant type for the operator's European routes. BA proceeded to rationalise its fleets, retiring many overlapping types, the One Eleven being gradually phased out for the more modern A320 and Boeing 737 jetliners. The last aircraft was removed from regular service with BA in October 1992. A number of ex BA aircraft saw service with Maersk Air before, in turn, being replaced by the Bombardier CRJ200 in the late 1990s. In Ireland Aer Lingus flew One Elevens for three decades, in both the scheduled and charter markets. The aircraft was used on less busy European routes into the 1990s. These leased aircraft were later replaced with former BA One Elevens. Ultimately Ryanair replaced the One Eleven with the Boeing 737 in the mid 1990s. In April 1966, Philippine Airlines began operating One Elevens in revenue service. They eventually operated 12 of the later 500 Series. One of these aircraft suffered two separate in flight bomb explosions, but was repaired each time and continued in service until 1992. In another high profile incident on 21 May 1982, John Clearno tried to hijack a Philippine One Eleven while on the ground, but was eventually overpowered by the cockpit crew following hours of negotiation. No passengers or crew were injured. Philippine Airlines replaced the type with the Boeing 737 from 1989 onwards. Romania was a major customer for British produced One Elevens, with several large orders in the 1970s. These aircraft were often fitted with equipment such as engine 'hush kits'. In May 1977, a major cooperation agreement between British Aerospace and the Romanian government was signed, and this led to a gradual One Eleven technology transfer to Romania. Full contracts for licence production under the Rombac name followed two years later. Complete airframes and components were provided to assist in the venture. All Rombac One Elevens manufactured by Romaero were delivered to TAROM and Romavia, which leased them to airlines across both Eastern and Western Europe. Rombac produced One Elevens would be adopted by many emerging operators globally, including Lauda Air in Austria, and Aero Asia International in Pakistan. Two planes served as the private jets of Romanian communist leaders Nicolae Ceaușescu and Ion Iliescu during 1986 to 1989. Due to the planes are "extreme rarity and significance for the technical history of Romania," they were added to the “treasure” category of Romania’s mobile cultural heritage in 2021, not allowed to leave the country. Under the BAC licence, 9 planes were made in Romania. Some of them served in a small airline, LAR, its sole destination being Tel Aviv. One Elevens remained in widespread use with European operators into the 1990s. Once retired from major operators, they were often sold to smaller airlines, often in the Far East and Africa. Nigeria was a major operator until the type was grounded after a crash in 2002. A major factor for the withdrawal from European service of remaining One Elevens was the Stage III noise abatement regulations, which came into effect from March 2003. Bringing the Rolls Royce Spey engines into compliance with the noise regulations with hush kits was expensive, and many European operators chose to dispose of the type from their fleets. In 2010, the European Aviation Safety Agency accepted an Airbus request to revoke the Type Certificate for the BAC One Eleven. As a result, BAC One Eleven aircraft registered in any EU Member State are no longer eligible for a normal certificate of airworthiness. In December 2012, the last operational One Eleven in the UK, which had continued to fly as a military aircraft, was retired. Eventually, on 7 May 2019, the last flyable One Eleven was retired by Northrop Grumman after serving as an F 35 testbed.

The BAC One Eleven was widely used by civil and military operators. After the One Eleven's type certificate had been withdrawn, they flew as experimental aircraft in the research and development category. On 6 May 2019, the last aircraft still in service, used by Northrop Grumman as an airborne test bed for the F 35 programme, was retired.

On 22 October 1963, a prototype aircraft crashed during a test flight, while testing stall conditions near Chicklade in Wiltshire, England. All seven crew members were killed. This was not a production model plane and this incident is described more fully in the Development section above. On 6 August 1966, Braniff Airways Flight 250 disintegrated in mid air after flying into a severe thunderstorm near Falls City, Nebraska. It was en route to Omaha, Nebraska, from Kansas City, Missouri. Thirty eight passengers and four crew members were killed in the crash. The plane was a BAC One Eleven 203AE. On 23 June 1967, a Mohawk Airlines One Eleven 204AF while flying Mohawk Airlines Flight 40 suffered a loss of pitch control following an on board fire that caused heavy damage in the tail area. Flight 40 was a regularly scheduled passenger flight between Elmira, New York and Washington, DC. It crashed outside Blossburg, Pennsylvania with the loss of all 34 passengers and crew. The fire was traced to the auxiliary power unit (APU); as a direct result of this accident in flight use of the APU was banned. On 12 September 1969, a Philippine Airlines BAC One Eleven registration PI C1131 operating as Flight 158 en route from Mactan–Cebu International Airport in Cebu to Manila International Airport (now Ninoy Aquino Airport) in Manila, Philippines struck a mango tree on the hill in suburban Kula ike, Antipolo, Rizal, east of its destination while on a VOR approach to runway 24. There were 47 people on board, of which 45 were killed. One passenger and one flight steward survived, but both were hospitalized with burns. The crash was the worst air disaster in the Philippines involving commercial aircraft until 1987. On 6 September 1971, a One Eleven 515FB operating as Paninternational Flight 112 collided with a bridge during an emergency landing on the A7 Autobahn in Hamburg, shearing off both wings after a double engine failure during takeoff. The water injection system had inadvertently been filled with jet fuel instead of water. Twenty two of the 121 people aboard died. On 18 April 1974, Court Line Flight 95, operated by One Eleven 528 G AXMJ was involved in a ground collision with Piper PA 23 Aztec G AYDE at London Luton Airport due to the Aztec entering the active runway without clearance. The pilot of the Aztec was killed and his passenger was injured. All 91 on board the One Eleven safely left the aircraft after take off was aborted. On 21 November 1977, Austral Líneas Aéreas Flight 9 flying from Buenos Aires to San Carlos de Bariloche, suffered pressurisation problems whilst climbing to 35,000 feet. Later on approach into San Carlos de Bariloche International Airport, the plane struck terrain and crashed. All five crew and 41 of 74 passengers were killed. On 7 May 1981, Austral Líneas Aéreas Flight 901 crashed on approach into Jorge Newbery Airport, Buenos Aires, after a flight from San Miguel de Tucumán. The likely cause was the weather and pilot error. All five crew and 26 passengers were killed. On 21 July 1989, Philippine Airlines Flight 124 overran the runway when attempting a landing at Ninoy Aquino International Airport, Manila. None of the 98 passengers on board were killed, but eight people on the ground died when the aircraft came to a stop on an adjacent highway. On 18 September 1994, an Oriental Airlines flight carrying Nigerian football team Iwuanyanwu Nationale FC home from a CAF Champions League quarterfinals match in Tunis crashed on its fourth landing attempt at Tamanrasset Airport. Five people on board died, including three crew and two passengers, both footballers for the team. On 4 May 2002, EAS Airlines Flight 4226 crashed in a suburb of Kano, Nigeria, shortly after takeoff, killing 73 of the 77 people on board and 30 more on the ground. This remains the worst crash of a BAC One Eleven, with a total of 103 deaths.

On 9 July 1978, Allegheny Airlines Flight 453 crash landed at Greater Rochester International Airport while arriving from Boston Logan International Airport. The aircraft was carrying 77 people. According to the NTSB report, the flight landed on Runway 28 at too high a speed, but with sufficient performance capability to reject the landing. The pilots chose to continue the landing, the aircraft skidded off the end of the runway, and its landing gear were sheared off by a ditch. There were no fatalities but the aircraft was written off. On 4 August 1984, a Philippine Airlines flight overshot runway 36 and ended up in the sea when attempting a landing at Daniel Z. Romualdez Airport, Tacloban City, Philippines. All 70 passengers and five crew survived. On 10 June 1990, British Airways Flight 5390's cockpit window blew out at altitude after incorrect bolts had been used to secure it. Captain Tim Lancaster was blown half out of the cockpit by the pressure differential; members of the cabin crew clung to his legs to keep him from being blown out of the aircraft. The plane made an emergency landing at Southampton Airport. The pilot survived, as did all the crew and passengers. An investigation revealed that the shift maintenance manager had used incorrect bolts as they were similar to the bolts which had been previously used on the aircraft; he replaced them at a like for like ratio. 84 of the 90 bolts used to secure the window were too small in diameter, whilst the remaining six were too short in length.

Model 200 300/400 500 89 119 Length 28.35 m 32.61 m Wing Area 26.82 m span, area 28.35 m span, area Height 7.32 m Cabin Width 3.05 m Cabin length 15.24 m 17.07 m 21.34 m Empty weight MTOW Max. payload Engines (x2) Rolls Royce Spey Mk 506 Mk 511 Mk 512 14DW Thrust (2x) Max. cruise Ceiling 10668.00 m Climb rate Takeoff (MTOW) 1905.00 m 2042.16 m 1676.40 m 1981.20 m Range